 |
| Criminal law |
|---|
| Part of the common law series |
| Criminal elements |
| Actus reus · Causation · Concurrence |
| Mens rea · Intention · Recklessness |
| Criminal negligence · Ignorantia juris… |
| Strict, Corporate & Vicarious liability |
| Crimes against people |
| Assault · Battery · Robbery |
| Sexual offences · Pimping · Rape |
| Kidnapping · Manslaughter · Murder |
| Crimes against property |
| Property damage · Arson |
| Theft · Burglary · Deception |
| Crimes against justice |
| Obstruction of justice · Bribery |
| Perjury · Malfeasance in office |
| Inchoate offenses |
| Attempt |
| Conspiracy · Accessory |
| Criminal defenses |
| Automatism, Intoxication & Mistake |
| Insanity · Diminished responsibility |
| Duress · Necessity |
| Provocation · Self defence |
| Other areas of the common law |
| Contract law · Tort law · Property law |
| Wills and trusts · Evidence |
| Portals: Law · Criminal justice |
In the broadest sense, a fraud is a deception made for personal gain. The term criminal law, sometimes called penal law, refers to any of various bodies of rules in different Jurisdictions whose common characteristic is the potential Common law refers to law and the corresponding legal system developed through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive Actus reus, sometimes called the external element or the objective element of a crime is the Latin term for the "guilty act" which when proved Causation is the "causal relationship between conduct and result In Western Jurisprudence, concurrence, (or contemporaneity or simultaneity) is the apparent need to prove the simultaneous occurrence In Criminal law, mens rea the Latin term for "guilty mind" is usually one of the necessary elements of a Crime. In the Criminal law, intention is one of the three general classes of Mens rea necessary to constitute a conventional as opposed to In the Criminal law, recklessness (also called unchariness) is one of the four possible classes of mental state constituting Mens rea (the In the Criminal law, criminal negligence is one of the three general classes of Mens rea ( Latin for "guilty mind" element required Ignorantia juris non excusat or Ignorantia legis neminem excusat ( Latin for " Ignorance of the Law does not excuse" In Criminal law, strict liability is liability for which Mens rea ( Latin for "guilty mind" does not have to be proven in relation In the Criminal law, corporate liability determines the extent to which a Corporation as a fictitious person can be liable for the acts and omissions The legal principle of vicarious liability applies to hold one person liable for the actions of another when engaged in some form of joint or collective activity In Criminal law, an offence against the person usually refers to a crime which is committed by direct physical harm or force being applied to another person Assault is a Crime of Violence against another person. In some Jurisdictions including Australia and New Zealand, Battery is a term used by the Common law jurisdictions which involves an Injury or other Contact upon the Person of another in a manner likely Robbery is the Crime of seizing Property through Violence or Intimidation. A pimp (also called fleshmonger) finds and manages clients for Prostitutes and engages them in Prostitution (in Brothels in most cases and Rape, also referred to as Sexual assault, is an Assault by a person involving Sexual intercourse with or Sexual penetration of another person In Criminal law, kidnapping is the taking away or Asportation of a person against the person's will usually to hold the person in False imprisonment Manslaughter is a legal term for the killing of a human being in a manner considered by law as less culpable than Murder. Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries Property damage (or in the United Kingdom, criminal damage) is damage to or the destruction of public or private Property, caused either by a In Criminal law, theft (also known as stealing or filching) is the illegal taking of another person's Property without that person's freely-given In English law, the main deception offences are defined in the Theft Act 1968 (TA68 the Theft Act 1978 and the Theft (Amendment Act 1996 The crime of obstruction of justice includes crimes committed by Judges Prosecutors attorneys general, and elected officials in general Bribery, a form of pecuniary corruption is an act usually implying money or gift given that alters the behaviour of the recipient in ways not consistent with the duties of that person Perjury, also known as forswearing, is the act of lying or making verifiably false statements on a material matter under Oath or Affirmation in a Malfeasance in office, or official misconduct, is the commission of an Unlawful act done in an official capacity which affects the performance of official duties Attempt crimes are crimes where the defendant's actions have the form of the actual enaction of the crime itself the actions must go beyond mere preparation In the Criminal law, a conspiracy is an agreement between Natural persons to break the law at some time in the future and in some cases with at least one overt act An accessory is a person who assists in the commission of a Crime, but who does not actually participate in the commission of the crime as a joint principal For a more detailed discussion of individual topics see Automatism (case law In the Criminal Law, automatism is a defense to liability Intoxication is the state of being affected by one or more psychoactive drugs. A mistake of fact may sometimes offer exculpation (as in Excuse) by allowing a criminal