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Location of Franz Josef Land.
Location of Franz Josef Land.

Coordinates: 80°34′N 54°47′E / 80.567, 54.783 Franz Josef Land, Franz Joseph Land, or Francis Joseph's Land (Russ. Земля Франца-Иосифа, Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa) is an archipelago located in the far north of Russia. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages An archipelago (ɑrkəˈpɛləgoʊ is a chain or cluster of Islands The word archipelago literally means "chief Sea " from Italian Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending It is found in the Arctic Ocean north of Novaya Zemlya and east of Svalbard, and is administered by Arkhangelsk Oblast. The Arctic Ocean, located in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Arctic north polar region is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major Novaya Zemlya (Но́вая Земля́ also spelled Novaja Zemlja, lit Svalbard is an Archipelago in the Arctic Ocean north of mainland Europe, about midway between Norway and the North Pole. Arkhangelsk Oblast (Арха́нгельская о́бласть Arkhangelskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an Oblast) Franz Josef Land consists of 191 ice-covered islands with an area of 16,134 km² and is largely uninhabited.

At latitudes between 80. 0° and 81. 9° north, it is the most northerly group of islands associated with Eurasia. For the superstate in George Orwell 's novel see Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four. The extreme northernmost point is Cape Fligely on Rudolf Island. Cape Fligely (Мыс Флигели Mys Fligely is the northernmost point of Europe, Eurasia, and Russia and is 911 km from the North Pole. Prince Rudolf Land, Crown Prince Rudolf Land or Rudolf Island (Остров Рудольфа is the northernmost island of the Franz Josef Archipelago The archipelago is only 900 to 1110 km (560 to 690 statute miles) from the North Pole, closer than all land masses except for Canada's Ellesmere Island and Greenland. Ellesmere Island is part of the Qikiqtaaluk Region of the Canadian territory of Nunavut. Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat meaning "Land of the Greenlanders" Grønland is a self-governing Danish Province located between the

The archipelago was possibly first discovered by the Norwegian sealers Nils Fredrik Rønnbeck and Aidijärvi aboard the schooner "Spidsbergen" in 1865 who, according to scarce reports, sailed eastward from Svalbard until they reached a new land, denoted Nordost-Spitsbergen (Spitsbergen was the contemporary name of Svalbard). An archipelago (ɑrkəˈpɛləgoʊ is a chain or cluster of Islands The word archipelago literally means "chief Sea " from Italian Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Svalbard is an Archipelago in the Arctic Ocean north of mainland Europe, about midway between Norway and the North Pole. Spitsbergen (formerly known as West Spitsbergen, and sometimes misspelled Spitzbergen) is a Norwegian island the largest Island of the It is not known if they went ashore, and the new islands were soon forgotten.

The officially recognized discovery took place in 1873 by the Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition led by polar explorers Payer and Weyprecht. Year 1873 ( MDCCCLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition was an expedition that ran from 1872-74 and discovered Franz-Josef Land. For the main article on polar exploration see Polar exploration. Julius Johannes Ludovicus von Payer an Austro-Hungarian Arctic explorer and an Arctic Landscape artist was born September 2, 1841 Karl Weyprecht, also spelt Carl Weyprecht, was born on September 8, 1838, in Bad König (alternatively in Michelstadt in Odenwald They named the archipelago in honour of the Austro-Hungarian emperor Franz Joseph I. Franz Joseph I Karl (- German, in English Francis Joseph I Charles, see the name in other languages) (18 August 1830 &ndash 21 November Since the expedition was only privately sponsored and not official, these islands have never been part of Austria. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich

In 1926 the islands were taken over by the Soviet Union, and a few persons were settled for research and military purposes. Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. An island (ˈaɪlənd or isle (/ˈaɪl/ is any piece of land that is completely surrounded by water in two dimensions above high tide and isolated from other significant The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Access by ships is possible only for a few summer weeks and requires a special permit. Summer is one of the four Temperate Seasons Summer marks the warmest time of year with the longest days

Contents

Characteristics

The archipelago is volcanic, composed of tertiary and jurassic basalts, and though covered mostly by ice it does have outcroppings covered with moss and lichens. The chuprichondira geological time interval covers roughly the time span between the demise of the non- avian Dinosaurs and beginning of the most recent Ice Age, approximately The Jurassic is a geologic period and system that extends from about Ma (million years ago to  Ma that is from the end of the Triassic to the beginning Basalt (bəˈsɔːlt ˈbeisɔːlt ˈbæsɔːlt is a common Extrusive Volcanic rock. Mosses are small soft Plants that are typically 1–10  cm (0 Lichens (ˈlaɪkən or /lɪtʃən/ are symbiotic associations of a Fungus (the mycobiont with a photosynthetic partner (the photobiont also known as The northeastern part of the archipelago is locked in pack ice all year round, however the ice sometimes retreats past the southern islands in the late summer.

