Franco "Giorgio" Freda (Avellino, Italy, February 11, 1941) is one of the leading intellectuals of the post-war Italian far right. Avellino is a town and Comune, capital of the Province of Avellino in the Campania region of southern Italy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Far right, extreme right, ultra-right, or radical right are terms used to discuss the qualitative or quantitative position a group He has been accused of having personally contributed to the Piazza Fontana bombing. Piazza Fontana bombing (strage di Piazza Fontana identifies the massacre that was a result of a serious terrorist attack occurred on December 12 1969 when
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Biography
Passionate about politics since the high school, Freda started his career as the leader of the FUAN-Caravella of Padua (the undergraduates association of the Italian Social Movement). Padua ( Padova 'padova Latin: Patavium, Padoa) is a city in the Veneto, northern Italy. The Italian Social Movement, later Italian Social Movement–National Right ( Movimento Sociale Italiano–Destra Nazionale, MSI-DN was a neo-fascist
Graduated in law, Freda, supporter of an "Aryan aristocracy" and of nazionalsocialist theories, in the '70s begun to critic from the right the MSI leadership, accusing it of compromising with the "agonizing democracy of the Republic". Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German The Italian Social Movement, later Italian Social Movement–National Right ( Movimento Sociale Italiano–Destra Nazionale, MSI-DN was a neo-fascist In 1963 he founded the political Group of Ar, on the track of the philosophy of Julius Evola, and managed a far-right library. Julius Evola, also known as Baron Giulio Cesare Evola, ( May 19, 1898 &ndash June 11, 1974) was an Italian Philosopher Later, when the Group of Ar was disbanded, he founded the Edizioni di Ar ("Ar Publishing"), a militant publishing house of the far right. Far right, extreme right, ultra-right, or radical right are terms used to discuss the qualitative or quantitative position a group The Group of Ar and the publishing house were involved in reading, discussing and spreading the traditionalist philosophy of Julius Evola, Rene Guenon and associated thinkers. René Guénon ( November 15 1886 – January 7 1951) was a French author and intellectual who remains an influential figure in the
Edizioni di Ar is still active today and continues to issue classics of the antimodern thought, like Arthur de Gobineau, Oswald Spengler, Friederich Nietzsche, Alfred Baeumler, Adolf Hitler and Julius Evola, and philosophical and political contemporary far-right essays. Development criticism refers to criticisms of modern Technology, Industrialization, Capitalism and economic Globalization. Joseph Arthur Comte de Gobineau ( July 14, 1816 — October 13, 1882) was a French Aristocrat, novelist and man of Oswald Arnold Gottfried Spengler (29 May 1880 Blankenburg am Harz &ndash 8 May 1936 Munich) was a German Historian and Philosopher whose Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist Alfred Baeumler ( November 19 1887 in Neustadt an der Tafelfichte, Northern Bohemia - March 19 1968 in Eningen Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately
In 1969 he publishes The Disintegration of the System , a seminal book for the far right extremism of those years. In this book Freda breaks the classical anticommunist stance of the far right and proposes a strategical alliance between the far left and the far right to help subverting the capitalist society. Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where This position, along with the proposal of a hierachical, collectivist State which found its roots explicitly in Plato, deserved him the qualification of "nazimaoist". Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece This original political ideology influenced many Italian groups of the far right of the '70s, especially Lotta di Popolo and Terza Posizione. The Terza Posizione (Ital Third Position) was a Far right group founded in Rome in 1978 (but already present with the name of Lotta Studentesca
He defined himself a "scholar of ethnicity" and proposed the principles of a so-called "morphological racism" supporting the supremacy of the Aryan race. List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that He pleaded himself as an admirer of Himmler. Heinrich Luitpold Himmler ( 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945 was a Nazi German politician and head of the Schutzstaffel (SS. After contacts with Pino Rauti, he participated to activities of Ordine Nuovo, even if he never formally joined the movement. Giuseppe Umberto "Pino" Rauti (born November 19, 1926) has been a leading figure on the Italian Far right for many years Ordine Nuovo ( Italian for "New Order" complete name Centro Studi Ordine Nuovo, "New Order Scholarship Center" was an Italian
From 1971 he has been involved in several trials, of which the most famous is that for the Piazza Fontana bombing. Piazza Fontana bombing (strage di Piazza Fontana identifies the massacre that was a result of a serious terrorist attack occurred on December 12 1969 when He spent several years in jail for the crime of "subversive association".