Defendant some relief from liability for having broken the In Criminal trials the insanity defenses are possible defenses by Excuse, an Affirmative defense by which Defendants argue that In Criminal law, diminished responsibility (or diminished capacity) is a potential defense by Excuse by which Defendants argue that For English law on the criminal defence see Duress in English law. In Criminal law, necessity may be either a possible justification or an exculpation for breaking the Law. Also see Provocation in English law. In Criminal law, provocation is a possible defense by excuse or exculpation The right of self-defense (also called alter ego defense, defense of others, defense of a third person) is the right for civilians acting on their A contract is an exchange of promises between two or more parties to do or refrain from doing an act which is enforceable in a court of law Tort law is the name given to a body of law that creates and provides remedies for civil wrongs that do not arise out of Contractual duties Property law is the area of Law that governs the various forms of Ownership in Real property (land as distinct from personal or movable possessions In Common law, a will or testament is a document by which a person (the Testator) regulates the rights of others over his or her Property The law of trusts and estates is generally considered the body of Law which governs the management of personal affairs and the Disposition of Property of The Law of evidence governs the use of Testimony (eg oral or written statements such as an Affidavit) and exhibits (e Tort law is the name given to a body of law that creates and provides remedies for civil wrongs that do not arise out of Contractual duties Common law refers to law and the corresponding legal system developed through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive An intentional tort is a category of Torts that describes a civil wrong resulting from an intentional act on the part of the Tortfeasor. For other uses of the term "Assault" please see Assault (disambiguation. At Common law, battery is the Tort of intentionally (or in Australia, negligently and voluntarily bringing about an unconsented harmful or offensive False imprisonment is a Tort, and possibly a Crime, wherein a person is intentionally confined without legal authority Intentional infliction of emotional distress ( IIED) is a Tort claim of recent origin for intentional conduct that results in extreme emotional distress Consent as a term of jurisprudence is a possible defence (an Excuse or justification against civil or criminal liability In Tort common law the defense of necessity gives the state or an individual a privilege to take or use the property of another The right of self-defense (also called alter ego defense, defense of others, defense of a third person) is the right for civilians acting on their Trespass (Fr trespas a crime properly a stepping across from Lat In Law, conversion is an intentional Tort to Personal property (same as Chattel) where defendant's unjustified willful interference with the In Tort law, detinue is an action for the wrongful detention of goods Replevin is an Anglo - French Law term It is the noun form of the verb "replevy" (from Old French "replevir" derived from "plevir" Trover is a form of lawsuit in Common-law countries for recovery of damages for wrongful taking of personal property Privacy law is the area of law concerning the protection and preservation of the Privacy rights of individuals The Tort of breach of confidence, is a Common law tort that protects private information that is conveyed in confidence Abuse of process is a Common law intentional Tort. It is to be distinguished from Malicious prosecution, another type of tort that involves misuse of the Malicious prosecution is a Common law intentional Tort, while like the tort of Abuse of process, its elements include (1 intentionally (and At Common law, alienation of affections is a Tort action brought by a deserted spouse against a third party alleged to be responsible for the failure of the Marriage Economic torts are Torts that provide the Common law rules on liability for the infliction of Pure economic loss, such as interference with economic or business Tortious interference, in the Common law of Tort, occurs when a person intentionally damages the Plaintiff 's Contractual or other business relationships A civil conspiracy or Collusion is an agreement between two or more parties to deprive a third party of legal rights or deceive a third party to obtain an illegal objective Restraint of trade is a Common law doctrine relating to the enforceability of contractual restrictions on freedom to conduct business Nuisance (through Fr noisance nuisance from Lat nocere to hurt is a Common law Tort. For the law of Tort, see Nuisance In the English Criminal law, public nuisance is a class of Common law offence Rylands v Fletcher ( 1868) LR 3 HL 330 is a landmark English legal case in which the Court of the Exchequer Chamber first applied the doctrine Negligence (Lat negligentia from negligere to neglect literally "not to pick up" is a legal concept in the Common law legal systems usually used to In tort law, a duty of care is a legal obligation imposed on an individual requiring that they adhere to a reasonable Standard of care while performing any acts For the English law, see Standard of care in English law. In Tort law, the standard of care is the degree of prudence and caution For English law, see Causation in English law In the Law, a proximate cause is an event sufficiently related to a legally recognizable