| The Netherlands |
 This article is part of the series: |
|
|
|
Constitution
Cabinet
Decentralized gov't
Foreign policy
Related subjects
|
|
Other countries · Atlas Politics Portal |
The Free Anti Revolutionary Party (in Dutch: Vrij-Antirevolutionaire Partij, VAR) was a dutch conservative Reformed political party, which existed from 1898 to 1903. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The politics of the Netherlands take place within the framework of a parliamentary Representative democracy, a Constitutional monarchy and a The Netherlands and The Kingdom of the Netherlands are two distinct geographical and administrative entities The Council of Ministers of the Kingdom ( Dutch: Ministerraad van het Koninkrijk or Rijksministerraad) is the executive council of the Kingdom of the The Minister Plenipotentiary of Aruba (Gevolmachtigd Minister van Aruba represents the constituent country of Aruba in the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom The Minister Plenipotentiary of the Netherlands Antilles (Gevolmachtigd Minister van de Nederlandse Antillen represents the constituent country of the Netherlands Antilles The Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands (in Dutch Statuut voor het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden; in Papiamentu Statuut pa e Reino di Hulanda) describes the The Constitution of the Netherlands is the Fundamental law of the European territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Human rights of the Netherlands are codified in the Dutch constitution. The Netherlands has been an independent Monarchy since 16 March 1815, and has been governed by members of the House of Orange-Nassau Willem-Alexander Prince of Orange (in Dutch: Prins van Oranje The States-General ( Staten-Generaal) is the Parliament of the Netherlands. The Eerste Kamer ( First Chamber) is the Upper House or Senate of the Netherlands parliament the States-General The Historic composition of the Eerste Kamer gives an overview of the composition of the Higher House of the Dutch parliament The Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal ( literally "Second Chamber of the States-General" short Tweede Kamer, is the Dutch Lower house. The Historic composition of the Tweede Kamer gives an overview of the composition of the Lower House of the Dutch parliament The Dutch Council of Ministers is the executive council of Dutch government, formed by all the ministers This executive council initiates laws and policy The cabinet of the Netherlands is the main executive body of the Dutch government. This is a list of cabinets of the Netherlands Note first party mentioned provided prime minister The Prime minister of the Netherlands is the Head of government of the Netherlands and is the chair of the Dutch cabinet, and This is a list of Prime Ministers of the Netherlands since 1848 Jan Peter Balkenende (pronounced ˈjɑn ˈpetər ˈbɑɫkənɛndə) (born 7 May 1956 is a Christian Democratic politician who has been the Prime Minister of the This article lists political parties in the Netherlands. The Netherlands has a Multi-party system with numerous parties in which any one party has little This article gives an overview of liberalism in the Netherlands. This article gives an overview of socialism in the Netherlands, including Communism and Social democracy. This article gives an overview of Christian democracy in the Netherlands, which is also called confessional politics, including political catholicism and Elections in the Netherlands are held for six territorial levels the European Union (beyond the scope of this article the state the 12 Provinces Provincial elections were held in the Netherlands, on March 7, 2007. The 2006 Dutch general elections were held in the Netherlands on Wednesday November 22, 2006, and followed the call for new elections after The Dutch municipal elections of 2006 were held on March 7 2006. The Dutch referendum on the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe was a consultative Referendum that was held on 1 June 2005 to decide if the The European Parliament election of 2004 in the Netherlands was the election of MEP representing Netherlands constituency for the 2004-2009 term of the European A Dutch province represents the administrative layer in between the national government and the local municipalities having the responsibility for matters of subnational or regional The States-Provincial ( Provinciale Staten, or PS - commonly known as simply the Staten, or States) is the provincial parliament and legislative Dutch water boards (waterschappen or nl ''hoogheemraadschappen'' are regional government bodies in the Netherlands. |||} All provinces of the Netherlands are divided into municipalities ( gemeenten) together 443 (2007 The European Union is a unique entity possessing elements of Intergovernmentalism, Supranationalism and a Multi-party Parliamentary democracy The Foreign policy of the Netherlands is based on four basic commitments to the atlantic cooperation, to European integration, to International This page lists embassies and consulates posted in the Netherlands. Listed below are the embassies and consulates of the Netherlands, excluding honorary consulates Europe Tirana A High Council of State (in Dutch: Hoog College van Staat) is a council of which the independence is guaranteed in the Constitution of the Netherlands. The National Ombudsman (in Dutch: Nationale Ombudsman) is a Dutch political office In