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Franz von Papen
Franz von Papen
In office
1 June – 17 November 1932
Preceded by Heinrich Brüning
Succeeded by Kurt von Schleicher
Born 29 October 1879(1879-10-29)
Died 2 May 1969 (aged 89)
Political party Centre Party (until 1932)

Nazi party (until 1945)
Occupation Soldier, spy, diplomat, nobleman
Religion Roman Catholic
Military service
Allegiance German Empire (to 1918)
Weimar Republic (to 1933)
Nazi Germany (to 1945)

Franz Joseph Hermann Michael Maria von Papen zu Köningen (help·info) (29 October 1879 – 2 May 1969) was a German nobleman, Catholic politician, General Staff officer, and diplomat, who served as Chancellor of Germany in 1932. The Head of government of Germany is called Chancellor (Kanzler Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. Dr Heinrich Brüning ( ( November 26, 1885 &ndash March 30, 1970) was a German Politician during the Weimar Republic Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II Year 1879 ( MDCCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The German Centre Party ( Deutsche Zentrumspartei or merely Zentrum) was a Catholic political party in Germany during the Kaiserreich The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 A soldier is a general English term that refers to a member of a land component of National Armed forces. Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states Nobility is a government-privileged title which may be either hereditary (see Hereditary titles) or for a lifetime The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification The term Weimar Republic ( ˈvaɪmarɐ repuˈbliːk is used by historians to signify the democratic and Republican period of Germany from 1919 to 1933 Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II Year 1879 ( MDCCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person A military staff is a group of officers and enlisted personnel that provides a bi-directional flow of information between a commander and subordinate units Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states The Head of government of Germany is called Chancellor (Kanzler

Contents

Background

Born to a wealthy and noble Roman Catholic family[1] in Werl, Province of Westphalia, son of Friedrich von Papen zu Köningen (1839 – 1906) and wife Anna Laura von Steffens (1852 – 1939), Papen was educated as an officer, including a period as a military attendant in the Emperor's Palace, before joining the German General Staff in March 1913. Werl is a town located in the district of Soest in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The Province of Westphalia (Provinz Westfalen was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia and the Free State of Prussia from 1815-1946 Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Year 1852 ( MDCCCLII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The German General Staff ( Großer Generalstab literally Great General Staff) was an institution whose rise and development gave the German military a decided He entered diplomatic service in December 1913 as a military attaché to the German ambassador in the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the He travelled to Mexico (to which he was also accredited) in early 1914 and observed the Mexican Revolution, returning to Washington, D.C. on the outbreak of World War I in August 1914. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The Mexican Revolution (Revolución Mexicana was a major armed struggle that started with an uprising led by Francisco I Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All He married Martha von Boch-Galhau (1880 – 1961) on May 3, 1905. Year 1880 ( MDCCCLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting

World War I

While in the U. S. , Papen, acting as a spymaster, organized economic espionage against Allied war efforts in Europe by means of attempting to purchase all available explosive substances, to prevent their use against the German war effort. On December 28, 1915 he was declared persona non grata by the U. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Persona non grata ( Latin, Plural: personae non gratae, also abbreviated PNG literally meaning "an unwelcome person" is a term used S. after his exposure and recalled to Germany. [2] En route, his luggage was confiscated, and 126 check stubs were found showing payments to his agents. Papen went on to report on American attitudes to both General Erich von Falkenhayn and William II, German Emperor. Erich von Falkenhayn ( 11 September 1861 &ndash 8 April 1922) was a German Soldier and Chief of the General Staff

In April 1916, a United States federal grand jury issued an indictment against Papen for a plot to blow up Canada's Welland Canal, which connects Lake Ontario to Lake Erie, but Papen was safely on German soil; he remained under indictment until he became Chancellor of Germany, at which time the charges were dropped. The Welland Canal is a Ship canal that runs 42  km (270  Miles from Port Colborne Ontario on Lake Erie to Port Lake Ontario is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. Lake Erie (ˈɪəriː is the fourth largest Lake (by surface area of the five Great Lakes, and the tenth largest globally [2] During World War I, Papen served as an officer first on the western front and then from 1917 as an officer on the General Staff in the Middle East and as a major in the Ottoman army in Palestine. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River.

