Franz Kafka
Photograph of Franz Kafka taken in 1906
Born	July 3, 1883(1883-07-03) Prague, Austria-Hungary
Died	June 3, 1924 (aged 40) Kierling near Vienna, Austria
Occupation	insurance officer, factory manager, novelist, short story writer
Nationality	Jewish-Bohemian (Austria-Hungary)
Genres	novel, short story
Literary movement	modernism, existentialism, precursor to magical realism
Notable work(s)	The Trial, The Castle, The Metamorphosis
Influences Schopenhauer, von Kleist, Kierkegaard, Dostoevsky, Dickens, Nietzsche, Walser
Influenced Pinter, Nabokov, Camus, Musil, Fellini, Arendt, Benjamin, Singer, Borges, García Márquez, Fuentes, Kundera, Jančar, Rushdie, Murakami, Grass, Park, Vasquez, Filipacchi, Salinger, Lynch, Bukowski
Signature

Franz Kafka (IPA: [ˈfʀanʦ ˈkafka]) (3 July 1883 - 3 June 1924) was one of the major German-language fiction writers of the 20th century. Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. Year 1883 ( MDCCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Fiction is the telling of stories which are not real More specifically fiction is an imaginative form of Narrative, one of the four basic Rhetorical modes. He was born to a middle-class Jewish family in Prague, Austria-Hungary (now Czech Republic). The middle class, in colloquial usage consists of those who have some economic independence but not a great deal of social Influence or power. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Family denotes a group of People affiliated by consanguinity affinity or co-residence Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, His unique body of writing—much of which is incomplete and was published posthumously—is among the most influential in Western literature. An unfinished work is a Creative work that has not been finished Western literature refers to the Literature of the Indo-European languages, as well as several languages geographically or historically related to the Indo-European ^[1]

His stories, such as The Metamorphosis (1915), and novels, including The Trial (1925) and The Castle (1926), concern troubled individuals in a nightmarishly impersonal and bureaucratic world. The Metamorphosis (Die Verwandlung is a Novella by Franz Kafka, first published in 1915 The year 1915 in literature involved some significant events and new books The Trial ( Der Process) is a novel by The year 1925 in literature involved some significant events and new books The Castle is a philosophical novel by Franz Kafka. In it a protagonist known only as K The year 1926 in literature involved some significant events and new books

Contents 1 Family 2 Education 3 Work 4 Later years 5 Personal views 6 Literary work 6.1 Style of writing 6.2 Critical interpretation 6.3 Publications and dates 6.4 Translations 7 Bibliography 7.1 Short stories 7.2 Novellas 7.3 Novels 7.4 Diaries and notebooks 7.5 Letters 7.6 Works about Kafka 8 Legacy 9 Kafka in literature 10 Film 10.1 Kafka's Life 10.2 Novels 10.3 Metamorphosis 10.4 Short stories 11 Theatre 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links

Family

Kafka was born into a middle-class, German-speaking Jewish family in Prague, the capital of Bohemia. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic. Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the His father, Hermann Kafka (1852–1931), was described as a "huge, selfish, overbearing businessman"^[2] and by Kafka himself as "a true Kafka in strength, health, appetite, loudness of voice, eloquence, self-satisfaction, worldly dominance, endurance, presence of mind, [and] knowledge of human nature". ^[3] Hermann was the fourth child of Jacob Kafka, a shochet, and came to Prague from Osek, a Czech-speaking Jewish village near Písek in southern Bohemia. Shechita ( Hebrew:he שחיטה is the Ritual slaughter of mammals and birds according to Jewish dietary laws. See other locations named Písek. Písek (ˈpiːsɛk is a town in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. After working as a traveling sales representative, he established himself as an independent retailer of men's and women's fancy goods and accessories, employing up to 15 people and using a jackdaw (kavka in Czech) as his business logo. The Jackdaw ( Corvus monedula) sometimes known as the Eurasian Jackdaw, European Jackdaw or caddow, is one of the smallest species (34–39  Kafka's mother, Julie (1856—1934), was the daughter of Jakob Löwy, a prosperous brewer in Poděbrady, and was better educated than her husband. Poděbrady (ˈpoɟɛbradɪ is a beautiful historical spa town in the Central Bohemian Region, Czech Republic. ^[4]

Kafka was the eldest of six children. ^[5] He had two younger brothers, Georg and Heinrich, who died at the ages of fifteen months and six months, respectively, before Kafka was seven, and three younger sisters, Gabriele ("Elli") (1889–1941), Valerie ("Valli") (1890–1942), and Ottilie ("Ottla") (1891–1943). On business days, both parents were absent from the home. His mother helped to manage her husband's business and worked in it as much as 12 hours a day. The children were largely reared by a series of governesses and servants.

Kafka's sisters were sent with their families to the Łódź Ghetto and died there or in concentration camps. The Ghetto Litzmannstadt was the second-largest Ghetto (after the Warsaw Ghetto) established for Jews and Roma in German -occupied Ottla was sent to the concentration camp at Theresienstadt and then on October 7, 1943 to the death camp at Auschwitz, where 1267 children and 51 guardians, including Ottla, were gassed to death on their arrival. Theresienstadt concentration camp (often referred to as Terezín) was a Nazi Concentration camp during World War II. Extermination camps were two types of facilities that Nazi Germany built during World War II for the systematic killing of millions of people in what has become "Auschwitz" redirects here For the town see Oświęcim Auschwitz-Birkenau () was the largest of Nazi Germany ^[6]