injury Res ipsa loquitur is a legal term from the Latin meaning "the thing itself speaks" but is more often translated "the thing speaks for itself In the United States, the calculus of negligence, or "Hand rule" is a term coined by Judge Learned Hand and describes a process for determining whether The rescue doctrine of the Law of Torts holds that if a Tortfeasor creates a circumstance that places the tort victim in danger the tortfeasor is A duty to rescue is a concept in Tort law that arises in a narrow number of cases describing a circumstance in which a party can be held liable for failing to come The Tort of negligent infliction of emotional distress (NIED is a controversial legal theory and is not accepted in many United States Jurisdictions Negligence in employment encompasses several causes of action in Tort law which arise where an Employer is held liable for Negligence of an Employee Negligent entrustment is a cause of action in Tort law that arises where one party (the entrustor is held liable for Negligence because they negligently provided In Law, malpractice is a type of negligence in which the Misfeasance, Malfeasance or Nonfeasance of a Professional, under a duty This article is about the Common law concept of a trespasser for the computer game see Jurassic Park Trespasser In the Law of This article is about the Common law concept of a licensee see here for information on Licenses A licensee is a term used In the Law of Torts an invitee is a person who is invited to land by the possessor of the land as a member of the public or one who's invited to the land Attractive nuisance redirects here For the album see Attractive Nuisance. Product liability is the area of law in which manufacturers distributors suppliers retailers and others who make products available to the public are held responsible for the injuries An ultrahazardous activity in the Common law of Torts is one that is so inherently dangerous that a person engaged in such an activity can be held Strictly liable In the United States, comparative negligence is a partial defense that reduces the amount of damages that a plaintiff can recover in a negligence-based claim based upon Contributory negligence is a Common law defense to a claim based on negligence an action in Tort. The last clear chance is a doctrine in the Law of Torts that is employed in Contributory negligence jurisdictions The eggshell skull rule (or thin-skull rule) is a Legal doctrine used in both Tort law and Criminal law that holds an individual liable This article is about vicarious liability in private litigation for vicarious liability in criminal law see Vicarious liability (criminal. Volenti non fit injuria ( Latin: "to a willing person no injury is done" or "no injury is done to a person who consents" is a Common law In civil law, especially Contract law, ex turpi causa non oritur actio is the doctrine that an action may not be founded on illegality In Law, damages refers to the money paid or awarded to a Claimant (England Pursuer (Scotland or Plaintiff (US following a successful An injunction is an Equitable remedy in the form of a Court order, whereby a party is required to do or interact with in certain ways all right or to refrain from Common law refers to law and the corresponding legal system developed through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive A contract is an exchange of promises between two or more parties to do or refrain from doing an act which is enforceable in a court of law Property law is the area of Law that governs the various forms of Ownership in Real property (land as distinct from personal or movable possessions In Common law, a will or testament is a document by which a person (the Testator) regulates the rights of others over his or her Property The law of trusts and estates is generally considered the body of Law which governs the management of personal affairs and the Disposition of Property of The term criminal law, sometimes called penal law, refers to any of various bodies of rules in different Jurisdictions whose common characteristic is the potential The Law of evidence governs the use of Testimony (eg oral or written statements such as an Affidavit) and exhibits (e Deception (also called beguilement or subterfuge) is the act of convincing another to believe Information that is not true or not the whole truth as in The specific legal definition varies by legal jurisdiction. Fraud is a crime, and is also a civil law violation. In the sociological field, crime is the breach of a rule or Law for which some governing authority or force may ultimately prescribe a Punishment Civil law, as opposed to Criminal law, refers to that branch of Law dealing with disputes between Individuals and/or Organizations, in which Many hoaxes are fraudulent, although those not made for personal gain are not technically frauds. A hoax is a deliberate attempt to Dupe, Deceive or trick an audience into believing or accepting that something is real when in fact it is not or that Defrauding people of money is presumably the most common type of fraud, but there have also been many fraudulent "discoveries" in art, archaeology, and science. Art forgery refers to creating and in particular selling works of Art that are falsely attributed to be work of another usually more famous artist Archaeological forgery is the manufacture of supposedly ancient items that are sold to the antiquities market and may even end up in the collections of museums Scientific misconduct is the violation of the standard codes of scholarly conduct and ethical behavior in Professional scientific research.
