| Franz Ernst Neumann | |
 Franz Ernst Neumann | |
| Born | 11 September 1798 Joachimsthal, Germany |
|---|---|
| Died | 23 May 1895 (aged 96) Königsberg, Germany |
| Residence | Germany |
| Nationality | German |
| Fields | Physicist, Mineralogist |
| Institutions | Königsberg University |
| Alma mater | University of Berlin |
| Doctoral advisor | Christian Samuel Weiss |
| Doctoral students | Woldemar Voigt, Philipp Wilhelm Brix, Alfred Clebsch, E. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Year 1798 ( MDCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Joachimsthal is a town in the district of Barnim, in Brandenburg, Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Königsberg (Karaliaučius Low German: Königsbarg; Królewiec see also other names) was until 1946 the name of Kaliningrad. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. A physicist is a Scientist who studies or practices Physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning Mineralogy is an Earth Science focused around the Chemistry, Crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of Minerals The University of Königsberg (Albertus-Universität Königsberg was the University of Königsberg, East Prussia. Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement Christian Samuel Weiss ( February 26, 1780 - October 1, 1856) was a German Mineralogist who was born in Leipzig. Rudolf Friedrich Alfred Clebsch ( 19 January 1833 – 7 November 1872) was a German Mathematician who made important contributions F. J. Theodor Abel, Oskar Frölich, Friedrich Gustav Adolph Just, Oscar Emil Meyer, Gottlieb Anton Müttrich, Louis Saalschütz, A. Emil Schinz, Karl Von der Muehll, Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, Friedrich Heinrich Albert Wangerin |
| Known for | Neumann's law |
Franz Ernst Neumann (September 11, 1798 - May 23, 1895) was a German mineralogist, physicist and mathematician. Gustav Robert Kirchhoff ( March 12, 1824 &ndash October 17, 1887) was a German Physicist who contributed to the fundamental Friedrich Heinrich Albert Wangerin ( November 18, 1844 &ndash October 25, 1933) was a German mathematician Neumann's Law states that the molecular heat in compounds of analogous constitution is always the same Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Year 1798 ( MDCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Mineralogy is an Earth Science focused around the Chemistry, Crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of Minerals A physicist is a Scientist who studies or practices Physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is the field of Mathematics.
Contents |
Life
Neumann was born in Joachimsthal, Margraviate of Brandenburg, located not far from Berlin. Joachimsthal is a town in the district of Barnim, in Brandenburg, Germany. The Margraviate of Brandenburg (Markgrafschaft Brandenburg was a major Principality of the Holy Roman Empire from 1157 to 1806 Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. In 1815 he interrupted his studies at Berlin to serve as a volunteer in the Hundred Days against Napoleon, and was wounded in the Battle of Ligny. The Hundred Days was the period between Napoleon Bonaparte 's return from exile on Elba to Paris on 20 March 1815 and the restoration Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. The Battle of Ligny ( 16 June 1815) was the last victory of the military career of Napoleon Bonaparte. Subsequently he entered Berlin University as a student of theology, but soon turned to scientific subjects. For other universities in Berlin see List of Universities in Berlin. Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective His earlier papers were mostly concerned with crystallography, and the reputation they gained him led to his appointment as Privatdozent at the University of Königsberg, where in 1828 he became extraordinary, and in 1829 ordinary, professor of mineralogy and physics. Crystallography is the experimental science of determining the arrangement of Atoms in Solids In older usage it is the scientific study of Crystals The Private docent (abbreviates PD or Priv-Doz) is a title conferred in some European university systems especially in German -speaking countries The University of Königsberg (Albertus-Universität Königsberg was the University of Königsberg, East Prussia. Mineralogy is an Earth Science focused around the Chemistry, Crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of Minerals Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. His 1831 study on the specific heats of compounds included what is now known as Neumann's law: the molecular heat of a compound is equal to the sum of the atomic heats of its constituents. Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity Neumann's Law states that the molecular heat in compounds of analogous constitution is always the same
Devoting himself next to optics, he produced memoirs which entitle him to a high place among the early searchers after a true dynamical theory of light. In 1832, by the aid of a particular hypothesis as to the constitution of the ether, he reached by a rigorous dynamical calculation results agreeing with those obtained by Augustin Louis Cauchy, and succeeded in deducing laws of double refraction closely resembling those of Augustin-Jean Fresnel. Later he attacked the problem of giving mathematical expression to the conditions holding for a surface separating two crystalline media, and worked out from theory the laws of double refraction in strained crystalline bodies. He also made important contributions to the mathematical theory of electrodynamics, and in papers published in 1845 and 1847 established mathematically the laws of the induction of electric currents. His last publication, which appeared in 1878, was on spherical harmonics (Beitrage zur Theorie der Kugelfunctionen).
