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Western Philosophy
19th-century philosophy
Name
Franz Brentano
Birth January 16, 1838, Marienberg am Rhein
Death March 17, 1917, Zürich
School/tradition School of Brentano
Influenced Sigmund Freud, Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, Kazimierz Twardowski, Christian von Ehrenfels, Rudolf Steiner, Millan Puelles, Alexius Meinong,

Franz Clemens Honoratus Hermann Brentano (January 16, 1838, Marienberg am Rhein, near Boppard – March 17, 1917, Zürich) was an influential figure in both philosophy and psychology. In the 18th century the philosophies of The Enlightenment began to have a dramatic effect the landmark works of philosophers such as Immanuel Kant and Jean-Jacques Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Year 1838 ( MDCCCXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Zürich (, Zürich German: Züri, Zurich, Zurigo; in English generally Zurich) is the largest city in Switzerland and capital of the The School of Brentano refers to the philosophers and psychologists who studied with Franz Brentano and were essentially influenced by him Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl (ˈhʊsɛrl April 8 1859 – April 26 1938) was a philosopher, known as the father of Martin Heidegger ( September 26, 1889 &ndash May 26, 1976) (ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈhaɪ̯dɛgɐ was an influential German philosopher Kazimierz Jerzy Skrzypna-Twardowski, Ritter von Ogończyk ( October 20, 1866, Vienna, Austria – February 11, 1938 Christian Freiherr von Ehrenfels ( June 2 1859 in Rodaun near Vienna - September 8 1932 in Lichtenau) was an Rudolf Steiner ( 25 February 1861 – 30 March 1925) was an Austrian philosopher literary scholar educator artist playwright Antonio Millan Puelles (Also spelled Millán-Puelles ( February 11, 1921 – March 22, 2005) was a Spanish Philosopher interested Alexius Meinong ( July 17, 1853 - November 27, 1920) was an Austrian Philosopher. Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Year 1838 ( MDCCCXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Boppard (Latin Baudobriga) is a town in the Rhein-Hunsrück district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Zürich (, Zürich German: Züri, Zurich, Zurigo; in English generally Zurich) is the largest city in Switzerland and capital of the Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and His influence was felt by other figures such as Sigmund Freud, Edmund Husserl, Kazimierz Twardowski and Alexius Meinong who followed and adapted Brentano's views. Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl (ˈhʊsɛrl April 8 1859 – April 26 1938) was a philosopher, known as the father of Kazimierz Jerzy Skrzypna-Twardowski, Ritter von Ogończyk ( October 20, 1866, Vienna, Austria – February 11, 1938 Alexius Meinong ( July 17, 1853 - November 27, 1920) was an Austrian Philosopher.

Contents

Life

Franz Brentano studied philosophy at the universities of Munich, Würzburg, Berlin (with Adolf Trendelenburg) and Münster. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Würzburg (ˈvʏɐ̯ʦbʊɐ̯k is a city in the region of Franconia which lies in the northern tip of Bavaria, Germany Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Münster ( is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located in the northern part of the state and is considered to be the cultural centre of the He had a special interest in Aristotle and scholastic philosophy. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Scholasticism was the dominant form of theology and philosophy in the Latin West in the Middle Ages, particularly in the 12th 13th and 14th centuries He wrote his dissertation in Tübingen On the manifold sense of Being in Aristotle. Tübingen, a traditional University town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, is situated 30 km (19 miles southwest of Stuttgart, on a ridge between Subsequently he began to study theology and entered the seminary in Munich and then Würzburg, preparing to become a Roman Catholic priest (ordained August 6, 1864). Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year In 1865–1866 he wrote and defended his habilitation essay and theses and began to lecture at the University of Würzburg. Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1866 ( MDCCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Habilitation is the highest academic qualification a person can achieve by their own pursuit in certain European and Asian countries The University of Würzburg is a university in Würzburg, Germany, founded in 1402 His students in this period included, among others, Carl Stumpf and Anton Marty. Carl Stumpf (21 April 1848 &ndash 25 December 1936 was a German philosopher and psychologist. Between 1870 and 1873 Brentano was heavily involved in the debate on papal infallibility. Year 1870 ( MDCCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1873 ( MDCCCLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Papal infallibility is the Dogma in Catholic theology that by action of the Holy Spirit, the Pope is preserved from even the possibility of A strong opponent of such dogma, he eventually gave up his priesthood. Dogma (the plural is either dogmata or dogmas, Greek, plural) is the established Belief or Following Brentano's religious struggles, Stumpf (who was studying at the seminar at the time) was also drawn away from the church.