The northernmost point in the archipelago, and in the entirety of Asia, is Mys Fligely (Fligely Point), on Ostrov Rudol'fa (Rudolf Island), which reaches as far north as 81°52'N. The largest island is Zemlya Georga (George Land) which measures 69 miles (110 km) from end to end. Zemlya Georga, or Prince George Land ( Russian: Земля Георга Zemlya Georga (" George Land " is an island located at The highest point in the archipelago is on Ostrov Viner-Neyshtadt (Wiener Neustadt Island) which reaches 2,035 ft (620 m) MSL. Wiener Neustadt Island (Остров Винер-Нейштадт Ostrov Viner-Neyshtadt,also Остров Винер-Нойштадт Ostrov Viner-Noyshtadt)is an

The basalts of the Franz Josef Islands are part of the High Arctic Large Igneous Province. The High Arctic Large Igneous Province (HALIP is a major Late Cretaceous Large igneous province located in the Arctic. The central cluster of large islands in the midst of the archipelago forms a compact whole, known as Zichy Land, where islands are separated from each other by very narrow sounds that are frozen most of the year. Zichy Land (Земля Зичи Zemlya Zichy) is a geographical subgroup of Franz Josef Land, Russian Federation.

Weather

In January the normal daily low is −15 °C (5 °F) and the high is −10. 5 °C (13 °F). In July the normal daily low is 0 °C (32 °F) and daily high 2. 2 °C (36 °F). The annual mean temperature is −12. 8 °C (9 °F). In a 30-year period, the highest temperature recorded has been 13 °C (55. 4 °F) and lowest −54 °C (-64. 2 °F). Precipitation is common year round, but is most common during the transition seasons of late spring and autumn. Fog is very common in the late summer. From data for Nagurskoye and SevMeteo.

Wildlife

Native wildlife consists mostly of walrus, Arctic foxes, and polar bears. The walrus ( Odobenus rosmarus) is a large flippered Marine mammal with a discontinuous circumpolar distribution in the Arctic Ocean and The Arctic Fox ( Vulpes lagopus) also known as the White Fox or Snow Fox, is a small Fox native to cold Arctic regions of the The polar bear ( Ursus maritimus) is a Bear native to the Arctic Ocean and its surrounding seas Common birds include kittiwakes, fulmars, and gulls. The kittiwakes ( Genus Rissa) are two closely related Seabird species in the Gull family Laridae the Black-legged Kittiwake The two Fulmars are closely related Seabirds occupying the same niche in different Oceans. Gulls (often informally Seagulls) are birds in the family Laridae Beluga whales are often spotted in the waters. Reindeer antlers have been found on Hooker Island, suggesting that herds reached here up to about 1,300 years ago during a warmer climate.

Map of Franz Josef Land.
Map of Franz Josef Land.

Islands

Northbrook Island
Northbrook Island

The following list describes some important islands in Franz Josef Land and their significance. [1]