Education

Kafka learned German as his first language, but he was also fluent in Czech. Later, Kafka acquired some knowledge of French language and culture; one of his favorite authors was Flaubert. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Gustave Flaubert (gystaːv flobɛːʁ in French ( December 12, 1821 &ndash May 8, 1880) was a French writer who is counted among From 1889 to 1893, he attended the Deutsche Knabenschule, the boys' elementary school at the Masný trh/Fleischmarkt (meat market), the street now known as Masná street. His Jewish education was limited to his Bar Mitzvah celebration at 13 and going to the synagogue four times a year with his father. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut In Judaism, Bar Mitzvah ( Hebrew: בר מצוה "one (m to whom the commandments apply" Bat Mitzvah (בת מצוה "one (f A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of ^[7] After elementary school, he was admitted to the rigorous classics-oriented state gymnasium, Altstädter Deutsches Gymnasium, an academic secondary school with eight grade levels, where German was also the language of instruction, at Old Town Square, within the Kinsky Palace. Old Town Square ( Czech:) is a historic square in the Old Town quarter of Prague in the Czech Republic at. He completed his Maturita exams in 1901. Matura (Matur Maturita Maturità Maturität матура is the word commonly used in Austria, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria

Admitted to the German Charles-Ferdinand University of Prague, Kafka first studied chemistry, but switched after two weeks to law. Charles University in Prague (also simply Charles University; Univerzita Karlova v Praze Universitas Carolina Karls-Universität zu Prag is the oldest and largest This offered a range of career possibilities, which pleased his father, and required a longer course of study that gave Kafka time to take classes in German studies and art history. At the university, he joined a student club, named Lese- und Redehalle der Deutschen Studenten, which organized literary events, readings and other activities. In the end of his first year of studies, he met Max Brod, who would become a close friend of his throughout his life, together with the journalist Felix Weltsch, who also studied law. Max Brod ( May 27, 1884 – December 20, 1968) was an Austrian - Jewish Author, Composer, and Journalist Felix Weltsch ( October 6, 1884 &ndash November 9, 1964) Dr jur et phil Kafka obtained the degree of Doctor of Law on June 18, 1906 and performed an obligatory year of unpaid service as law clerk for the civil and criminal courts. Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting ^[1]

Work

On November 1, 1907, he was hired at the Assicurazioni Generali, a huge Italian insurance company, where he worked for nearly a year. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Assicurazioni Generali SpA ( is the largest Insurance company in Italy. His correspondence, during that period, witnesses that he was unhappy with his working time schedule - from 8 p. m. (20:00) until 6 a. m. (06:00) - as it made it extremely difficult for him to concentrate on his writing. On July 15, 1908, he resigned, and two weeks later found more congenial employment with the Worker's Accident Insurance Institute for the Kingdom of Bohemia. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Insurance, in Law and Economics, is a form of Risk management primarily used to hedge against the Risk of a contingent loss His father often referred to his son's job as insurance officer as a "Brotberuf", literally "bread job", a job done only to pay the bills. However, he did not show any signs of indifference towards his job, as the several promotions that he received during his career suggest that he was a hardworking employee. A little-known fact about this period, reported by Peter Drucker in Managing in the Next Society, is that Kafka invented the first civilian hard hat. Peter Ferdinand Drucker ( November 19, 1909 – November 11, 2005) was a writer management consultant and self-described “social ecologist A hard hat is a type of Helmet predominantly used in workplace environments such as Construction sites to protect the head from injury by falling objects He received a medal for this invention in 1912 because it reduced Bohemian steel mill deaths to fewer than 25 per thousand employees. He was also given the task of compiling and composing the annual report and was reportedly quite proud of the results, sending copies to friends and family. In parallel, Kafka was also committed to his literary work. Together with his close friends Max Brod and Felix Weltsch, these three were called "Der enge Prager Kreis", the close Prague circle, which was part of a broader Prague Circle, "a loosely knit group of German-Jewish writers who contributed to the culturally fertile soil of Prague during the 1880s until after World War I. Max Brod ( May 27, 1884 – December 20, 1968) was an Austrian - Jewish Author, Composer, and Journalist Felix Weltsch ( October 6, 1884 &ndash November 9, 1964) Dr jur et phil "^[8]

In 1911, Karl Hermann, spouse of his sister Elli, proposed Kafka collaborate in the operation of an asbestos factory known as Prager Asbestwerke Hermann and Co. Asbestos is a group of Minerals with long thin fibrous Crystals The word "asbestos" (῾ἀσβεστος is derived from a Greek adjective Kafka showed a positive attitude at first, dedicating much of his free time to the business. During that period, he also found interest and entertainment in the performances of Yiddish theatre, despite the misgivings of even close friends such as Max Brod, who usually supported him in everything else. Yiddish theatre consists of plays written and performed primarily by Jews in Yiddish, the language of the Eastern European Ashkenazi Jewish community Those performances also served as a starting point for his growing relationship with Judaism. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut

Later years

In 1912, at Max Brod's home, Kafka met Felice Bauer, who lived in Berlin and worked as a representative for a dictaphone company. Over the next five years they corresponded a great deal, met occasionally, and twice were engaged to be married. Their relationship finally ended in 1917.