In 1874 Brentano published his major work: "Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint" and from 1874 to 1895 taught at the University of Vienna. Year 1874 ( MDCCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The University of Vienna (Universität Wien is a Public university located in Vienna, Austria. Among his students were Edmund Husserl, Alexius Meinong, Christian von Ehrenfels, Rudolf Steiner,T.G. Masaryk, Sigmund Freud, kazimierz Twardowski and many others (see School of Brentano for more details). Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl (ˈhʊsɛrl April 8 1859 – April 26 1938) was a philosopher, known as the father of Alexius Meinong ( July 17, 1853 - November 27, 1920) was an Austrian Philosopher. Christian Freiherr von Ehrenfels ( June 2 1859 in Rodaun near Vienna - September 8 1932 in Lichtenau) was an Rudolf Steiner ( 25 February 1861 – 30 March 1925) was an Austrian philosopher literary scholar educator artist playwright Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (ˈtomaːʃ ˈɡarɪk ˈmasarɪk sometimes called Thomas Masaryk in English ( March 7, 1850 – September 14, Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded Kazimierz Jerzy Skrzypna-Twardowski, Ritter von Ogończyk ( October 20, 1866, Vienna, Austria – February 11, 1938 The School of Brentano refers to the philosophers and psychologists who studied with Franz Brentano and were essentially influenced by him While he began his career as a full ordinary professor, he was forced to give up both his Austrian citizenship and his professorship in 1880 in order to marry. Year 1880 ( MDCCCLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year He was permitted to return to the university only as a Privatdozent. After his retirement he moved to Florence in Italy, transferring to Zürich at the outbreak of the First World War, where he died in 1917. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Zürich (, Zürich German: Züri, Zurich, Zurigo; in English generally Zurich) is the largest city in Switzerland and capital of the World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year

Work and thought

Intentionality

Main article: Intentionality

Brentano is best known for his reintroduction of the concept of intentionality — a concept derived from scholastic philosophy — to contemporary philosophy in his lectures and in his work Psychologie vom Empirischen Standpunkte (Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint). The term intentionality is often simplistically summarised as "aboutness" The term intentionality is often simplistically summarised as "aboutness" Scholasticism was the dominant form of theology and philosophy in the Latin West in the Middle Ages, particularly in the 12th 13th and 14th centuries Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language While often simplistically summarised as "aboutness" or the relationship between mental acts and the external world, Brentano defined it as the main characteristic of mental phenomena, by which they could be distinguished from physical phenomena. Every mental phenomenon, every psychological act has content, is directed at an object (the intentional object). An object of the mind is an object which exists in the Imagination, but can only be represented or modeled in the Real world. Every belief, desire etc. has an object that they are about: the believed, the wanted. Brentano used the expression "intentional inexistence" to indicate the status of the objects of thought in the mind. The property of being intentional, of having an intentional object, was the key feature to distinguish psychical phenomena and physical phenomena, because, as Brentano defined it, physical phenomena lacked the ability to generate original intentionality, and could only facilitate an intentional relationship in a second-hand manner, which he labeled derived intentionality.

“ Every mental phenomenon is characterized by what the Scholastics of the Middle Ages called the intentional (or mental) inexistence of an object, and what we might call, though not wholly unambiguously, reference to a content, direction towards an object (which is not to be understood here as meaning a thing), or immanent objectivity. Every mental phenomenon includes something as object within itself, although they do not all do so in the same way. In presentation something is presented, in judgement something is affirmed or denied, in love loved, in hate hated, in desire desired and so on. This intentional in-existence is characteristic exclusively of mental phenomena. No physical phenomenon exhibits anything like it. We could, therefore, define mental phenomena by saying that they are those phenomena which contain an object intentionally within themselves.
-- Franz Brentano, Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint, edited by Linda L. McAlister (London: Routledge, 1995), p. 88-89. 		”