In 1990 he founded the far right movement Fronte Nazionale and publishes the journal L'Antibancor, about economical and financial studies. Fronte Nazionale (Ital National Front, abbreviated FN) is a name that has been used for several Neofascist political parties and movements in italy
Fronte Nazionale, a neonazist movement that fought against globalization and multiethnic society, has been disbanded by the Italian government in 2000, on the grounds of the Legge Mancino. Fronte Nazionale (Ital National Front, abbreviated FN) is a name that has been used for several Neofascist political parties and movements in italy The term neo-Nazism refers to post- World War II Political movements Social movements and ideologies seeking to revive Nazism, Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones Multi-ethnic societies, in contrast to single ethnic societies integrate different Ethnic groups irrespective of differences in culture race and history under a common 49 members of Fronte Nazionale, among them Freda, have been found guilty of "reconstruction of the Fascist party" (which is illegal in Italy).
Freda is still present in the far right scene as an ideologue and publisher, although public appearances and writings are rare. Freda is well known in the far right scene for his unusual erudition, elegant writing style and uncompromising attitude.
Involvement in the Piazza Fontana bombing
The March 3, 1972 Franco Freda, the friend Giovanni Ventura and Pino Rauti, a national dirigent of Italian Social Movement and founder of the neonazist movement Ordine Nuovo are arrested. Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Giuseppe Umberto "Pino" Rauti (born November 19, 1926) has been a leading figure on the Italian Far right for many years The Italian Social Movement, later Italian Social Movement–National Right ( Movimento Sociale Italiano–Destra Nazionale, MSI-DN was a neo-fascist Ordine Nuovo ( Italian for "New Order" complete name Centro Studi Ordine Nuovo, "New Order Scholarship Center" was an Italian They are accused of having planned the terrorist attacks of April 25, 1969 (at the Fair and Railway Station of Milan) and of the 8 and 9 August of the same year (on several trains). Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. The two are later accused of the Piazza Fontana bombing. Piazza Fontana bombing (strage di Piazza Fontana identifies the massacre that was a result of a serious terrorist attack occurred on December 12 1969 when
Several elements brought the investigators to the neofascist area:
- The composition of the bombs used in Piazza Fontana was identical to that of the explosives that Ventura, a few days later the attacks, hid in the home of a friend.
- The timers, coming from a stock of fifty Diehl Junghans timers bought September 22 1969 by Franco Freda in a Bologna store. Freda later explained that he bought the timers for Mohamed Selin Hamid, a sedicent agent of Algeria secret services (whose existence has been denied by Algerine authorities) for the Palestinian resistance. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. Israel secret services declared that no timer of that kind has ever been used by Palestinians. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics.
- The bags where the bombs were hidden had been bought in a Paduan shop (the same city where Freda lived in), a couple of days before the attacks.
In 1974 the trial is moved from Milan to Catanzaro. Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. Catanzaro (Katantheros Katastarioi Lokroi is a city in Calabria, Italy, the capital of both the Province of Catanzaro and the whole region of Calabria The October 4 1978 the police finds that Freda disappeared from the Catanzaro apartment where he was obliged to stay. February 23 1979 he was pronounced guilty for the Piazza Fontana bombing and the court sentenced him to life imprisonment.
August 23 1979 Freda is captured in Costa Rica and extradited to Italy. Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( Spanish: Costa Rica or República de Costa Rica,) is a Country in Several trials followed. March 20, 1981 Freda is sentenced to 15 years of jail for "subversive association". The last sentence on the Piazza Fontana bombing, August 1 1985, acquitted Freda for lack of evidence.
In 1990 new investigations on Piazza Fontana were made, and in the latest sentence, due to the declaration of new witnesses, Freda and Ventura are acknowledged to have had real responsibilities in the terrorist attack. However they cannot be put on trial again, because they were acquitted from the crime in 1985.
Footnotes
Bibliography
- Fabrizio Calvi e Frédéric Laurent, Piazza Fontana - La verità su una strage, edito da Mondadori (ISBN 8804406984) (Italian)
- AA. VV (a cura di F. Ferraresi), La destra radicale, Feltrinelli, Milano 1984 (Italian)
- Franco Ferraresi, Minacce alla democrazia, Feltrinelli, Milano 1995 (Italian)
- Chiara Stellati, Una ideologia dell'Origine. Franco Freda e la controdecadenza, Edizioni di Ar, Padova 2001 (Italian)
- AA. VV. , Piazza Fontana:una vendetta ideologica, Edizioni di Ar, Padova 2005. (Italian)