In 1917, Kafka began to suffer from tuberculosis, which would require frequent convalescence during which he was supported by his family, most notably his sister Ottla. Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common Despite his fear of being perceived as both physically and mentally repulsive, he impressed others with his boyish, neat, and austere good looks, a quiet and cool demeanor, obvious intelligence and dry sense of humor. ^[9]

In 1921 he developed an intense relationship with Czech journalist and writer Milena Jesenská. Milena Jesenská (ˈmɪlɛna ˈjɛsɛnskaː ( Aug 10, 1896, Prague – May 17, 1944, Ravensbrück In 1923, he briefly moved to Berlin in the hope of distancing himself from his family's influence to concentrate on his writing. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. In Berlin, he lived with Dora Diamant, a 25-year-old kindergarten teacher from an orthodox Jewish family, who was independent enough to have escaped her past in the ghetto. Dora Diamant (Dworja Diament also Dymant (March 4 1898 &ndash August 15 1952 is best remembered as the lover of the writer Franz Kafka and the person who kept some of his Dora became his lover, and influenced Kafka's interest in the Talmud. The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history ^[10]

It is generally agreed that Kafka suffered from clinical depression and social anxiety throughout his entire life. Major depressive disorder, also known as major depression, unipolar depression, unipolar disorder, clinical depression, or simply depression Social Phobia Social anxiety is a term used to describe an experience of Anxiety ( Emotional discomfort Fear, apprehension or Worry He also suffered from migraines, insomnia, constipation, boils, and other ailments, all usually brought on by excessive stresses and strains. Migraine is a neurological Syndrome characterized by altered bodily experiences painful headaches and nausea Constipation, costiveness, or irregularity, is a condition of the Digestive system in which a person (or animal experiences hard Feces that He attempted to counteract all of this by a regimen of naturopathic treatments, such as a vegetarian diet and the consumption of large quantities of unpasteurized milk. Naturopathic medicine (also known as naturopathy, or natural medicine) is a Complementary and alternative medicine which emphasizes the body's intrinsic Vegetarianism is the practice of a diet that excludes Meat (including game and slaughter by-products Fish (including Shellfish and other sea However, Kafka's tuberculosis worsened; he returned to Prague, then went to Dr. Hoffmann sanatorium in Kierling near Vienna for treatment, where he died on June 3, 1924, apparently from starvation. A sanatorium (also sanitorium, sanitarium) is a medical facility for long-term illness typically Tuberculosis. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The condition of Kafka's throat made eating too painful for him, and since intravenous therapy had not been developed, there was no way to feed him (a fate resembling that of Gregor in the Metamorphosis and the main character of A Hunger Artist). Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the giving of Liquid substances directly into a Vein. His body was ultimately brought back to Prague where he was interred on June 11, 1924, in the New Jewish Cemetery (sector 21, row 14, plot 33) in Prague-Žižkov. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Žižkov is a cadastral district of Prague, Czech Republic. Most of Žižkov lies in the municipal and administrative district of Prague 3

Personal views

Kafka was not formally involved in Jewish religious life, but he showed a great interest in Jewish culture and spirituality. He was deeply fascinated by the Jews of Eastern Europe who he regarded as having an intensity of spiritual life Western Jews did not have. Yet he was at times alienated from Judaism and Jewish life: "What have I in common with Jews? I have hardly anything in common with myself and should stand very quietly in a corner, content that I can breathe. "

During the later years of his life, Kafka suggested an interest in moving to Palestine. Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. He dreamed of going with Dora Diamant to create a new kind of life in the land of Israel. Here he perhaps too was influenced by his Zionist friends Hugo Bergmann and Max Brod. Tragically Kafka's tuberculosis was too advanced and he was not able to realize this dream of his final years.

Literary work

Kafka published only a few short stories during his lifetime, a small part of his work, and never finished any of his novels (with the possible exception of The Metamorphosis, which some consider to be a short novel). The Metamorphosis (Die Verwandlung is a Novella by Franz Kafka, first published in 1915 His writing attracted little attention until after his death. Prior to his death, he instructed his friend and literary executor Max Brod to destroy all of his manuscripts. Max Brod ( May 27, 1884 – December 20, 1968) was an Austrian - Jewish Author, Composer, and Journalist His lover, Dora Diamant, partially executed his wishes, secretly keeping up to 20 notebooks and 35 letters until they were confiscated by the Gestapo in 1933. The ( contraction of ge heime Sta ats' po' lizei: "Secret State Police" was the official Secret police of Nazi Germany An ongoing international search is being conducted for these missing Kafka papers. Brod overrode Kafka's instructions and instead oversaw the publication of most of the work in his possession, which soon began to attract attention and high critical regard.

All of Kafka's published works, except several letters he wrote in Czech to Milena Jesenská, were written in German.

Style of writing

Kafka often made extensive use of a trait special to the German language allowing for long sentences that sometimes can span an entire page. Kafka's sentences then deliver an unexpected impact just before the full stop - that being the finalizing meaning and focus. This is achieved due to the construction of certain sentences in German which require that the verb be positioned at the end of the sentence. Such constructions cannot be duplicated in English, so it is up to the translator to provide the reader with the same effect found in the original text. ^[11] One such instance of a Kafka translator's quandary is demonstrated in the first sentence of The Metamorphosis. The Metamorphosis (Die Verwandlung is a Novella by Franz Kafka, first published in 1915

Another virtually insurmountable problem facing the translator is how to deal with the author's intentional use of ambiguous terms or of words that have several meanings. An example is Kafka's use of the German noun Verkehr  in the final sentence of The Judgment. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. " The Judgment " ("Das Urteil" is a short story written by Franz Kafka in 1912 The sentence can be translated as: "At that moment an unending stream of traffic crossed over the bridge. "^[12] What gives added weight to the obvious double meaning of Verkehr  is Kafka's confession to his friend and biographer Max Brod that when he wrote that final line, he was thinking of "a violent ejaculation. Max Brod ( May 27, 1884 – December 20, 1968) was an Austrian - Jewish Author, Composer, and Journalist " In the English translation, of course, what can Verkehr  be but "traffic"?^[13]