Papen also served as intermediary between the Irish rebels and the German government regarding the purchase and delivery of arms to be used against the British during the Easter Rising of 1916, as well as serving as an intermediary with the Indian nationalists in the Hindu German Conspiracy. Irish republicanism (Poblachtánachas is an ideology based on the Irish nationalist belief that all of Ireland should be a single independent Republic The Easter Rising (Éirí Amach na Cásca was a rebellion staged in Ireland in Easter Week, 1916 The Ghadar Party was an organization founded by Indians of the United States and Canada in June 1913 with the aim to liberate India from After achieving the rank of lieutenant-colonel, he returned to Germany and left the army in 1918. Lieutenant Colonel ( Lieutenant-Colonel in English from the French grade 's spelling is a rank of Commissioned officer in the armies

The inter-war years

He entered politics and joined the Catholic Centre Party (Zentrum), in which the monarchist Papen formed part of the right wing. The German Centre Party ( Deutsche Zentrumspartei or merely Zentrum) was a Catholic political party in Germany during the Kaiserreich He was a member of the parliament of Prussia from 1921 to 1932. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state

In the 1925 presidential elections, he surprised his party by supporting the right-wing candidate Paul von Hindenburg over the Centre Party's Wilhelm Marx. Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg ( known universally as Paul von Hindenburg ( ( October 2, 1847 &ndash August 2 Wilhelm Marx ( January 15, 1863 August 5, 1946) was a German Lawyer Catholic Politician and a member of the

He was a member of the "Deutscher Herrenklub" (German Gentlemen's Club) of Arthur Moeller van den Bruck. Arthur Moeller van den Bruck ( April 23, 1876 &ndash May 30, 1925) was a German cultural historian and writer best known for his controversial

Chancellorship

On 1 June 1932 he moved from relative obscurity to supreme importance when President Paul von Hindenburg appointed him Chancellor, even though this meant replacing his own party's Heinrich Brüning. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg ( known universally as Paul von Hindenburg ( ( October 2, 1847 &ndash August 2 The Head of government of Germany is called Chancellor (Kanzler Dr Heinrich Brüning ( ( November 26, 1885 &ndash March 30, 1970) was a German Politician during the Weimar Republic

The day before, he had promised party chairman Ludwig Kaas not to accept any appointment, and Kaas accordingly branded him the "Ephialtes of the Centre Party"; Papen forestalled being expelled by leaving the party on 3 June 1932. Prelate Ludwig Kaas ( 23 May 1881 &ndash 15 April 1952) was a Roman Catholic priest, and a prominent German Ephialtes ( Greek:, Ephialtēs; although Herodotus spelled it as, Epialtes) was the son of Eurydemus of Malis. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar.

The French ambassador in Berlin, André François-Poncet, wrote at the time that Papen's selection by Hindenburg as chancellor "met with incredulity. André François-Poncet ( June 13, 1887 &ndash January 8, 1978) was a French Politician and Diplomat whose post " Papen, the ambassador continued, "enjoyed the peculiarity of being taken seriously by neither his friends nor his enemies. He was reputed to be superficial, blundering, untrue, ambitious, vain, crafty and an intriguer. "[3]

The cabinet which Papen formed, with the assistance of General Kurt von Schleicher, was known as the "cabinet of barons" and was widely regarded with ridicule by Germans. Except from the conservative German National People's Party (DNVP), Papen had practically no support in the Reichstag — he had never been elected to the legislative body. The German National People's Party (Deutschnationale Volkspartei DNVP was a national-conservative party in Germany during the time of the Weimar Republic The Reichstag ( German for "Imperial Diet " was the Parliament of the Holy Roman Empire, the North German Confederation,

Papen ruled in an authoritarian manner by launching a coup against the center-left coaltion government of Prussia (the so-called Preußenschlag) and repealing his predecessor's ban on the SA as a way to appease the Nazis, whom he hoped to lure into supporting his government. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state The Preußenschlag, or "Prussian coup" was one of the major steps towards the destruction of the German Weimar Republic (1919-33 and the rise of Adolf The, abbreviated SA, ( German for "Assault detachment" or "Assault section" usually translated as " stormtroop(ers Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German

Ultimately, after two Reichstag elections only increased the Nazis' strength in the Reichstag without substantially increasing Papen's own parliamentary support, he was forced to resign as Chancellor, and was replaced on 2 December 1932 by Schleicher, who hoped to establish a broad coalition government by gaining the support of both Nazi and Social Democratic trade unionists. Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar.