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Definition
In criminal law, fraud is the crime or offense of deliberately deceiving another in order to damage them – usually, to obtain property or services unjustly. The term criminal law, sometimes called penal law, refers to any of various bodies of rules in different Jurisdictions whose common characteristic is the potential In the sociological field, crime is the breach of a rule or Law for which some governing authority or force may ultimately prescribe a Punishment Deception (also called beguilement or subterfuge) is the act of convincing another to believe Information that is not true or not the whole truth as in [1] Fraud can be accomplished through the aid of forged objects. Forgery is the process of making adapting or imitating objects statistics or documents (see False document) with the intent to deceive. In the criminal law of common law jurisdictions it may be called "theft by deception," "larceny by trick," "larceny by fraud and deception" or something similar. Common law refers to law and the corresponding legal system developed through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive In the United States, larceny is a Common law Crime involving Theft.
Marriage Fraud can take several forms and is the act of entering a marriage for personal gain rather than a genuine desire to enter into a sincere marital relationship. Marriage Fraud is usually associated with obtaining immigration benefits. In the United States, marriage fraud for immigration purposes is punishable under INA §204(c)(1) and the Immigration Marriage Fraud Amendments of 1986. Possible criminal penalties include $250,000 and 5 years in prison as well as deportation and a permanent bar against receiving future immigration status. Marriage Fraud can be either unilateral or bilateral Unity and Immigration Policy in the United States. In a unilateral marriage fraud, only one party is aware of the fraud and the fraud is against both the immigration service as well as the other party. The innocent party may file a lawsuit and/or annulment of the marriage. In a bilateral fraud, both parties are aware of it and both parties are subject to criminal penalties.
In academia and science, fraud can refer to academic fraud – the falsifying of research findings which is a form of scientific misconduct – and in common use intellectual fraud signifies falsification of a position taken or implied by an author or speaker, within a book, controversy or debate, or an idea deceptively presented to hide known logical weaknesses. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Academic dishonesty or academic misconduct is any type of Cheating that occurs in relation to a formal Academic exercise Scientific misconduct is the violation of the standard codes of scholarly conduct and ethical behavior in Professional scientific research. Journalistic fraud implies a similar notion, the falsification of journalistic findings. Journalism scandals are high-profile incidents or acts whether intentional or accidental that run contrary to the generally accepted ethics and standards of journalism, or
Fraud can be committed through many methods, including mail, wire, phone, and the internet (computer crime and internet fraud). Mail fraud refers to any scheme which attempts to unlawfully obtain money or valuables in which the Postal system is used at any point in the commission of a criminal offense Wire fraud is a legal concept in the United States Code which provides for enhanced penalty of any criminally fraudulent activity if it is determined that the activity involved Whether in the form of the consumer attempting to defraud the Telephone company, the telephone company attempting to defraud the consumer or a third party attempting to defraud either The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks Computer crime, Cybercrime, e-crime, hi-tech crime or electronic crime generally refers to criminal activity where a Computer The term " Internet fraud " generally refers to any type of fraud scheme that uses one or more online services - such as chat rooms e-mail message boards or Web sites - to present
Acts which may constitute criminal fraud include:
- Marriage Fraud to obtain immigration benefits INA §204(c)(1),
- bait and switch
- confidence tricks such as the 419 fraud, Spanish Prisoner, and the shell game
- false advertising
- identity theft
- false billing
- forgery of documents or signatures
- taking money which is under your control, but not yours (embezzlement)
- health fraud, selling of products of spurious use, such as quack medicines
- creation of false companies or "long firms"
- false insurance claims
- bankruptcy fraud, is a US federal crime that can lead to criminal prosecution under the charge of theft of the goods or services