Critical interpretation

Critics have interpreted Kafka's works in the context of a variety of literary schools, such as modernism, magical realism, and so on. Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century Magic realism, or magical realism, is an artistic Genre in which magical elements or illogical scenarios appear in an otherwise realistic or even "normal" ^[14] The apparent hopelessness and absurdity that seem to permeate his works are considered emblematic of existentialism. Existentialism is a philosophical doctrine which posits that individuals create the meaning and essence of their lives and that this essence follows from their existence Others have tried to locate a Marxist influence in his satirization of bureaucracy in pieces such as In the Penal Colony, The Trial, and The Castle,^[14] whereas others point to anarchism as an inspiration for Kafka's anti-bureaucratic viewpoint. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. "In the Penal Colony" ( German: "In der Strafkolonie" is a Short story in German by Franz Kafka. The Trial ( Der Process) is a novel by The Castle is a philosophical novel by Franz Kafka. In it a protagonist known only as K Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Still others have interpreted his works through the lens of Judaism (Borges made a few perceptive remarks in this regard), through Freudianism^[14] (because of his familial struggles), or as allegories of a metaphysical quest for God (Thomas Mann was a proponent of this theory). Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. Paul Thomas Mann ( June

Themes of alienation and persecution are repeatedly emphasized, and the emphasis on this quality, notably in the work of Marthe Robert, partly inspired the counter-criticism of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, who argued that there was much more to Kafka than the stereotype of a lonely figure writing out of anguish, and that his work was more deliberate, subversive, and more "joyful" than it appears to be. Gilles Deleuze ( (January 18 1925 &ndash November 4 1995 was a French philosopher of the late 20th century Pierre-Félix Guattari ( April 30, 1930 – August 29, 1992) was a French Militant, institutional Psychotherapist

Furthermore, an isolated reading of Kafka's work — focusing on the futility of his characters' struggling without the influence of any studies on Kafka's life was worthless — reveals the humor of Kafka. Kafka's work, in this sense, is not a written reflection of any of his own struggles, but a reflection of how people invent struggles.

Biographers have said that it was common for Kafka to read chapters of the books he was working on to his closest friends, and that those readings usually concentrated on the humorous side of his prose. Milan Kundera  refers to the essentially surrealist humour of Kafka as a main predecessor of later artists such as Federico Fellini, Gabriel García Márquez, Carlos Fuentes and Salman Rushdie. Milan Kundera (ˈmɪlan ˈkundɛra (born April 1, 1929, in Brno, Czechoslovakia) is a French Writer of Czech Federico Fellini, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI ( January 20 1920 &ndash October 31 1993) was an Italian Film Gabriel José de la Concordia García Márquez (born March 6 1927 is a Colombian Carlos Fuentes Macías (born March 11,1928 is a Mexican writer and one of the best-known living novelists and essayists in the Spanish -speaking world Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie Kt (born 19 June 1947 is an Indian - British novelist and essayist For García Márquez, it was as he said the reading of Kafka's The Metamorphosis  that showed him "that it was possible to write in a different way". The Metamorphosis (Die Verwandlung is a Novella by Franz Kafka, first published in 1915

Publications and dates

Much of Kafka's work was unfinished, or prepared for publication posthumously by Max Brod. The novels The Castle (which stopped mid-sentence and had ambiguity on content), The Trial (chapters were unnumbered and some were incomplete) and Amerika (Kafka's original title was The Man who Disappeared) were all prepared for publication by Brod. The Castle is a philosophical novel by Franz Kafka. In it a protagonist known only as K The Trial ( Der Process) is a novel by Amerika, also known as Der Verschollene or The Man Who Disappeared, was the incomplete first Novel of author Franz Kafka It appears Brod took a few liberties with the manuscript (moving chapters, changing the German and cleaning up the punctuation), and thus the original German text was altered prior to publication. The editions by Brod are generally referred to as the Definitive Editions.

According to the publisher's note^[15] for The Castle,^[16] Malcolm Pasley was able to get most of Kafka's original handwritten work into the Oxford Bodleian Library in 1961. Sir John Malcolm Sabine Pasley 5th Baronet ( April 5 1926 &ndash March 4 2004) commonly known as Malcolm Pasley, was a The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the The Bodleian Library ( the main Research library of the University of Oxford, is one of the oldest libraries in Europe, and in England The text for The Trial was later acquired through auction and is stored at the German literary archives^[17] at Marbach, Germany. The Trial ( Der Process) is a novel by Marbach am Neckar (pop ca 15000 is a town on the river Neckar in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. ^[18]

Subsequently, Pasley headed a team (including Gerhard Neumann, Jost Schillemeit, and Jürgen Born) in reconstructing the German novels and S. Fischer Verlag republished them. Gerhard Neumann ( October 8, 1917 &ndash November 2, 1997) was a German aviation engineer. The German publishing house S Fischer Verlag (today in Frankfurt am Main) was founded in 1886 by Samuel Fischer in Berlin and is a leading German ^[19] Pasley was the editor for Das Schloß (The Castle), published in 1982, and Der Prozeß (The Trial), published in 1990. Jost Schillemeit was the editor of Der Verschollene (Amerika) published in 1983. Amerika, also known as Der Verschollene or The Man Who Disappeared, was the incomplete first Novel of author Franz Kafka These are all called the 'Critical Editions' or the 'Fischer Editions'. The German critical text of these, and Kafka's other works, may be found online at The Kafka Project. ^[20]

There is another Kafka Project based at San Diego State University, which began in 1998 as the official international search for Kafka's last writings. Consisting of 20 notebooks and 35 letters to Kafka's last companion, Dora Diamant (later, Dymant-Lask), this missing literary treasure was confiscated from her by the Gestapo in Berlin 1933. The Kafka Project's four-month search of government archives in Berlin in 1998 uncovered the confiscation order and other significant documents. In 2003, the Kafka Project discovered three original Kafka letters, written in 1923. Building on the search conducted by Max Brod and Klaus Wagenbach in the mid-1950s, the Kafka Project at SDSU has an advisory committee of international scholars and researchers, and is calling for volunteers who want to help solve a literary mystery. ^[21]