As it became increasingly obvious that Schleicher would be unsuccessful in his maneuvering to maintain his chancellorship under a parliamentary majority, Papen worked to undermine Schleicher. Along with DNVP leader Alfred Hugenberg, Papen formed an agreement with Hitler under which the Nazi leader would become Chancellor of a coalition government with the Nationalists, and with Papen serving as Vice Chancellor of the Reich and prime minister of Prussia. Alfred Hugenberg (19 June 1865 - 12 March 1951 was an influential German Businessman and Politician. A coalition government, or coalition cabinet, is a Cabinet of a parliamentary Government in which several parties cooperate The Vice-Chancellor of Germany ( Vizekanzler) in Germany is the second highest position in the cabinet at least according to the protocol

On 23 January 1933 Schleicher admitted to President Hindenburg that he had been unable to obtain a majority of the Reichstag, and asked the president to declare a state of emergency. Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. By this time, the elderly Hindenburg had become irritated by the Schleicher cabinet's policies affecting wealthy landowners and industrialists.

Simultaneously, Papen had been working behind the scenes and used his personal friendship with Hindenburg to assure the President that he, Papen, could control Hitler and could thus finally form a government based on the support of the majority of the Reichstag.

Hindenburg refused to grant Schleicher the emergency powers he sought, and Schleicher resigned on 28 January. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted Though Papen flirted with leaving Hitler out of the cabinet and becoming chancellor, in the end the President, who had previously vowed never to allow Hitler to become chancellor, appointed Hitler to the post on 30 January 1933. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Vice Chancellorship

At the formation of Hitler's cabinet on 30 January, the Nazis had three cabinet posts to the conservatives' eight. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Additionally, as part of the deal that allowed Hitler to become chancellor, Papen was granted the right to sit in on every meeting between Hitler and Hindenburg. Counting on their majority in the Cabinet and on the closeness between himself and Hindenburg, Papen had anticipated "boxing Hitler in. " Papen boasted to intimates that "Within two months we will have pushed Hitler so far in the corner that he'll squeak. "

However, Hitler and his allies instead quickly marginalized Papen and the rest of the cabinet. For example, Hermann Göring had been appointed interior minister of Prussia, but frequently acted without consulting his nominal superior, Papen. Hermann Wilhelm Göring (also spelled Goering) (12 January 1893 15 October 1946 was a German Politician, Military leader and a leading member Neither Papen nor his conservative allies waged a fight against the Reichstag Fire Decree in late February or the Enabling Act in March. The Reichstag Fire Decree (Reichstagsbrandverordnung is the common name of the Order of the Reich President for the Protection of People and State issued by German president The Enabling Act ( in German) was passed by the Reichstag ( Germany 's parliament on March 23, 1933 and signed

On 8 April Papen travelled to the Vatican to offer a Reichskonkordat that defined the German state's relationship with the Roman Catholic Church. Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory The Reichskonkordat is the Concordat between the Holy See and Nazi Germany. During Papen's absence, the Nazified Landtag of Prussia elected Göring as prime minister on 10 April. Gleichschaltung, meaning "coordination" "making the same" "bringing into line" is a Nazi term for the process by which the A Landtag ( Diet) is a representative assembly or Parliament in German-speaking countries with some legislative authority Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama

Conscious of his own increasing marginalization, Papen began covert talks with other conservative forces with the aim of convincing Hindenburg to dismiss Hitler. Of special importance in these talks was the growing conflict between the German military and the paramilitary Sturmabteilung (SA), led by Ernst Röhm. The Reichswehr ( German for "National Defence" formed the military organisation of Germany from 1919 until 1935 when it was The, abbreviated SA, ( German for "Assault detachment" or "Assault section" usually translated as " stormtroop(ers Ernst Julius Röhm, (Munich November 28, 1887 – July 2, 1934) was a German military officer and later the commander and co-founder

In early 1934 Röhm continued to demand that the storm troopers become the core of a new German army. Many conservatives, including Hindenburg, felt uneasy with the storm troopers' demands, their lack of discipline and their revolutionary tendencies.