- investment frauds, such as Ponzi schemes
- securities frauds such as pump and dump
Fraud, in addition to being a criminal act, is also a type of civil law violation known as a tort. In Retail sales, a bait and switch is a form of Fraud in which the party putting forth the fraud lures in customers by Advertising a product or service A confidence trick or confidence game (also known as a bunko, con, flim flam, gaffle, grift, scam, scheme An advance-fee fraud is a Confidence trick in which the target is persuaded to advance sums of money in the hope of realizing a very much larger gain The Spanish Prisoner is a Confidence trick dating back to the early 1900s This article deals with the con game For other meanings see Shell game (disambiguation. False advertising is the use of false or misleading statements in Advertising. Identity theft is a term used to refer to Fraud that involves stealing money or getting other benefits by pretending to be someone else False billing is a Fraudulent act of invoicing or otherwise requesting funds from an individual or firm without showing Obligation to pay Embezzlement is the act of dishonestly appropriating or secreting assets usually financial in nature by one or more individuals to whom such assets have been entrusted A long firm is a trading company set up for Fraudulent purposes the basic operation is to run the company as an apparently legitimate business gradually extending the amount Insurance fraud or false insurance claims are Insurance claims filed with the intent to defraud an insurance provider Bankruptcy is a legally declared inability or impairment of ability of an individual or organization to pay their Creditors Creditors may file a bankruptcy petition against Securities fraud, also known as stock fraud and investment fraud, is a practice in which investors make purchase or sale decisions on the basis of false information A Ponzi scheme is a Fraudulent Investment operation that involves promising or paying abnormally high returns (" Profits quot to investors out of the A security is a Fungible, Negotiable instrument representing financial value Microcap stock fraud is a form of Securities fraud involving stocks of " microcap " companies generally defined in the United States as those with a market Civil law, as opposed to Criminal law, refers to that branch of Law dealing with disputes between Individuals and/or Organizations, in which Tort law is the name given to a body of law that creates and provides remedies for civil wrongs that do not arise out of Contractual duties A tort is a civil wrong for which the law provides a remedy. A civil fraud typically involves the act of intentionally making a false representation of a material fact, with the intent to deceive, which is reasonably relied upon by another person to that person's detriment. A "false representation" can take many forms, such as:
- A false statement of fact, known to be false at the time it was made;
- A statement of fact with no reasonable basis to make that statement;
- A promise of future performance made with an intent, at the time the promise was made, not to perform as promised;
- A statement of opinion based on a false statement of fact;
- A statement of opinion that the maker knows to be false; or
- An expression of opinion that is false, made by one claiming or implying to have special knowledge of the subject matter of the opinion. "Special knowledge" in this case means knowledge or information superior to that possessed by the other party, and to which the other party did not have equal access.
In the UK a report concluded that the total costs of fraud and dealing with fraud in the year 2005-2006 was at least 13. 9 Billion GBP.
Notable frauds
- Frank Abagnale Jr., US impostor who wrote bad checks and falsely represented himself as a qualified member of professions such as airline pilot, doctor, and attorney. An impostor or imposter is a person who pretends to be somebody else often to try to gain financial or social advantages through Social engineering, but just as often The film Catch Me If You Can is based on his life. Catch Me if You Can is a 2002 Black comedy film loosely based on Frank Abagnale Jr
- Ramón Báez Figueroa, banker from the Dominican Republic and former president of Banco Intercontinental. Ramón Báez Figueroa (born in 1956 is the former president of Banco Intercontinental ( BANINTER) from the Dominican Republic, accused in 2003 of masterminding The Dominican Republic ( Spanish: República Dominicana;) is a nation located in the Caribbean region and shares the island of Hispaniola with Sentenced on October 21, 2007 to ten years in prison for a US$2. 2 billion fraud case that drove the Caribbean nation into an economic crisis in 2003.