the Netherlands, the Council of State ( Raad van State) is a Constitutionally established advisory body to the Government which consists of The General Chamber of Auditors (in Dutch: Algemene Rekenkamer) is an independent organ that Audits the spending of the national government on its Efficiency The Sociaal-Economische Raad (Social Economic Council SER is a major economic advisory council of the Dutch government The Hoge Raad der Nederlanden ( High Council of the Netherlands) is the Supreme Court of the Netherlands, situated in The Hague. De Nederlandsche Bank (DNB The Dutch Bank) is the Central bank of the Netherlands. Rise of Socialism In the beginning of the 20th century socialism began to develop in the Netherlands Information on politics by country is available for every Country, including both De jure and De facto independent The politics of the Netherlands take place within the framework of a parliamentary Representative democracy, a Constitutional monarchy and a Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined Dutch Reformed Church (in Dutch: Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk or NHK was one of many branches of churches coming out of the Protestant Reformation in Europe A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting The VAR is historically linked to the Christian Democratic Appeal which is currently one of the major parties of the Netherlands. The Christian Democratic Appeal ( CDA) (Christen Democratisch Appèl is a Dutch Christian-democratic Political party. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands
Contents |
Party History
The VAR was founded as one of several parties that were founded in the 1890s, which all turned again the leadership and ideology of Abraham Kuyper, the leader of the Protestant Anti Revolutionary Party. Abraham Kuijper ( Maassluis, 29 October 1837 Den Haag, 8 November 1920 generally known as Abraham Kuyper, was a Dutch Politician The Anti Revolutionary Party (in Dutch Anti-Revolutionaire Partij, ARP was a Dutch Protestant Christian democratic Political party Kuyper had initiated a new political course for Protestantism in the Netherlands, which included cooperation with the Catholics, in the so-called coalition, strategical support for extension of suffrage a rejection of theocracy in favour of a specific conception of state neutrality, sphere sovereignty and a strong party organization and party discipline. The Catholic Church in the Netherlands is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope and Curia in Rome Universal suffrage (also universal adult suffrage, general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to Theocracy is a form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler In Neo-Calvinism, sphere sovereignty (Dutch souvereinitet in eigen kring) is the concept that each sphere (or sector of life has its own distinct responsibilities Party discipline is the ability of the Parliamentary group of a Political party to get its members to support the policies of the party leadership The opposition against Kuyper was led by Alexander de Savorin Lohman.
The elections of 1894 proved decisive. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands in 1894. An important issue in the election was the extension of suffrage proposed by the Minister of the Interior Johannes Tak van Poortvliet. After the election two anti-revolutionary parliamentary parties were formed one, led by Kuyper favoured the suffrage which was backed by the ARP, while the other led by De Savorin Lohman rejected it. With De Savorin Lohman many aristocrats and noblemen left the ARP, as did adherents of the Dutch Reformed Church, as opposed to the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands, which was founded by Kuyper himself. Dutch Reformed Church (in Dutch: Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk or NHK was one of many branches of churches coming out of the Protestant Reformation in Europe The Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland abbreviated Gereformeerde kerk) was the second largest Protestant church in the Netherlands The group around De Savorin Lohman sought to found a new party. In 1896 they set up a commission to found a new party. In September 1898 the Free Anti Revolutionary Party was founded.
In the 1901 elections the party won nine seats, four more than the five the free Anti Revolutionaries had won as individual candidates in 1897. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands in 1901. The religious parties won a majority in this election, a cabinet was formed by ARP-leader Kuyper, which the VAR supported without providing any ministers.
In 1903 the VAR merged with the Christian Historical Voters' League to form the Christian Historical Party
Name
The term anti-revolutionary was used to denote supporters of the main Protestant party, the Anti Revolutionary Party, which denounced the French Revolution. The Christian Historical Voters' League (in Dutch Christelijk Historische Kiezersbond, CHK is a dutch conservative Protestant Political The Christian Historical Party (in Dutch Christelijk Historische Partij, CHP was a dutch conservative Reformed Political party, The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an The dissenters against the organizational and political course of the ARP called themselves free antirevolutionaries, implying that they upheld the Anti Revolutionary beliefs without being a member of the strong party organisation.