Translations

There are two primary sources for the translations based on the two German editions. The earliest English translations were by Edwin and Willa Muir and published by Alfred A. Knopf. Edwin Muir ( 15 May 1887 &ndash 3 January, 1959) was an Orcadian poet novelist and noted translator born on a farm in Deerness Alfred A Knopf Inc is a New York publishing house founded by Alfred A These editions were widely published and spurred the late-1940's surge in Kafka's popularity in the United States. Later editions (notably the 1954 editions) had the addition of the deleted text translated by Eithne Wilkins and Ernst Kaiser. These are known 'Definitive Editions'. They translated both The Trial, Definitive and The Castle, Definitive among other writings. The Castle is a philosophical novel by Franz Kafka. In it a protagonist known only as K Definitive Editions are generally accepted to have a number of biases and to be dated in interpretation.

After Pasley and Schillemeit completed their recompilation of the German text, the new translations were completed and published -- The Castle, Critical by Mark Harman (Schocken Books, 1998), The Trial, Critical by Breon Mitchell (Schocken Books, 1998) and Amerika: The Man Who Disappeared by Michael Hoffman (New Directions Publishing, 2004). The Castle is a philosophical novel by Franz Kafka. In it a protagonist known only as K Schocken Books ( Schocken Verlag) is a Publishing company that was established in Berlin with a publishing office in Prague in 1931 by the Schocken Books ( Schocken Verlag) is a Publishing company that was established in Berlin with a publishing office in Prague in 1931 by the New Directions Publishing Corp was founded in 1936 by James Laughlin, then a Harvard University sophomore These editions are often noted as being based on the restored text.

Bibliography

See also: Bibliography of Franz Kafka

Short stories

• Description of a Struggle (Beschreibung eines Kampfes, 1904-1905)
• Wedding Preparations in the Country (Hochzeitsvorbereitungen auf dem Lande, 1907-1908)
• Contemplation (Betrachtung, 1904-1912)
• The Judgment (Das Urteil - September 22-23, 1912)
• The Stoker
• In the Penal Colony (In der Strafkolonie, October 1914)
• The Village Schoolmaster (The Giant Mole) (Der Dorfschullehrer or Der Riesenmaulwurf, 1914-1915)
• Blumfeld, an Elderly Bachelor (Blumfeld, ein älterer Junggeselle, 1915)
• The Warden of the Tomb (Der Gruftwächter, 1916-1917), the only play Kafka wrote
• The Hunter Gracchus (Der Jäger Gracchus, 1917)
• The Great Wall of China (Beim Bau der Chinesischen Mauer, 1917)
• A Report to an Academy (Ein Bericht für eine Akademie, 1917)
• Jackals and Arabs (Schakale und Araber, 1917)
• A Country Doctor (Ein Landarzt, 1919)
• A Message from the Emperor (Eine kaiserliche Botschaft, 1919)
• An Old Leaf (Ein altes Blatt, 1919)
• The Refusal (Die Abweisung, 1920)
• A Hunger Artist (Ein Hungerkünstler, 1924)
• Investigations of a Dog (Forschungen eines Hundes, 1922)
• A Little Woman (Eine kleine Frau, 1923)
• First Sorrow (Erstes Leid, 1921-1922)
• The Burrow (Der Bau, 1923-1924)
• Josephine the Singer, or The Mouse Folk (Josephine, die Sängerin, oder Das Volk der Mäuse, 1924)

Many collections of the stories have been published, and they include:

• The Penal Colony: Stories and Short Pieces. This is a bibliography of works by Franz Kafka. Fiction Novels Short Stories Non-Fiction Diaries and Notebooks "Description of a Struggle" ( German: "Beschreibung eines Kampfes" is a Short story by Franz Kafka. Wedding Preparations in the Country (Hochzeitsvorbereitungen auf dem Lande is an uncompleted work by Franz Kafka which depicts in great detail the journey of the groom Raban Contemplation, or Meditation ( Betrachtung in German) is a sequence of eighteen short stories by Franz Kafka " The Judgment " ("Das Urteil" is a short story written by Franz Kafka in 1912 "The Stoker" is a Short story by Franz Kafka. Kafka intended to include the story as the first chapter in a novel he did not complete the novel was posthumously "In the Penal Colony" ( German: "In der Strafkolonie" is a Short story in German by Franz Kafka. "The Village Schoolmaster", or "The Giant Mole" ("Der Dorfschullehrer" or "Der Riesenmaulwurf" is an unfinished short story by Blumfeld an Elderly Bachelor ( Blumfeld ein älterer Junggeselle) is an incomplete story by Franz Kafka. The Warden of the Tomb ( Der Gruftwächter) is a short story by Franz Kafka. The Hunter Gracchus (Der Jäger Gracchus is a short story written by Franz Kafka. " The Great Wall of China " ( Beim Bau der Chinesischen Mauer) is a short story written by Franz Kafka in 1917 " A Report to an Academy " (" Ein Bericht für eine Akademie " is a Short story by Franz Kafka, written and published in 1917 " Jackals and Arabs " ( German: " Schakale und Araber " is a Short story by Franz Kafka, written and published in 1917 "A Country Doctor" ( German: "Ein Landarzt") is a Short story written in 1919 by Franz Kafka. " A Message from the Emperor " ( German: " Eine kaiserliche Botschaft " is a Short story by Franz Kafka. "An Old Manuscript" ( German: "Ein altes Blatt" alternatively translated as "An Old Leaf", is a Short story by Franz The Refusal ( Die Abweisung) is a short story by Franz Kafka. "A Hunger Artist" ( Ein Hungerkünstler) also translated as "A Fasting Artist" and "A Starvation Artist", " Investigations of a Dog " is a longer short-story by Franz Kafka, analyzing the day-to-day life of a dog and how it compares to human beings "A Little Woman" (orig German Eine kleine Frau) is a short story by Franz Kafka. First Sorrow ( German: Erstes Leid is a short story by Franz Kafka probably written between the fall of 1921 and the spring of 1922 The Burrow is an unfinished Short story by Franz Kafka in which a mole -like being burrows through an elaborate system of tunnels Josephine the Singer or the Mouse Folk ( Josephine die Sängerin oder Das Volk der Mäuse) is the last Short story written by Franz Kafka. The Penal Colony Stories and Short Pieces is a collection of short stories and recollections by Franz Kafka, with additional writings by Max Brod. New York: Schocken Books, 1948.
• The Complete Stories, (ed. The Complete Stories of Franz Kafka is a compilation of all Kafka's short stories Nahum N. Glatzer). New York: Schocken Books, 1971.
• The Basic Kafka. New York: Pocket Books, 1979.
• The Sons. The Sons is a collection of stories by Franz Kafka. In 1913 Kafka wrote to his publisher Kurt Wolff requesting that three of his stories be placed in a single New York: Schocken Books, 1989.
• The Metamorphosis, In the Penal Colony, and Other Stories. New York: Schocken Books, 1995.
• Contemplation. Contemplation, or Meditation ( Betrachtung in German) is a sequence of eighteen short stories by Franz Kafka Twisted Spoon Press, 1998.
• Metamorphosis and Other Stories. Penguin Classics, 2007