- Cassie Chadwick, who pretended to be Andrew Carnegie's daughter to get loans. Cassie L Chadwick ( October 10, 1857 - October 10, 1907) is the most famous name of a Canadian-born woman who defrauded Cleveland Andrew Carnegie (properly kɑrˈneɪgi but commonly /ˈkɑrnɨgi/ or /kɑrˈnɛgi/ (25 November 1835 – 11 August 1919 was a Scottish -born American Industrialist
- Charles Dawson, an amateur British archeologist who claimed to find the Piltdown man. Charles Dawson (1864 &ndash 10 August 1916) was an amateur British Archaeologist who is credited and blamed with discoveries that turned out to be imaginative
- Richard Eaton, an English businessman who was business partners with mobster Paul Vario and Jimmy Burke and was involved in the Lufthansa heist. Richard "Dick" Eaton (ca 1937 Hollis New York - January 17, 1979 Gravesend Brooklyn) was a New York criminal a South Ozone England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Paul Vario ( July 9, 1914 – November 22, 1988) was a member of the U James Burke, also known as "Jimmy the Gent" "The Big Irishman" and "The Irish Guinea" ( July 5, 1931 New York City New The Lufthansa Heist was a robbery at John F Kennedy International Airport on December 11 1978
- Martin Frankel is a former U. Martin Frankel, aka David Rosse (born November 21 1954) is a former U S. financier, convicted in 2002 of insurance fraud worth $208 million, racketeering and money laundering. Financier (fɨˈnænsiɚ or finãˈsje in French is a term for a person who handles large sums of Money, usually involving money lending, financing
- Konrad Kujau, German fraudster and forger responsible for the "Hitler Diaries". Konrad Paul Kujau ( June 27, 1938, Löbau, Saxony - September 12, 2000, Stuttgart, Germany) was In April 1983, the German news Magazine Stern published extracts from what purported to be the diaries of Adolf Hitler,
- Kenneth Lay, the American businessman who built energy company Enron. Kenneth Lee "Ken" Lay ( April 15, 1942 He was one of the highest paid CEOs in America until he was ousted as Chairman and was convicted of fraud and conspiracy, although as a result of his death, his conviction was vacated. [1]
- Nick Leeson, English trader whose unsupervised speculative trading caused the collapse of Barings Bank. Nicholas Leeson (born February 25, 1967) is a former derivatives trader whose unsupervised speculative trading caused the collapse of Barings
- James Paul Lewis, Jr., ran one of the biggest ($311 million) and longest running Ponzi Schemes (20 years) in US history. James ("Jim" Paul Lewis Jr operated one of the largest and longest running " Ponzi schemes quot in United States history
- Gregor MacGregor, Scottish conman who tried to attract investment and settlers for the non-existent country of Poyais. For the Scottish cricketer who played for England see Gregor MacGregor (cricketer For the Australian politician with a similar name see Gregor For the Scottish cricketer who played for England see Gregor MacGregor (cricketer For the Australian politician with a similar name see Gregor
- Colleen McCabe, British headmistress who stole £½ million from her school. Colleen McCabe (born September 1952 is a British Fraudster who spent £500000 on herself from the budget of the school where she was the headteacher
- Gaston Means, a professional conman during U. Gaston Bullock Means (1879 Concord North Carolina – 1938 Leavenworth Kansas) was an American Private detective, bootlegger and Con S. President Warren G. Harding's administration. Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2 1865 August 2 1923 was the twenty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1921 until his death from a heart attack aged
- Michael Milken, "The Junk Bond King". Michael Robert Milken (born July 4, 1946 in Encino California) is a criminal American financier and philanthropist who almost single-handedly
- Barry Minkow and the ZZZZ Best scam. Barry Minkow (born March 17 1967) is an American religious leader and ex-convict
- Lou Pearlman, former boy-band manager indicted by a federal grand jury in Orlando on charges that he schemed to bilk banks out of more than $100 million. Louis Jay Pearlman (born June 19, 1954) was known in the 1990s entertainment business for being the manager of famous American Boy bands the
- Frederick Emerson Peters, US impersonator who wrote bad checks. Frederick Emerson Peters (1885-1959 was an American Impostor who wrote bad checks masquerading as scholars and famous people
- Charles Ponzi and the Ponzi scheme. Charles Ponzi ( March 3, 1882 &ndash January 18, 1949) was an Italian immigrant to the United States who became one A Ponzi scheme is a Fraudulent Investment operation that involves promising or paying abnormally high returns (" Profits quot to investors out of the
- Alves Reis, who forged documents to print 100,000,000 PTE in official escudo banknotes (adjusted for inflation, it would be worth about US$150 million today). Artur Virgílio Alves dos Reis (b in Lisbon September 3 1898 - July 1955 was a Portuguese criminal who perpetrated one of the largest Frauds in history The escudo was the Currency of Portugal prior to the introduction of the Euro on 1 January 1999 and was removed from circulation on
