Franco-Turkish War
Part of Turkish War of Independence
Date May 1920 - October 1921 Location Cilicia and upper Mesopotamia Result Cilicia Peace Treaty, Treaty of Ankara, Treaty of Lausanne
Belligerents
France	Turkish Revolutionaries

Franco-Turkish war, more often called Cilicia war (French: La guerre en Cilicie, Turkish: Güney Cephesi - the southern front), was a series of military conflicts in the aftermath of the World War I that opposed Turkish National Forces directed by Turkish Grand National Assembly governments in Ankara as of April 1920, and the French army, as well as the French Colonial Forces and the French Armenian Legion under its command. The Turkish War of Independence (Kurtuluş Savaşı May 19, 1919 October 29, 1923) refers to the political and military resistance developed Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar Geography Cilicia extended along the Aegean coast east from Pamphylia, to Mount Amanus ( Gavurdağı Mount) which separated it from Syria Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding Cilicia Peace Treaty ( March 9, 1921) was signed between France and the Turkish national movement to end the fighting in Cilicia war The Treaty of Ankara (or the Accord of Ankara; Franklin-Bouillon Agreement; Franco-Turkish Agreement of Ankara) was signed on October 20, The Treaty of Lausanne ( July 24, 1923) was a Peace treaty signed in Lausanne that settled the Anatolian part of the Partitioning The French Third Republic (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe Turkish revolutionaries ( Turkish: Kuvâyi Milliye or Kuvva-i Milliye) were Patriots of the Turkish national movement who rebelled against French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Turkish National Movement encompasses the political and military activities of the Turkish revolutionaries which resulted with the creation and shaping of the Republic The Grand National Assembly of Turkey (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi - TBMM, usually referred to simply as Meclis - "the Parliament" is the Unicameral Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after İstanbul. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar The French Army, officially the Armée de Terre (Land Army is the land-based component of the French Armed Forces and its largest The French Colonial Forces (Troupes Coloniales was a general designation for the military forces that garrisoned and were largely recruited from the French colonial empire The Armenian Legion, established with the French-Armenian Agreement (1916, was a foreign legion unit within French Army.

Background

Main article: Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire

The initial French interest towards Çukurova region, although manifest since Napoleon's 1798-1800 Egypt-Syria campaign, had become more focused and concentrated since the acquisition in 1909 by French capitalists, as against part of Ottoman debts, of Sultan Abdülhamid II's vast (1100 km², the size of Martinique) Mercimek Farm (Mercimek Çiftliği), privately-owned although managed as a state farm in development since the 1880s and roughly corresponding to a stripe starting at the ports of Yumurtalık and Karataş till the vicinity of Kozan and İmamoğlu. The Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire was a political event that occurred after World War I. Çukurova is the modern name for the ancient region of Cilicia (or to be more precise of Cilicia Pedia, "the flat Cilicia" in southern Turkey Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Year 1798 ( MDCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year -of the Julian calendar. The Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar until Friday, but 12 days ahead since Saturday. Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where Abdülhamid II His Imperial Majesty Sultan of the Ottoman Empire ( Ottoman Turkish: عبد الحميد ثانی `Abdü’l-Ḥamīd-i sânî, İkinci Abdülhamit Martinique is an Island in the eastern Caribbean Sea, having a land area of 1128 km² Events and Trends Technology Development and commercial production of Electric lighting Development and commercial production of gasoline-powered Yumurtalık is a town and district in Adana Province of Turkey. Karataş is a town and district of Adana Province, on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey, 47km from the city of Adana, between the rivers of Seyhan Kozan may refer to Kozan Hiroshima in Japan Kozan Adana in Turkey İmamoğlu is a town and district of Adana Province in the Mediterranean region of Turkey, a small agricultural community on a small plain in the hills ^[1]

French agreements on Anatolia

Main article: Sykes-Picot Agreement

French army had moved into the region, based on the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement, after the Armistice of Mudros. The Armistice of Moudros ( 30 October 1918) ended the hostilities in the Middle Eastern theatre between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies Sykes-Picot Agreement foresaw that, apart from Syria, the French would lay their hands on southern Anatolia, where the fertile plain of Çukurova (Cilicia), the ports of Mersin and İskenderun (Alexandretta) and the copper mines in Ergani, to the north of upper Mesopotamia, constituted the strategic pinpoints. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Çukurova is the modern name for the ancient region of Cilicia (or to be more precise of Cilicia Pedia, "the flat Cilicia" in southern Turkey This article is about the city of Mersin see Mersin Province, (named İçel province until 2002 for information about the surrounding area İskenderun, also Iskenderon (formerly in Greek Ἀλεξανδρέττα Alexandretta; in Arabic الإسكندرون al-ʼIskandarūn İskenderun, also Iskenderon (formerly in Greek Ἀλεξανδρέττα Alexandretta; in Arabic الإسكندرون al-ʼIskandarūn Ergani, formerly Arghni or Arghana is a district of Diyarbakır Province of Turkey. On the other hand, the oil fields of the Ottoman vilayet of Musul were an absolute priority for the British. A wilāyah (ولاية or vilâyet (in Persian and Ottoman Turkish) is an administrative division usually In 1879 Mosul Vilayet (province was separated from Baghdad Vilayet. According to the arrangement agreed, the British would keep the cities of Antep, Maraş and Urfa till they saw the French heading to settle exclusively in the southern Anatolian regions allocated to them in the agreement. Kahramanmaraş is the capital city of Kahramanmaraş Province in southeastern Turkey. Şanlıurfa (often simply known as Urfa in daily language formerly cited as Edessa or in Kurdish; Riha or Urhāy