Novellas

• The Metamorphosis (Die Verwandlung - November-December 1915)

Novels

• The Trial (Der Prozeß - 1925) (includes short story Before the Law)
• The Castle (Das Schloß - 1926)
• Amerika (Amerika or Der Verschollene - 1927)

Diaries and notebooks

• Diaries 1910-1923 [1]
• The Blue Octavo Notebooks

Letters

• Letter to His Father
• Letters to Felice
• Letters to Ottla
• Letters to Milena
• Letters to Family, Friends, and Editors

Works about Kafka

• Brod, Max. The Metamorphosis (Die Verwandlung is a Novella by Franz Kafka, first published in 1915 The Trial ( Der Process) is a novel by "Before the Law" is a Parable in the novel The Trial (German Der Prozeß) by Franz Kafka. The Castle is a philosophical novel by Franz Kafka. In it a protagonist known only as K Amerika, also known as Der Verschollene or The Man Who Disappeared, was the incomplete first Novel of author Franz Kafka Franz Kafka's Diaries written in German language between 1910-1923 include casual observations details of daily life reflections on philosophical ideas accounts of dreams The Blue Octavo Notebooks (sometimes referred to as The Eight Octavo Notebooks) is a series of eight notebooks written by Franz Kafka from late 1917 until Letter to His Father ( German: Brief an den Vater) is the name usually given to the letter Franz Kafka wrote his father Hermann Letters to Felice is a book collecting some of Franz Kafka 's letters to Felice Bauer from 1912 to 1917 Letters to Ottla & the Family is a book collecting Franz Kafka 's letters to his sister Ottla (Ottilie Davidová née Kafka as well as some letters to his parents Letters to Milena is a book collecting some of Franz Kafka 's letters to Milena Jesenská from 1920 to 1923 Letters to Family Friends and Editors is a book collecting some of Franz Kafka 's letters from 1900 to 1924 Franz Kafka: A Biography. New York: Da Capo Press, 1995. ISBN 0-306-80670-3
• Brod, Max. The Biography of Franz Kafka, tr. from the German by G. Humphreys Roberts. London: Secker & Warburg, 1947. Secker & Warburg is a British publishing company formed in 1936 from a takeover of Martin Secker, which was in receivership by Fredric Warburg and Roger Senhouse OCLC 2771397
• Calasso, Roberto. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose K. Knopf, 2005. ISBN 1-4000-4189-9
• Citati, Pietro, Kafka, 1987. Pietro Citati ( Florence, 1930 is a famous Italian writer and literary critic ISBN 0-7859-2173-7
• Coots, Steve. Franz Kafka (Beginner's Guide). Headway, 2002, ISBN 0-340-84648-8
• Deleuze, Gilles & Félix Guattari. Gilles Deleuze ( (January 18 1925 &ndash November 4 1995 was a French philosopher of the late 20th century Pierre-Félix Guattari ( April 30, 1930 – August 29, 1992) was a French Militant, institutional Psychotherapist Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature (Theory and History of Literature, Vol 30). Minneapolis, University of Minnesota, 1986. ISBN 0-8166-1515-2
• Glatzer, Nahum N. , The Loves of Franz Kafka. New York: Schocken Books, 1986. ISBN 0-8052-4001-2
• Greenberg, Martin, The Terror of Art: Kafka and Modern Literature. New York, Basic Books, 1968. ISBN 0-465-08415-X
• Gordimer, Nadine (1984). "Letter from His Father" in Something Out There, London, Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-007711-1
• Hayman, Ronald. K, a Biography of Kafka. London: Phoenix Press, 2001. ISBN 1-84212-415-3
• Janouch, Gustav. Conversations with Kafka. New York: New Directions Books, second edition 1971. (Translated by Goronwy Rees. )ISBN 0-8112-0071-X
• Kwinter, Sanford. Architectures of Time: Toward a Theory of the Event in Modernist Culture. Cambridge, MIT Press, 2002. ISBN 0-262-11260-4
• Murray, Nicholas. Kafka. New Haven: Yale, 2004.
• Pawel, Ernst. The Nightmare of Reason: A Life of Franz Kafka. New York: Vintage Books, 1985. ISBN 0-374-52335-5
• Thiher, Allen (ed. ). Franz Kafka: A Study of the Short Fiction (Twayne's Studies in Short Fiction, No. 12). ISBN 0-8057-8323-7