Ideology & Issues
The VAR was a conservative Protestant party. It saw government as a god-given institution, which should act according to bibical norms. Society should furthermore follow its historical course. Power should not be based on the opinion of the majority but on authority. In Politics, authority ( Latin Auctoritas, used in Roman law as opposed to Potestas and Imperium
The VAR was formed as a result of dissent within the main Protestant party the Anti Revolutionary Party, unlike that party the VAR did not recognize Catholicism as a legitimate religion. The Catholic Church in the Netherlands is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope and Curia in Rome The party was strong anti-papist. Anti-Catholicism is a generic term for Discrimination, hostility or Prejudice directed at the Roman Catholic Church or its followers According to the VAR the Netherlands was a Protestant nation. The historical period sets in with the Roman Empire, as the parts south of the Rhine were included in the province of Gallia Belgica, and later of As such it was hostile to the Catholic segment of society. It renounced the coalition between the Protestant Anti Revolutionary Party and the catholic General League and antithesis between religious and areligious parties. The Anti Revolutionary Party (in Dutch Anti-Revolutionaire Partij, ARP was a Dutch Protestant Christian democratic Political party The General League of Roman Catholic Caucuses (in Dutch Algemeene Bond van Roomsch-Katholieke Kiesverenigingen; informally called General League or Algemeene Catholic influences within society should be limited.
The VAR advocated limited government. It supported only limited government interference in the economy and instead advocated charity to help the poor. Limited Government is a government structure where any more than minimal governmental intervention in personal liberties and the economy is not usually allowed by Law, usually Etymology The word "charity" entered the English language through the Old French word " charité " which was derived from the Furthermore the party opposed general suffrage. Universal suffrage (also universal adult suffrage, general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to
Representation
In this table the election results of the VAR in Tweede Kamer and Eerste Kamer elections is represented, as well as the party's political leadership: the fractievoorzitter. It also possible that the party leader is member of cabinet, if the D66 was part of the governing coalition, the "highest ranking" minister is listed.
| Year | TK | EK | Fractievoorzitter | Cabinet |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1897 | 5 | 3 | Alexander de Savornin Lohman | opposition |
| 1898 | 5 | 3 | Alexander de Savornin Lohman | opposition |
| 1899 | 5 | 3 | Alexander de Savornin Lohman | opposition |
| 1900 | 5 | 2 | Alexander de Savornin Lohman | opposition |
| 1901 | 9 | 2 | Alexander de Savornin Lohman | supports the cabinet of Kuyper |
| 1902 | 9 | 3 | Alexander de Savornin Lohman | supports the cabinet of Kuyper |
Electorate
The electorate of the VAR was mainly constituted by adherents of the Dutch Reformed Church from the upper class, especially nobility, land owners, high officers and high-ranking civil servants. The Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal ( literally "Second Chamber of the States-General" short Tweede Kamer, is the Dutch Lower house. The Eerste Kamer ( First Chamber) is the Upper House or Senate of the Netherlands parliament the States-General A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of Government, typically representing the executive branch. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands in 1897. Abraham Kuijper ( Maassluis, 29 October 1837 Den Haag, 8 November 1920 generally known as Abraham Kuyper, was a Dutch Politician Dutch Reformed Church (in Dutch: Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk or NHK was one of many branches of churches coming out of the Protestant Reformation in Europe Nobility is a government-privileged title which may be either hereditary (see Hereditary titles) or for a lifetime Property is any physical or virtual entity that is owned by an individual An officer is a member of an armed force who holds a position of authority See also Bureaucrat The term civil service has two distinct meanings Branch of governmental service in which individuals are hired on the basis It won and kept seats in several districts with large reformed populations, Goes in Zeeland, Apeldoorn in Gelderland, Dokkum in Friesland and Katwijk and Schiedam in South Holland. Goes ( is a Municipality and a City in the southwestern Netherlands, in Zuid-Beveland. Zeeland ( also called Zealand in English and Zeelandic, is a province of the Netherlands. Gelderland ( English also Guelders) is a province of the Netherlands, located in the central eastern part of the country Dokkum is a Dutch Fortified town in the municipality of Dongeradeel in the province of Friesland. Friesland ( West Frisian: Fryslân, Dutch Friesland) is a province in the north of the Netherlands and part of the bigger region known Katwijk (population 61292 is a coastal municipality and town in the province of South Holland in the western Netherlands. Schiedam is a city and municipality in the province of South Holland in the Netherlands and is part of the Rotterdam South Holland ( Dutch:) is a province situated on the North Sea in the western part of the Netherlands.
International Comparison
As a party for Protestant dissenters of a catholic-Protestant alliance the VAR is a unique phenomenon in international perspective. Its political course, which included support of limited government, rejection of universal suffrage and hostility against Catholicism, is comparable to the course of the British Conservative Party in the late 1800s and to some extent American Party of the United States. The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. The Know Nothing movement was a Nativist American political movement of the 1850s