Other islands

Names of the islands

Very few of the islands in Franz Josef Land have Russian names. Hohenlohe Island (Остров Гогенлоэ is an island in Franz Josef Land, Russia. Salm Island ( Остров Сальм; Ostrov Sal'm) is a roughly round-shaped island in Franz Josef Land, Russia. Greely Island ( Остров Грили; Ostrov Grili is an island in Franz Josef Land, Russia. Hooker Island (остров Гукера Ostrov Gukera) is one of the most important islands of Franz Josef Land. Karl Alexander Island (Остров Карла-Александра also known as Zemlya Karla-Alexandra (Земля Карла Александра is an island in Nansen Island (Russian Остров Нансена Ostrov Nansena) is an island in Franz Josef Land, Russia. Greely Island ( Остров Грили; Ostrov Grili is an island in Franz Josef Land, Russia. Jackson Island or Frederick Jackson Island (Остров Джексона Ostrov Dzheksona) is an island located at in Franz Josef Land, Russian Karl Alexander Island (Остров Карла-Александра also known as Zemlya Karla-Alexandra (Земля Карла Александра is an island in Wilczek Land ( Земля Вильчека; Zemlya Vil'cheka, Wilczek-Land is a large-sized island located at. Karl Alexander Island (Остров Карла-Александра also known as Zemlya Karla-Alexandra (Земля Карла Александра is an island in Salm Island ( Остров Сальм; Ostrov Sal'm) is a roughly round-shaped island in Franz Josef Land, Russia. Heiss Island ( Остров Хейса; Ostrov Kheysa) is an island in Franz Josef Land, Russia. Wilczek Island, ( Остров Вильчека; Ostrov Vil'cheka) is located in the southeastern end of Franz Josef Land, Russia. La-Ronciere Island ( Остров Ла-Ронсьер; Ostrov La-Ronsier. Jackson Island or Frederick Jackson Island (Остров Джексона Ostrov Dzheksona) is an island located at in Franz Josef Land, Russian Hooker Island (остров Гукера Ostrov Gukera) is one of the most important islands of Franz Josef Land. Salm Island ( Остров Сальм; Ostrov Sal'm) is a roughly round-shaped island in Franz Josef Land, Russia. Luigi Island ( Остров Луиджи; Ostrov Luidzhi is an island in Franz Josef Land, Russian Federation. Wilczek Land ( Земля Вильчека; Zemlya Vil'cheka, Wilczek-Land is a large-sized island located at. Hooker Island (остров Гукера Ostrov Gukera) is one of the most important islands of Franz Josef Land. Bruce Island ( Остров Брюса; Ostrov Brjusa) is an island in Franz Josef Land, Russia. Gallya or Hall Island (Russian Остров Галля; Ostrov Gallya) is an island in Franz Josef Land, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Hooker Island (остров Гукера Ostrov Gukera) is one of the most important islands of Franz Josef Land. MacKlintok Island or MacClintok Island (Russian Остров Мак-Клинтока; Ostrov Mak-Klintoka is an island in Franz Josef Land, Russia Jackson Island or Frederick Jackson Island (Остров Джексона Ostrov Dzheksona) is an island located at in Franz Josef Land, Russian Payer Island (Ostrov Payera is an island in Franz Josef Land, Russia. Graham Bell Island (Russian Остров Греэм-Белл) is an island located at in the Franz Josef Archipelago, Russia. Nansen Island (Russian Остров Нансена Ostrov Nansena) is an island in Franz Josef Land, Russia. Rainer Island or Rainier Island ( Остров Райнера; Ostrov Raynyera) is an island in Franz Josef Land, Russia. Northbrook Island (Russian Остров Нортбрук) is an island located at in the southern edge of the Franz Josef Archipelago, Russia. Salm Island ( Остров Сальм; Ostrov Sal'm) is a roughly round-shaped island in Franz Josef Land, Russia. Hooker Island (остров Гукера Ostrov Gukera) is one of the most important islands of Franz Josef Land. Karl Alexander Island (Остров Карла-Александра also known as Zemlya Karla-Alexandra (Земля Карла Александра is an island in Nansen Island (Russian Остров Нансена Ostrov Nansena) is an island in Franz Josef Land, Russia. Bruce Island ( Остров Брюса; Ostrov Brjusa) is an island in Franz Josef Land, Russia. Wilczek Island, ( Остров Вильчека; Ostrov Vil'cheka) is located in the southeastern end of Franz Josef Land, Russia. Salisbury Island, (Russian Остров Солсбери; Ostrov Solsberi) is an island located in the central area of Franz Josef Land, Russia Most bear names of German, British, American, Italian and, in one case, Norwegian origin.