With the mathematician Carl Gustav Jacobi, he founded in 1834 the mathematisch-physikalisches seminar which operated in two sections, one for mathematics and one for mathematical physics. Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi ( December 10, 1804 - February 18, 1851) was a Prussian Mathematician, widely considered to be Not every student took both sections. In his section on mathematical physics Neumann taught mathematical methods and as well as the techniques of an exact experimental physics grounded in the type of precision measurement perfected by his astronomer colleague Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel. Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (22 July 1784 &ndash 17 March 1846 was a German Mathematician, Astronomer, and systematizer of the Bessel functions The objective of his seminar exercises was to perfect one's ability to practice an exact experimental physics through the control of both constant and random experimental errors. Only a few students actually produced original research in the seminar; a notable exception was Gustav Robert Kirchoff who formulated Kirchhoff's Laws on the basis of his seminar research. His seminar was the model for many others of the same type established after 1834, including that of Gustav Robert Kirchhoff at Heidelberg University. Gustav Robert Kirchhoff ( March 12, 1824 &ndash October 17, 1887) was a German Physicist who contributed to the fundamental The Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg ( University of Heidelberg, Ruperto Carola, Heidelberg University, or simply Heidelberg) is a
Neumann retired from his professorship in 1876, and died at Königsberg (now Kaliningrad, Russia) in 1895 at the age of 96. Königsberg (Karaliaučius Low German: Königsbarg; Królewiec see also other names) was until 1946 the name of Kaliningrad. Kaliningrad (Калининград is a Seaport and the administrative center of Kaliningrad Oblast, the Russian Exclave between Poland Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending
His children were talented. His son, Carl Gottfried Neumann (1832-1925), became in 1858 Privatdozent, and in 1863 extraordinary professor of mathematics at Halle. Carl Gottfried Neumann ( May 7, 1832 - March 27, 1925) was a German Mathematician. Halle is the largest city in the German State of Saxony-Anhalt. He was then appointed to the ordinary chair of mathematics successively at Basel (1863), Tübingen (1865) and Leipzig (1868). "Basilia" redirects here For the Fly Genus, see Basilia (fly. Tübingen, a traditional University town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, is situated 30 km (19 miles southwest of Stuttgart, on a ridge between This sort of fix restores section edit linkpoints to where they belong
Works by F. E. Neumann
- Beiträge zur Krystallonomie (Mittler, Berlin, 1823)
- Beiträge zur Theorie der Kugelfunctionen (B. G. Teubner, Leipzig, 1878)
- Franz Neumanns Gesammelte werke (2 vols.) (B. C. Teubner, Leipzig, 1906-1928)
References
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
- Olesko, Kathryn M. Physics as a Calling: Discipline and Practice in the Koenigsberg Seminar for Physics. Ithaca, NY & London: Cornell University Press, 1991.
See also
External references
- O'Connor, John J. Neumann lines, or Neumann bands, are fine patterns of parallel lines seen in cross-sections of many Hexahedrite Iron meteorites in the kamacite phase & Robertson, Edmund F. , “Franz Ernst Neumann”, MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
- Franz Ernst Neumann at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
- Primary sources on Neumann
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Neumann, Franz Ernst |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | German Physicist, Mineralogist |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 11 September 1798 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Joachimsthal, Germany |
| DATE OF DEATH | 23 May 1893 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Königsberg, Germany |
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