Theory of perception

He is also well known for claiming that Wahrnehmung ist Falschnehmung ('perception is misception' or literally 'truth-grasping is false-grasping') that is to say perception is erroneous. In fact he maintained that external, sensory perception could not tell us anything about the de facto existence of the perceived world, which could simply be illusion. However, we can be absolutely sure of our internal perception. When I hear a tone, I cannot be completely sure that there is a tone in the real world, but I am absolutely certain that I do hear. This awareness, of the fact that I hear, is called internal perception. External perception, sensory perception, can only yield hypotheses about the perceived world, but not truth. Hence he and many of his pupils (in particular Carl Stumpf and Edmund Husserl) thought that the natural sciences could only ever yield hypotheses and not universal, absolute truths as in pure logic or mathematics. Carl Stumpf (21 April 1848 &ndash 25 December 1936 was a German philosopher and psychologist. Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl (ˈhʊsɛrl April 8 1859 – April 26 1938) was a philosopher, known as the father of Logic is the study of the principles of valid demonstration and Inference. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and

Although it may seem strange in light of the above, Brentano held the firm belief that the method of philosophy should be the method of the natural sciences.

Theory of judgement

Brentano has a theory of judgement which is different from the nowadays dominant (Fregean) view. At the centre of Brentano’s theory of judgement lies the idea that a judgement depends on having a presentation, but this presentation does not have to be predicated! Even stronger: Brentano thought that predication is not even sufficient for judgement, because there are judgements without a predicational content. Another fundamental aspect of his theory is that judgements are always existential. This so-called existential claim implies that when someone is judging that S is P he/she is judging that some S that is P exists. (Note that Brentano denied the idea that all judgements are of the form: S is P [and all other kinds of judgement which combine presentations]. Brentano argued that there are also judgements arising from a single presentation, e. g. “the planet Mars exists” has only one presentation. ) In Brentano’s own symbols, a judgement is always of the form: ‘+A’ (A exists) or ‘-A’ (A does not exist). Combined with the third fundamental claim of Brentano, the idea that all judgements are either positive (judging that A exists) or negative (judging that A does not exist), we have a complete picture of Brentano’s theory of judgement. So, imagine that you doubt whether midgets exists or not. At that point you have a presentation of midgets in your mind. When you judge that midgets do not exist, then you are judging that the presentation you have does not present something that exists. You do not have to utter that in words or otherwise predicate that judgement. The whole judgement takes place in the denial (or approval) of the existence of the presentation you have. The problem of Brentano’s theory of judgement is not the idea that all judgements are existential judgements (though it is sometimes a very complex enterprise to transform ordinary judgements into an existential one), the real problem is that Brentano made no distinction between object and presentation. A presentation exists as an object in your mind. So you cannot really judge that A does not exist, because if you do so you also judge that the presentation is not there (which is impossible, according to Brentano’s idea that all judgements have the object which is judged as presentation). Twardowski acknowledged this problem and solved it by denying that the object is equal to the presentation. This is actually only a change within Brentano’s theory of perception, but has a welcome consequence for the theory of judgement, viz. that you can have a presentation (which exists) but at the same time judge that the object does not exist.

Bibliography

Major works by Brentano

See also

References

External links

Persondata
NAME Brentano, Franz Clemens Honoratus Hermann
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Brentano, Franz
SHORT DESCRIPTION Austrian philosopher
DATE OF BIRTH January 16, 1838
PLACE OF BIRTH Marienberg am Rhein, near Boppard
DATE OF DEATH March 17, 1917
PLACE OF DEATH Zürich
This is a list of Austrian scientists and scientists from the Austria of Austria-Hungary. The following list is a selection of famous Austrians. For full lists of all famous Austrians please view the sublists The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP is a freely-accessible Online encyclopedia of Philosophy maintained by Stanford University. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP is a freely-accessible Online encyclopedia of Philosophy maintained by Stanford University. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Boppard (Latin Baudobriga) is a town in the Rhein-Hunsrück district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Zürich (, Zürich German: Züri, Zurich, Zurigo; in English generally Zurich) is the largest city in Switzerland and capital of the
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