- Christopher Rocancourt, a Rockefeller impersonator who defrauded Hollywood celebrities. Christophe Thierry Rocancourt, sometimes also called Christopher Rocancourt, (b
- John Spano, a struggling businessman who faked massive success in an attempt to buy out the New York Islanders of the NHL. John A Spano Jr (born May 31, 1964) is a businessman and Swindler who briefly bought control of the NHL 's New York Islanders in The New York Islanders are a professional Ice hockey team based in Uniondale, New York. The National Hockey League ( NHL) is a professional Ice hockey league composed of 30 teams in North America
- John Stonehouse, the last Postmaster-General of the UK and MP who faked his death. John Thomson Stonehouse ( 28 July 1925 - 14 April 1988) was a British Politician and minister under Harold Wilson
- Richard Whitney, who stole from the New York Stock Exchange Gratuity Fund in the 1930s. Richard Whitney ( August 1, 1888 - December 5, 1974) was an American financier president of the New York Stock Exchange The New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE) is a Stock exchange based in New York City.
See also
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References
- ^ Lozano, Juan A. Benford's law, also called the first-digit law, states that in lists of numbers from many real-life sources of data the leading digit is distributed in a specific Bribery, a form of pecuniary corruption is an act usually implying money or gift given that alters the behaviour of the recipient in ways not consistent with the duties of that person The caper story is a subgenre of Crime fiction. The typical caper story involves one or more crimes (especially thefts swindles or occasionally kidnappings perpetrated The Sting is a 1973 Caper film set in September 1936 and revolving around a complicated plot by two professional grifters ( Paul Charity Fraud is the act of using Deception to get money from people who believe they are making donations to Charities. Click fraud is a type of Internet crime that occurs in Pay per A corporate scandal is a Scandal involving allegations of unethical behavior by people acting within or on behalf of a corporation Political corruption is the use of governmental powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain Creative accounting and earnings management are Euphemisms referring to Accounting practices that may ”follow the letter of the rules of Standard Credit card fraud is a wide-ranging term for Theft and Fraud committed using a Credit card or any similar payment mechanism as a fraudulent source Fraud has existed perhaps as long or longer than Money. Any new sociological change can engender new forms of fraud or other crime Electoral fraud is illegal interference with the process of an Election. Employment Fraud, or Occupational Fraud, is the scamming of people seeking or performing Employment, giving them the false hope of earning Wages Breach of contract is a Legal concept in which a Binding agreement or bargained-for exchange is not honored by one or more of the parties to the contract by non-performance The False Claims Act ( also called the " Lincoln Law " is an American Federal law which allows people who are not affiliated with the government to file Financial Crimes are defined as a crime against property involving the unlawful conversion of Property belonging to another to one’s own personal use and benefit The initiation of force is the start or beginning of the use of physical and/or legal Coercion, Violence, or Restraint. A forex scam is any trading scheme used to defraud individual traders by convincing them that they can expect to gain a high profit by trading in the Foreign exchange market. Fraud deterrence has gained public recognition and spotlight since the 2002 inception of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. City of London Police The largest Fraud squad is run by the City of London Police who are responsible for policing London's and the UK's main financial Friendly fraud is a Credit card industry term used to describe a consumer who makes an Internet purchase with his/her own credit card and then issues a Chargeback Front running is the illegal practice of a Stock broker executing orders on a security for their own account (and thus affecting prices before filling The Great Stock Exchange Fraud of 1814 was a Hoax or Fraud centered on false information about the then-ongoing Napoleonic Wars, affecting the London The Guinness share-trading fraud was a famous British Business Scandal of the 1980s A hoax is a deliberate attempt to Dupe, Deceive or trick an audience into believing or accepting that something is real when in fact it is not or that Identity and Access Management (IAM is a concept that combines Business processes policies and technologies that enable companies to provide secure access An impersonator is someone who imitates or copies the Behavior or actions of another Insider trading is the trading of a Corporation 's Stock or other securities (e In a civilian or military administration an Inspector General is a high ranking official charged with