Frederic Edward Clements (September 16, 1874 - July 26, 1945) was an American plant ecologist and pioneer in the study of vegetation succession. Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers Year 1874 ( MDCCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Vegetation is a general term for the plant life of a region it refers to the Ground cover provided by plants
Born in Lincoln, Nebraska, he studied botany at the University of Nebraska, graduating in 1894 and obtaining a doctorate in 1898. The City of Lincoln ( Umóⁿhoⁿ: Nískithe Tʰóⁿwoⁿgthoⁿ ˈnĩskiˡðe ˌtʰãwãŋgˡðã meaning "Salt Village" for Salt Creek which was the Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life The University of Nebraska is the public University system in the state of Nebraska, USA. Graduation is the action of receiving or conferring an Academic degree or the associated ceremony Year 1894 ( MDCCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common (One of his teachers was botanist Charles Bessey, and he was a classmate of Willa Cather and Roscoe Pound. Charles Edwin Bessey (1845-1915 was an American botanist, born at Milton, Ohio. Willa Sibert Cather ( December 7, 1873 &ndash April 24, 1947) was an American author who grew up in Nebraska. Nathan Roscoe Pound ( October 27, 1870 &ndash June 30, 1964) was a distinguished American legal scholar and educator ) While at the University of Nebraska, he met Edith Gertrude Schwartz (1874-1971), also a botanist and ecologist, and they were married in 1899.
In 1905 he was appointed full professor at the University of Nebraska, but left in 1907 to head the botany department at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis. Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The University of Minnesota Twin Cities ( U of M or The U) is the oldest and largest part of the University of Minnesota system. From 1917 to 1941 he was employed as an ecologist at the Carnegie Institution of Washington in Washington, D.C., where he was able to carry out dedicated ecological research. The Carnegie Institution for Science (also called the Carnegie Institution of Washington (CIW) is a organization in the United States established to support Scientific Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D
During winter he worked at research stations in Tucson, Arizona and Santa Barbara, California, while in the summer he performed fieldwork at the Carnegie's "Alpine Laboratory," a research station in Angel Canyon on the slopes of Pikes Peak, Colorado. A research station is a station built for the purpose of conducting research on a given site or aspects of the site Tucson (ˈtuːsɒn is the seat of Pima County Arizona, United States, located 118 miles (188 km) southeast Santa Barbara is a city in Santa Barbara County California, United States. This article is about the scientific method For the military term see Field fortifications under Fortification. Pikes Peak (originally Pike's Peak, see below) is a Mountain in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, west of Colorado Springs The State of Colorado ( or chiefly by nonresidents) is a state located in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States of America. During this time he worked alongside staff of the U. S. Soil Conservation Service. In addition to his field investigations, he carried out experimental work in the laboratory and greenhouse, both at the Pikes Peak station and at Santa Barbara.
From his observations of the vegetation of Nebraska and the western United States, Clements developed one of the most influential theories of vegetation development. Vegetation cover does not represent a permanent condition but gradually changes over time. Clements suggested that the development of vegetation can be understood as a sequence of stages resembling the development of an individual organism. After a complete or partial disturbance, vegetation grows back (under ideal conditions) towards a mature "climax state," which describes the vegetation best suited to the local conditions. The term climax community, also described as a climatic climax community, is an ecological term for a biological community of Plants and Though any actual instance of vegetation might follow the ideal sequence towards climax, it can be interpreted in relation to that sequence, as a deviation from it due to non-ideal conditions.
Clements's climax theory of vegetation dominated plant ecology during the first decades of the twentieth century, though it was criticized significantly by ecologists Henry Gleason and Arthur Tansley early on, and by Robert Whittaker mid-century, and largely fell out of favor. Henry Allan Gleason (1882-1975 was a noted American ecologist, botanist, and taxonomist, most recognized for his endorsement of the Individualistic Sir Arthur George Tansley ( August 15, 1871 - November 25, 1955) was an English Botanist who was a pioneer in the science Robert Harding Whittaker (1920–1980 was an American Vegetation Ecologist, active in the 1950s to the 1970s However, significant Clementsian trends in ecology re-emerged towards the end of the twentieth century.
In addition to botany and ecology, his research interests covered the systematics of fungi. Biological systematics is the study of the diversity of Life on the planet Earth both past and present and the relationships among living things through time A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ
Among his works are:
- The Phytogeography of Nebraska (1898; second edition, 1900)
- Research Methods in Ecology (1905)
- Plant Physiology and Ecology (1907)
- Plant Succession (1916)
- Plant Succession and Indicators (1928, reprinted 1973)
- Flower Families and Ancestors (1928, with Edith Clements)
- Plant Ecology (1929, with J. E. Weaver)
- The Genera of Fungi (1931, repr. 1965, with C. L. Shear)
In 1903, the flower Clementsia rhodantha ("Clements' rose flower"), a stonecrop, was named in honor of Frederic and Edith Clements. Sedum is the large stonecrop Genus of the Crassulaceae, representing about 400 species of leaf succulents found throughout the northern hemisphere Clements died in Santa Barbara in 1945.
References
- ^ Brummitt, R. K. ; C. E. Powell (1992). Authors of Plant Names. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. The Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, usually referred to simply as Kew Gardens, are extensive Gardens and botanical glasshouses between Richmond and ISBN 1-84246-085-4.
- Tobey, Ronald C. 1981. Saving the Prairies: The Life Cycle of the Founding School of American Plant Ecology, 1895-1955. Berkeley: University of California Press. (ISBN 0-5200-4352-9)
- Edith S. Clements, Adventures in Ecology (New York: Pageant Press, 1960)
- Bio at UCSB, with picture
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