History

The first recognized exploration of the archipelago was done in 1873 by Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition explorers Karl Weyprecht and Julius von Payer, while their ship was locked in ice trying to find a northeast passage. Year 1873 ( MDCCCLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition was an expedition that ran from 1872-74 and discovered Franz-Josef Land. Karl Weyprecht, also spelt Carl Weyprecht, was born on September 8, 1838, in Bad König (alternatively in Michelstadt in Odenwald Julius Johannes Ludovicus von Payer an Austro-Hungarian Arctic explorer and an Arctic Landscape artist was born September 2, 1841 The Northern Sea Route (Се́верный морско́й путь Severniy morskoy put’) is a Shipping lane from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific After exploration of its southern islands, the name was bestowed in honor of Austro-Hungarian emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria. Franz Joseph I Karl (- German, in English Francis Joseph I Charles, see the name in other languages) (18 August 1830 &ndash 21 November The Norwegians Fridtjof Nansen and Hjalmar Johansen passed through the islands in 1895/96 after an aborted attempt to reach the pole. Fridtjof Wedel-Jarlsberg Nansen (October 10 1861 – May 13 1930 was a Norwegian Explorer, Scientist and Diplomat. Not to be confused with the Danish Gymnast and Olympic medalist Hjalmar Peter Johansen. By sheer coincidence, they met British explorer Frederick George Jackson at Northbrook Island in 1896. Frederick George Jackson (1860&ndash1938 British Arctic explorer was educated at Denstone College and Edinburgh University.

In 1914, Russian navigator Valerian Albanov and one crewman, Alexander Konrad, sole survivors of the ill-fated Brusilov expedition made it to Cape Flora in Northbrook Island, where they knew that Fridtjof Nansen had left provisions and had built a hut in a previous Arctic expedition. Valerian Ivanovich Albanov (Валериан Иванович Альбанов (1881 - 1919 was a Russian navigator best known for being one of only two survivors of the ill-fated Georgy Lvovich Brusilov (Георгий Львович Брусилов or Hryhoriy Brusylov (1884 in Mykolayiv, Ukraine - 1914? was a Russian Northbrook Island (Russian Остров Нортбрук) is an island located at in the southern edge of the Franz Josef Archipelago, Russia. Northbrook Island (Russian Остров Нортбрук) is an island located at in the southern edge of the Franz Josef Archipelago, Russia. Fridtjof Wedel-Jarlsberg Nansen (October 10 1861 – May 13 1930 was a Norwegian Explorer, Scientist and Diplomat. Albanov and Konrad were timely rescued by Georgy Sedov's ship Saint Foka, while they were preparing for the winter. Georgiy Yakovlevich Sedov (Георгий Яковлевич Седов ( April 23 ( May 5) 1877 &mdash February 20 ( March 5) 1914 was

With the introduction of larger steam-powered vessels, a number of sealing expeditions were made to the islands from the last decade of the 19th century, with more than 80% of these coming from Norway. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional In the late 1920s, both the Soviet Union and Norway claimed the islands. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Norwegians called the islands "Fridtjof Nansen Land". The Soviet Union claimed a sector in the Arctic region that included Franz Josef Land and the nearby Victoria Island by a decree of 15 April 1926. Victoria Island ( Russ Остров Виктория Ostrov Viktoriya is a small Arctic island situated at 80°9'N 36°46'E halfway between the Norwegian Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Norway was notified on 6 May and officially protested on 19 December, contesting the Soviet claim.

In the following years, Norwegian authorities put much effort into reclaiming Victoria Island and Franz Josef Land. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs did not wish to take any measures to lay official claims, but had no objection to private initiatives. In 1929, consul Lars Christensen of Sandefjord, a whaling tycoon whose expeditions had annexed Bouvet Island and Peter I Island in Antarctica, funded an expedition of two vessels, S/S Torsnes and M/C Hvalrossen. Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Lars Christensen was a Norwegian shipowner and Whaling Magnate with a keen interest in the exploration of Antarctica. Sandefjord is a town and municipality in the county of Vestfold, Norway. Bouvet Island (Bouvetøya also historically known as Liverpool Island or Lindsay Island) is an uninhabited Sub-antarctic volcanic Island Peter I Island (in Norwegian Peter I Øy) is a volcanic Island located near Antarctica. Upon departure from Tromsø, the crew were given detailed instructions to erect a manned wireless station and leave a wintering crew on Franz Josef Land, and also to claim Victoria Island on behalf of Christensen. ( Romsa in Northern Sami, Tromssa in Kven and Finnish) is a city and municipality in the county of Troms, The objective was to obtain legal footing in part of the archipelago before the Soviets did. The expedition never reached Franz Josef Land due to severe ice conditions, and while waiting for better conditions they were surpassed by the Soviet icebreaker Georgij Sedov.