the mission to inspect and report on some bodies in their field of competency The term " Internet fraud " generally refers to any type of fraud scheme that uses one or more online services - such as chat rooms e-mail message boards or Web sites - to present Journalism scandals are high-profile incidents or acts whether intentional or accidental that run contrary to the generally accepted ethics and standards of journalism, or Mail fraud refers to any scheme which attempts to unlawfully obtain money or valuables in which the Postal system is used at any point in the commission of a criminal offense Missing trader fraud (also called Missing Trader Intra-Community, MTIC, or carousel fraud) is the theft of Value Added Tax (VAT from a government See also Paternity (law, Paternity testing Paternity fraud is the act of falsely naming a man to be the biological father of a child particularly for the In the field of computer security phishing is the Criminally Fraudulent process of attempting to acquire sensitive information such as usernames Passwords A pious fraud a term used to describe people who perform Fraud in Religion (for example a pious fraud fakes Miracles or Psychic surgery) because Whether in the form of the consumer attempting to defraud the Telephone company, the telephone company attempting to defraud the consumer or a third party attempting to defraud either Political corruption is the use of governmental powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain A Ponzi scheme is a Fraudulent Investment operation that involves promising or paying abnormally high returns (" Profits quot to investors out of the Quatlooscom is an anti- Fraud Website maintained by a Non-profit Corporation, Financial and Tax Fraud Education Associates Inc Questioned document examination (QDE is the forensic discipline pertaining to documents that are (or may be in dispute in a court of law Real estate trends is a generic Term used to describe any consistent pattern or change in the general direction of the Real estate industry which over the course Statement on Auditing Standards No 99 Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement Audit, commonly abbreviated as SAS 99, is an auditing statement issued A confidence trick or confidence game (also known as a bunko, con, flim flam, gaffle, grift, scam, scheme Securities fraud, also known as stock fraud and investment fraud, is a practice in which investors make purchase or sale decisions on the basis of false information In Public relations, spin is a usually Pejorative term signifying a heavily biased portrayal in one's own favor of an event or situation it is a Euphemism Swampland in Florida refers to decades-old but still recurring real estate Scams involving swamp lands misrepresented as being possible to develop or "buildable" Telemarketing fraud is fraudulent selling conducted over the phone The National Council Against Health Fraud is a 501(c(3 non-profit US-based organization registered in California that describes itself as a "private nonprofit voluntary A Tobashi scheme is a financial fraud where a clients losses are hidden by an investment firm by shifting them between the portfolios of other (genuine or fake clients Tunneling is a colloquial term for a specific kind of financial fraud A vanity gallery is an art gallery that charges Artists fees in order to exhibit their work and makes most of its money from artists rather than from sales to the public A vanity press or vanity publisher is a publishing house that publishes books at the author's expense Johnathon Clifford claims to have coined the term in 1959 Verisimilitude in its literary context is defined as the fact or quality of being verisimilar the appearance of being true or real likeness or resemblance of the truth reality or a fact’s Visa Fraud has different criteria in various parts of the world but the commonly accepted points are the sale provision or transfer of otherwise legitimate visas, misrepresentation Welfare fraud refers to various intentional misuses of state welfare systems by withholding information or giving false or inaccurate information Wine fraud is a form of Fraud in which Wines are sold to a customer illicitly usually having the customer spend more money than the product is worth or causing sickness Wire fraud is a legal concept in the United States Code which provides for enhanced penalty of any criminally fraudulent activity if it is determined that the activity involved . "Judge vacates conviction of Ken Lay", Associated Press, 17 October 2006. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- Fred Cohen. Frauds, Spies, and Lies - and How to Defeat Them. ISBN 1-878109-36-7 (2006). ASP Press.
- Podgor, Ellen S. Criminal Fraud, (1999) Vol, 48, No. 4 American Law Review 1Review Fraud - Alex Copola
- The Nature, Extent and Economic Impact of Fraud in the UK. "Feb,2007", http://www.acpo.police.uk/asp/policies/Data/Fraud%20in%20the%20UK.pdf).
External links
- The Strict Rules Regarding Marriage Fraud
- Immigration Marriage Fraud Amendments of 1986
- Marriage For a Green Card
- www.fightfraudamerica.com
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