Marburg Speech

Main article: Marburg speech

With the Army command recently having hinted at the need for Hitler to control the SA, Papen delivered an address at the University of Marburg on 17 June where he called for the restoration of some freedoms, demanded an end to the calls for a "second revolution"[4] and advocated the cessation of SA terror in the streets. The Marburg speech ( die Marburger Rede in German was an address given by German vice chancellor Franz von Papen at the University of Marburg on June The University of Marburg (Philipps-Universität Marburg 'Philip's University Marburg' was founded in 1527 by Landgrave Philip I of Hesse (usually Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat

In this "Marburg speech" Papen said that "The government [must be] mindful of the old maxim 'only weaklings suffer no criticism'" and that "No organization, no propaganda, however excellent, can alone maintain confidence in the long run. The Marburg speech ( die Marburger Rede in German was an address given by German vice chancellor Franz von Papen at the University of Marburg on June " The speech was crafted by Papen's speech writer, Edgar Julius Jung, with the assistance of Papen's secretary Herbert von Bose and Catholic leader Erich Klausener. Edgar Julius Jung ( March 6, 1894 &ndash July 1, 1934) was a German Lawyer from Ludwigshafen, in Rhineland-Palatinate Herbert von Bose ( 16 March 1893 &ndash 30 June 1934) was head of the press division of the Vice Chancellery ( Reichsvizekanzlei Erich Klausener ( January 25, 1885 &ndash June 30, 1934) was a German Catholic politician who was murdered in the

The vice chancellor's bold speech incensed Hitler, and its publication was suppressed by the Propaganda Ministry. Angered by this reaction and stating that he had spoken on behalf of Hindenburg, Papen submitted to Hitler his resignation from the cabinet.

Hitler knew that accepting the resignation of Hindenburg's long-time confidant, especially during a time of tumult, would anger the ailing president.

Two weeks after the Marburg speech, Hitler responded to the armed forces' demands to suppress the ambitions of Röhm and the SA by purging the SA leadership. The Marburg speech ( die Marburger Rede in German was an address given by German vice chancellor Franz von Papen at the University of Marburg on June The purge, known as the Night of the Long Knives, took place between 30 June and 2 July 1934. The Night of the Long Knives (German) or " Operation Hummingbird " was a Purge that took place in Nazi Germany between June 30 and July Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In the purge, Röhm and much of the SA leadership were murdered. General von Schleicher, who as Chancellor had been scheming with some of Hitler's rivals within the party to separate them from their leader, was slain along with his wife.

Though Papen's bold speech against some of the excesses committed by Nazism had angered Hitler, Hitler was aware that he could not act directly against the vice chancellor without offending Hindenburg. But Papen's office was ransacked by the SS, his associates von Bose and Klausener were shot dead at their desks, and Jung was arrested and imprisoned in a concentration camp where he was shot to death a few days later. The ( German for "Protective Squadron" abbreviated SS - or ( Runic)- was a major Nazi organization under Adolf Hitler and the

Several of Papen's staff members were interned in concentration camps. Papen himself was placed under house arrest at his villa with his telephone line cut, though some accounts indicate that this "protective custody" was ordered by Göring, who felt the ex-diplomat could be useful in the future. The following day, Papen's resignation as vice chancellor was accepted.

Ambassador to Austria

Despite the events of the Night of the Long Knives, Papen accepted within a month the assignment by Hitler as German ambassador in Vienna, where Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss had just been murdered in a failed Nazi coup. The Night of the Long Knives (German) or " Operation Hummingbird " was a Purge that took place in Nazi Germany between June 30 and July Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich

In Hitler's words, Papen's duty was to restore "normal and friendly relations" between Germany and Austria. Papen also contributed to achieving Hitler's goal of undermining Austrian sovereignty and bringing about the Nazis' long-dreamed-of Anschluss (unification with Germany). The ( German: "link-up" also known as the, was the 1938 Annexation of Austria into Greater Germany by the Nazi

Winston Churchill reports in his book "The Gathering Storm" (1948) that Hitler appointed Papen for "the undermining or winning over of leading personalities in Austrian politics". Churchill also quotes the U. S. minister in Vienna as saying of Papen "In the boldest and most cynical manner. . . Papen proceeded to tell me that. . . he intended to use his reputation as a good Catholic to gain influence with Austrians like Cardinal Innitzer. Theodor Cardinal Innitzer ( December 25, 1875 &ndash October 9, 1955) was Archbishop of Vienna and a cardinal of the "[5]

Ironically, one of the plots called for Papen's murder by Austrian Nazi sympathizers as a pretext for a retaliatory invasion by Germany.