On 29 July 1929 professor Schmidt of the Sedov Expedition raised the Soviet flag at Tikaya Bay, Hooker Island, and declared that Franz Josef Land was a part of the Soviet Union. Otto Yulievich Schmidt (О́тто Ю́льевич Шмидт &mdash September 7, 1956) was a Soviet Scientist, Mathematician, Norway did not officially contest the Soviet annexation of Franz Josef Land itself, but continued their efforts regarding Victoria Island. The dispute over Victoria Island was ended when the Soviets annexed the island in September 1932. Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar.

In July 1931, a German airship marked a milestone in Russian polar exploration. Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Graf Zeppelin travelled from Berlin to Hooker Island, by way of Leningrad (St. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Petersburg). It delivered 650 pounds (300 kg) of commemorative mail and met with the icebreaker 'Malygin'. After traveling east along the 81st parallel to Severnaya Zemlya, it returned to Hooker Island and began a groundbreaking aerial survey of the archipelago, flying as far north as Ostrov Rudolfa. Severnaya Zemlya (Се́верная Земля́ Northern Land) is an Archipelago in the Russian high Arctic at around.

During the Cold War years, the polar regions were a hot buffer zone between the U. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the S. and Russia, and many points in the Arctic became key strategic locations. The islands were declared as a national security area from the 1930s until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, and were therefore off-limits to foreigners. The Soviet Union 's collapse into independent nations began early in 1985 Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. An airfield was built at Greem Bell to serve as a staging base for Russian bomber aircraft, and training missions were quite common between Franz Josef Land, the mainland, and Novaya Zemlya. Novaya Zemlya (Но́вая Земля́ also spelled Novaja Zemlja, lit Though the islands were militarily sensitive, a cruise ship visited in 1971. Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar.

In 2005, the Austrian geographer Christoph Höbenreich led the Payer-Weyprecht-Memorial expedition to Franz Josef Land. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Austrian-Russian team followed the historic footsteps of explorer Julius Payer by ski and pulkasleds.

The Russian Orthodox denomination plans to build the world's northernmost church in the Franz Joseph Archipelago. See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure It will be named after St. Nicholas. Saint Nicholas (Άγιος Νικόλαος, Agios Nikolaos, "victory of the people" is the common name for Nicholas of Myra, a Christian Saint This was announced by Bishop Tikhon of Arkhangelsk and Kholmogory in August 2007. Arkhangelsk (Арха́нгельск formerly called Archangel in English, is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast Kholmogory (Холмого́ры is a historic village ( selo) and the administrative center of Kholmogorsky District of Arkhangelsk

Maps

Some maps are found on these sites:

See also

Swedish musician Stina Nordenstam's sound installation Isens Fasor was spoken directly from the journal of Karl Weyprecht, on the voyage he and Payer took to discover the islands, which almost failed when their ship became trapped in Arctic ice and they and their crew were forced to walk 1000 miles to Russia. Arkhangelsk (Арха́нгельск formerly called Archangel in English, is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast Drift ice is Sea ice that floats on the surface of the water in cold regions as opposed to Fast ice, which is attached ("fastened" to a shore Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving Geophysics, a major discipline of Earth sciences, is the study of the Earth by quantitative physical methods especially by seismic, electromagnetic Valerian Ivanovich Albanov (Валериан Иванович Альбанов (1881 - 1919 was a Russian navigator best known for being one of only two survivors of the ill-fated This is a list of the extreme points of Europe, the points that are farther North, South, East or West than any other location in Europe Stina Nordenstam ( Kristina Marianne Nordenstam) born March 4, 1969 in Stockholm, Sweden is a experimental Pop

Bibliography

Namesakes

Throughout history, and even into the modern age, there have been a number of personages that share the name Franz Josef in a variety of spellings. Franz Josef, Franz Joseph, Joseph James Frantz, Josef Franz Heffler are among notable figures that share this name. But the proper spelling will always be Franz Josef Land.

References

  1. ^ http://www.islands.uznam.net.pl/main_A.php?IOTA=EU-019&Prefix=305&cur_page=&sort_order=ASC&order_by=Region&show=all], [1], [2]and [3]

External links

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