Legacy

Franz Kafka has a museum dedicated to his work in Prague, Czech Republic. Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, The term "Kafkaesque" is widely used and misused to describe concepts, situations, and ideas which are reminiscent of Kafka's works, particularly The Trial and "The Metamorphosis". " Kafkaesque " is an Auctorial descriptive which is used to describe concepts situations and ideas which are reminiscent of the literary work of Prague writer

In Mexico, the phrase "Si Franz Kafka fuera mexicano, sería costumbrista" (If Franz Kafka were Mexican, he would be a Costumbrista writer) is commonly used in newspapers, blogs, and online forums to tell how hopeless and absurd the situation in the country is. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Costumbrismo refers to the literary or pictorial interpretation of local everyday life mannerisms and customs primarily in the Hispanic scene Costumbrismo refers to the literary or pictorial interpretation of local everyday life mannerisms and customs primarily in the Hispanic scene ^[22]

It has been noted that "from the Czech point of view, Kafka was German, and from the German point of view he was, above all, Jewish" and that this was a common "fate of much of Western Jewry. "^[8]

Kafka in literature

• Nobel Prize winner Isaac Bashevis Singer wrote a short story called "A Friend of Kafka," which was about a Yiddish actor called Jacques Kohn who said he knew Franz Kafka. The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature Isaac Bashevis Singer (יצחק באַשעװיס זינגער (November 21 1902 (see notes below – July 24 1991 was a Nobel Prize -winning Polish -born Yiddish (yi [[wiktייִדיש ייִדיש]] yidish or yi [[wiktאידיש אידיש]] idish, literally "Jewish" is a nonterritorial High In this story, according to Jacques Kohn, Kafka believed in the Golem, a legendary creature from Jewish folklore. In Jewish folklore, a golem (גולם sometimes as in Yiddish, pronounced goilem) is an animated being created entirely from inanimate matter Jewish Mythology is generally the sacred and traditional narratives that help explain and symbolize the Jewish religion whereas Jewish folklore consists of the ^[23]
• Kafka Americana by Jonathan Lethem and Carter Scholz is a collection of stories based on Kafka's life and works. Kafka Americana is a 1999 collection of short stories by Jonathan Lethem and Carter Scholz based on the life (and alternate histories Jonathan Allen Lethem (born February 19 1964 is an American writer
• Kafka on the Shore by Haruki Murakami
• Kafka was the Rage, a Greenwich Village Memoir by Anatole Broyard
• Kafka's Curse by Achmat Dangor
• The Kafka Effekt by American bizarro author D. Harlan Wilson, who relates his take on the irrealism genre of literature to that of Franz Kafka, and to that of William S. Burroughs. is a novel by Japanese author Haruki Murakami ( 2002) Noted author John Updike described it as a "real page-turner as well as an insistently metaphysical is a popular contemporary Japanese Writer and Translator. His work has been described by the Virginia Quarterly Review as "easily accessible Anatole Broyard ( July 16, 1920 &ndash October 11, 1990) was an American literary critic for The New York Times. Achmat Dangor (born 1948 in Johannesburg is a South African writer The Kafka Effekt ( 2001) is the debut book of American author D Bizarro fiction is a contemporary Literary genre noted for its focus on "high Weirdness " The term was appropriated from D Harlan Wilson (born September 3 1971 in Grand Rapids Michigan) is an American short-story writer and Novelist whose William Seward Burroughs II ( – ˈbʌroʊz was an American Novelist, Essayist, Social critic, painter and Spoken word

Film

For a full list of films The IMDb filmography

Kafka's Life

• Kafka (1990) Jeremy Irons stars as the eponymous author. Kafka is a Mystery thriller 1991 Film based on the life and work of writer Franz Kafka. Jeremy John Irons (born September 19 1948) is an English film television and stage Actor. Written by Lem Dobbs and directed by Steven Soderbergh, the movie mixes his life and fiction providing a semi-biographical presentation of Kafka's life and works. Lem Dobbs (born as Lem Kitaj on December 24 1959 in Oxford England) is an British - American Screenwriter Steven Andrew Soderbergh (born January 14 1963 is an American Film producer, Screenwriter, Cinematographer, editor, and The story concerns Kafka investigating the disappearance of one of his work colleagues. The plot takes Kafka through many of the writer's own works, most notably The Castle and The Trial. The Castle is a philosophical novel by Franz Kafka. In it a protagonist known only as K The Trial ( Der Process) is a novel by
• Franz Kafka (1992) at the Internet Movie Database : an animated film by Piotr Dumała

Novels

• The Trial (1962) Orson Welles wrote and directed this adaptation of the novel starring Anthony Perkins. The Trial (also known as Le Procès) is a 1962 film directed by Orson Welles, who also wrote the screenplay based on the George Orson Welles (May 6 1915 – October 10 1985 was an Academy Award -winning director, writer actor and producer for film stage radio and television Anthony Perkins ( April 4, 1932 – September 12, 1992) was an Academy Award -nominated Golden Globe -winning American In a 1962 BBC Interview with Huw Wheldon, Orson Welles noted, "Say what you like, but The Trial is the best film I have ever made".
• Klassenverhältnisse Class Relations (1984) Directed by the experimental filmmaking duo of Jean-Marie Straub and Danièle Huillet based on Kafka's novel Amerika. Klassenverhältnisse, known in English as Class Relations, is a 1984 film by the French filmmaking duo of Jean-Marie Straub Jean-Marie Straub (born 8 January 1933 in France) and Danièle Huillet ( 1 May 1936 in Paris - 9 October Jean-Marie Straub (born 8 January 1933 in France) and Danièle Huillet ( 1 May 1936 in Paris - 9 October Amerika, also known as Der Verschollene or The Man Who Disappeared, was the incomplete first Novel of author Franz Kafka
• The Trial (1993) Starring Kyle MacLachlan as Joseph K. The Trial is a 1993 film made by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC based on Harold Pinter 's screenplay adaptation of Franz Kafka Kyle MacLachlan (born February 22 1959 in Yakima Washington) is a Golden Globe award winning American actor with Anthony Hopkins in a cameo role as the priest as a strictly faithful adaptation with a screenplay by playwright Harold Pinter. Sir Philip Anthony Hopkins, CBE (born 31 December 1937 is a Welsh Film, stage and Television Actor.
• Das Schloß (1997) at the Internet Movie Database by Michael Haneke