Though Papen was dismissed from his mission in Austria on 4 February 1938 Hitler drafted Papen to arrange a meeting between the German dictator and Austrian Chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg at Berchtesgaden. Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Kurt Alois Josef Johann Schuschnigg ( December 14, 1897 - November 18, 1977) was an Austrian Politician who in 1934 succeeded the assassinated Berchtesgaden (bɛʁçtəsˈgaːdən is a municipality in the German Bavarian Alps.

The ultimatum that Hitler presented Schuschnigg at the meeting on 12 February 1938 led to the Austrian government's capitulation to German threats and pressure, and paved the way for the Anschluss, which was proclaimed on 13 March 1938. Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II. Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

World War II

Papen later served the German government as Ambassador to Turkey from 1939 to 1944. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. There he survived a Soviet assassination attempt on 24 February 1942 by agents from either NKVD[6] or SMERSH—a bomb prematurely exploded, killing the bomber and no one else, although Papen was slightly injured. AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The NKVD ( НКВД, ru Народный Комиссариат Внутренних Дел ''Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del'') or People's Commissariat SMERSH (acronym of SMERt' SHpionam, Russ СМЕРть Шпионам Eng Death to Spies) were the counter-intelligence departments in [7]

During the war, the German government considered appointing Papen ambassador to the Holy See, but Pope Pius XII, after consulting Konrad von Preysing, Bishop of Berlin, rejected this proposal. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Pope Johann Konrad Maria Augustin Felix Graf von Preysing Lichtenegg-Moos ( August 30, 1880 &mdash December 21, 1950) was a German Prelate

Benzenhofen, near Ravensburg
Benzenhofen, near Ravensburg

In August 1944 Papen had his last meeting with Hitler after arriving back in Germany from Turkey. Ravensburg is a town in Upper Swabia in Southern Germany, capital of the district of Ravensburg, Baden-Württemberg. Here, Hitler awarded Papen the Knight's Cross of the Military Merit Order. [8]

Post-war years

Papen was captured by U. S. Army Lt. James E. Watson and members of the 550th Airborne battalion, indicted by the Allies and, after the war, was one of the defendants at the main Nuremberg War Crimes Trial. In general allies are people groups or nations that have joined together in an association for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose The Nuremberg Trials were a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany after

The court acquitted Papen and stated that he had in the court's view committed a number of "political immoralities," but that these actions were not punishable under the "conspiracy to commit crimes against peace" charged in Papen's indictment.

He tried unsuccessfully to re-start his political career in the 1950s and lived at the Castle of Benzenhofen in Upper Swabia. The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive Upper Swabia (Oberschwaben or Schwäbisches Oberland) is a region in Germany in the federal state of Baden-Württemberg.

After Pius XI died in 1939, his successor Pope Pius XII did not renew his honorary title of Papal Chamberlain, probably in the light of Papen's political role for the Hitler régime. Pope The Papal Gentlemen, also called the Gentlemen of His Holiness, are the attendants of the Pope and his papal household in Vatican City. As nuncio, the future Pope John XXIII, Angelo Roncalli, was acquainted with Papen in Greece and Turkey during World War I. Nuncio is an ecclesiastical Diplomatic title, derived from the ancient Latin word Nuntius, meaning "envoy Pope John (numberingBlessed He restored this title on July 24, 1959. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Papen was also a Knight of Malta. The Knights Hospitaller (also known as the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St

He published a number of books and memoires, defending his own policies and dealing with the years 1930 to 1933 as well as early western Cold War politics. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Papen praised the Schuman Plan as "wise and statesmanlike" and believed in the economic and military unification and integration of Western Europe. The Schuman Declaration is a governmental proposal by then- French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman to place the Coal and Steel industries of Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' [9]

Franz von Papen died in Oberasbach, West Germany, on 2 May 1969 at the age of 89. Oberasbach is a municipality in the district of Fürth, in Bavaria, Germany. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Papen's cabinet, June to November 1932

Changes

Publications

Portrayal in popular culture

Franz von Papen has been portrayed by the following actors in film, television and theater productions;[10]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Reich Chancellor Brüning’s resignation" from the site Biografie Willy Brandt. Hitler The Rise of Evil is a TV Miniseries that aired in two parts in May 2003 on CBS, and was produced by Alliance Atlantis The year 2006 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 2006. Nuremberg Nazis on Trial, is a BBC Documentary film series consisting of three one-hour films that re-enact the Nuremberg War Trials
  2. ^ a b Current Biography 1941, pp. 651-53.
  3. ^ François-Poncet made this observation in his book, The Fateful Years: Memoirs of a French Ambassador in Berlin, 1931 – 1938, also quoted in William Shirer's The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. André François-Poncet ( June 13, 1887 &ndash January 8, 1978) was a French Politician and Diplomat whose post William Lawrence Shirer ( February 23, 1904 – December 28, 1993) was an American journalist and historian The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich by Journalist William L Shirer was the first definitive history of Nazi Germany in English.
  4. ^ Storm troopers' demands for a "socialist" revolution to complement the already fulfilled "nationalist" revolution inherent in the name of the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP). The, abbreviated SA, ( German for "Assault detachment" or "Assault section" usually translated as " stormtroop(ers The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 See [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,754321,00.html.
  5. ^ Churchill, W. (1948) The Gathering Storm
  6. ^ Pavel Sudoplatov, Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness—A Soviet Spymaster (Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1994), ISBN 0316773522
  7. ^ A more detailed picture of his activities in Turkey is documented in the book Turkey's Modernization: Refugees from Nazism and Ataturk's Vision, by Arnold Reisman
  8. ^ Franz von Papen, Memoirs (London: Andre Deutsch, 1952), p. Pavel Sudoplatov (Пáвел Aнатóльевич Cудоплáтов ( July 7, 1907 – September 26, 1996) was a member of the Intelligence 532.
  9. ^ Papen, pp. 586-87.
  10. ^ Franz von Papen (Character) (English). IMDb.com. Retrieved on May 20, 2008. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common

References

External links

Political offices
Preceded by
Heinrich Brüning		 Chancellor of Germany
1932		 Succeeded by
Kurt von Schleicher
Preceded by
Otto Braun		 Reichskomissar of Prussia
1932		 Succeeded by
Kurt von Schleicher
Preceded by
Kurt von Schleicher (as Reichskomissar)		 Reichskomissar of Prussia
1933		 Succeeded by
Hermann Göring
Preceded by
Hermann R. Dr Heinrich Brüning ( ( November 26, 1885 &ndash March 30, 1970) was a German Politician during the Weimar Republic The Head of government of Germany is called Chancellor (Kanzler This article is about the Prime Minister of Prussia For the Geman Communist and once the Comintern military adviser to the Chinese Commmunist revolution see Otto Braun (Li De Hermann Wilhelm Göring (also spelled Goering) (12 January 1893 15 October 1946 was a German Politician, Military leader and a leading member Dietrich		 Vice Chancellor of Germany
1933 – 1934		 Succeeded by
Franz Blücher (in 1949)
Persondata
NAME Papen, Franz von
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Papen, Franz Joseph Hermann Michael Maria von
SHORT DESCRIPTION German Soldier, diplomat, nobleman, Chancellor of Germany
DATE OF BIRTH 29 October 1879
PLACE OF BIRTH Werl, Westphalia
DATE OF DEATH 2 May 1969
PLACE OF DEATH Oberasbach, West Germany
The Vice-Chancellor of Germany ( Vizekanzler) in Germany is the second highest position in the cabinet at least according to the protocol Franz Blücher ( 24 March 1896 &ndash 26 March 1959) was a German politician and member of the Lower House of the German Parliament Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. A soldier is a general English term that refers to a member of a land component of National Armed forces. Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states Nobility is a government-privileged title which may be either hereditary (see Hereditary titles) or for a lifetime The Head of government of Germany is called Chancellor (Kanzler Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II Year 1879 ( MDCCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Werl is a town located in the district of Soest in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Westphalia (Westfalen) is a region in Germany, centred on the cities of Bielefeld, Bochum, Dortmund, Gelsenkirchen, Münster Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
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