Metamorphosis

• Die Verwandlung (1975) at the Internet Movie Database
• Förvandlingen (1976/I) at the Internet Movie Database
• The Metamorphosis of Mr. Samsa (1977) at the Internet Movie Database : an animated short by Caroline Leaf
• Metamorphosis (1987) at the Internet Movie Database
• Franz Kafka's 'It's a Wonderful Life' (1993) is an Oscar-winning short film written and directed by Peter Capaldi and starring Richard E. Grant as Kafka. Caroline Leaf (born 1946 in Seattle, Washington) is a Canadian - American Filmaker and Animator Leaf made her first film "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. Peter Capaldi (born 1958 Glasgow) is a Scottish BAFTA -nominated actor and Academy Award -winning director Richard E Grant (born May 5 1957 is an English Actor, Screenwriter and director, perhaps most famous for portraying the world-weary drug-crazed The film blends "Metamorphosis" with Frank Capra's It's a Wonderful Life. The Metamorphosis (Die Verwandlung is a Novella by Franz Kafka, first published in 1915 Frank Russell Capra ( May 18, 1897 &ndash September 3, 1991) was an Academy Award winning Italian-American Film It's a Wonderful Life is a 1946 American Film produced and directed by Frank Capra and based on the short story " The Greatest
• The Metamorphosis of Franz Kafka (1993) by Carlos Atanes, at YouTube. Carlos Atanes (born November 8, 1971) is an Spanish Film director and Writer. YouTube is a video sharing website where users can upload view and share Video clips YouTube was created in February 2005 by three former PayPal employees
• Prevrashcheniye (2002) at the Internet Movie Database
• Metamorfosis (2004) at the Internet Movie Database

Short stories

• Zoetrope : an experimental avant-garde short film by Charlie Deaux, Zoetrope (1999) at the Internet Movie Database. Zoetrope is an experimental avant-garde short film by music-video director Charlie Deaux Adaptation of "In the Penal Colony".
• The Hunger Artist (2002) at the Internet Movie Database : an animated feature by Tom Gibbons
• Menschenkörper (2004) at the Internet Movie Database^[24] Adaptation of "A Country Doctor". Biography Thomas J Gibbons (born March 22, 1891 in Saint Paul Minnesota, died November 19, 1960) was a boxer who

Theatre

• Alan Bennett, Kafka's Dick, 1986, a play in which the ghosts of Kafka, his father Hermann, and Max Brod arrive at the home of an English insurance clerk (and Kafka aficionado) and his wife. Alan Bennett (born 9 May 1934 is an English Author and Tony Award -winning Playwright. Kafka's Dick is a 1986 play by Alan Bennett. It is play about the nature of fame and how reputations are made
• Milan Richter, Kafka's Hell-Paradise, 2006, a play with 5 characters, using Kafka's aphorisms, dreams and re-telling his relations to his father and to the women. Translated from the Slovak by Ewald Osers.
• Milan Richter, Kafka's Second Life, 2007, a play with 17 characters, starting in Kierling where Kafka is dying and ending in Prague in 1961. Translated from the Slovak by Ewald Osers.
• Tadeusz Różewicz, Pułapka (The Trap), 1982, a play loosely based on Kafka's diaries and letters

See also

• Asteroid 3412 Kafka, named after the author. Tadeusz Różewicz (b October 9, 1921 in Radomsko, Poland) is a Polish poet and writer Asteroids, sometimes called Minor planets or planetoids', are bodies—primarily of the inner Solar System —that are smaller than planets but 3412 Kafka is a small main belt Asteroid. It was discovered by Randolph L
• Max Brod
• Felix Weltsch
• Kafka on the Shore
• Franz Kafka Prize

Notes

References

• Adorno, Theodor. "Prisms. " The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA. 1967.

• Corngold, Stanley (1972). Introduction to The Metamorphosis, reissue edition. Bantam Classics. ISBN 0-553-21369-5.

• Hamalian, Leo (Ed. ). [1974]. Franz Kafka: A Collection of Criticism. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-025702-7.

• Kafka, Franz (1996). The Metamorphosis and Other Stories, trans. Donna Freed. New York: Barnes & Noble. ISBN 1-56619-969-7.

• Paul Heller: Franz Kafka. Wissenschaft und Wissenschaftskritik. Tuebingen: Stauffenburg 1989. ISBN 3-923-72140-4.

External links

• Works by Franz Kafka at Project Gutenberg
• Franz Kafka at the Internet Movie Database
• The Kafka Project

Persondata
NAME	Kafka, Franz
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION	German Czech novelist
DATE OF BIRTH	July 3, 1883(1883-07-03)
PLACE OF BIRTH	Prague, Austria-Hungary
DATE OF DEATH	June 3, 1924
PLACE OF DEATH	Vienna, Austria

Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. Year 1883 ( MDCCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich

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