French-Armenian Agreement

Main article: French-Armenian Agreement (1916)

French-Armenian agreement regarding the support of Armenian nationalist (Armenian national liberation movement) on the side of allies during the World War I was signed October 27, 1916. French-Armenian Agreement October 27, 1916, was the political and military accord regarding the support of Armenian nationalist ( Armenian national liberation Armenian national movement, also known as the " Armenian revolutionary movement " and Armenian national liberation movement was the Armenian national World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Foreign Minister Aristide Briand used this opportunity to provide troops for French commitments. Aristide Briand (28 March 1862 – 7 March 1932 was a French statesman who served several terms as Prime Minister of France and won the Nobel Peace Prize ^[2] The Armenian support which will be named as French Armenian Legion was planned under command of General Edmund Allenby, however extend to original agreement, Armenians fought in Palestine, Syria. The Armenian Legion, established with the French-Armenian Agreement (1916, was a foreign legion unit within French Army. Field Marshal Edmund Henry Hynman Allenby 1st Viscount Allenby GCB GCMG GCVO ( April 23 1861 - May 14 1936 Finally, after the armistice of Mudros in Cilicia, also. The Armistice of Moudros ( 30 October 1918) ended the hostilities in the Middle Eastern theatre between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies The aim in constituting the Legion was to allow an Armenian contribution to the dismemberment of southern Anatolia region from Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish

Active stage

Black Sea operations

After the armistice of Mudros, the first thing the French military did was to control the strategically important Ottoman coal mines in which French capital held significant stakes. The Armistice of Moudros ( 30 October 1918) ended the hostilities in the Middle Eastern theatre between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies The goal was both to take control of the energy source and cover the French military needs. It also prevented the distribution of coal in Anatolia, which could be used in activities to support insurgency.

On March 18, 1919, to French gunboats embarked respective troops to the Black Sea ports of Zonguldak and Karadeniz Ereğli commanding Ottomans coal mining region. French units with the resistance they faced during the one year of their stay in the region begin to retire their troops from Karadeniz Ereğli on June 08, 1920. They continue for pursue their occupation on Zonguldak, where they concentrate by occupying the city as a whole and officially on June 18.

Istanbul and Thrace operations

The main operations in this side was aimed to give support for the allied strategic goals. A French brigade enters İstanbul on Nov 12, 1918. On February 08, 1919 French general Franchet d'Esperey, commander-in-chief of allied occupation forces in Ottoman Empire arrives to Istanbul. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Louis Félix Marie François Franchet d'Espérey ( 25 May 1856 &ndash 8 July 1942) was a French general during the First Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey He will be coordinating the activities of Ottoman Government under occupation.

The city of Bursa, a former Ottoman capital of central importance in northwest Anatolia was held by French forces as well, for a brief period before the great summer offensive of the Greek army in 1920, at which time that city fell to the Greeks. Bursa (historically also known as Prussa, Greek: Προύσα and later as Brusa) is a city in northwestern Turkey and the seat Mission The Hellenic Army's objective is to defend Greece's independence borders and terrain and also to guarantee the country's defense The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions

Chanak Crisis

See also: Chanak Crisis

In the early stages, 1919, under military cooperation, joint French-Greek troops cross the Meriç River and occupy the town of Uzunköprü in Eastern Thrace as well as the railway axis till the train station of Hadımköy near Çatalca on the outskirts of İstanbul. The Chanak Crisis (or Affair) in September 1922 was the threatened attack on British and French troops stationed near Çanakkale (Chanak to Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Maritsa or Evros (Марица Εβρος Romanized as Hebrus, Meriç is with a length of 480 km the longest river that runs solely in the interior Uzunköprü is a small town in Edirne Province, northwestern Turkey. Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe History Rural area farmland providing food and dairy produce for the city On September 1922, during Greek pull-out after advance of Turkish revolutionaries, French forces pulled out from their positions on the straits, but the British seemed prepared to hold their ground. Turkish revolutionaries ( Turkish: Kuvâyi Milliye or Kuvva-i Milliye) were Patriots of the Turkish national movement who rebelled against In response, the British government issued a request for military support from its colonies. The response of its colonies to British was negative and French leaving British on the straits signaled that the Allies were unwilling to intervene on the side of Greece. Greek troops with French withdrew beyond the Meriç River. The Maritsa or Evros (Марица Εβρος Romanized as Hebrus, Meriç is with a length of 480 km the longest river that runs solely in the interior

Mediterranean operations

In the regions they occupied, the French were faced with the resistance of the Turkish majority as of the first hour, especially by reason of having associated themselves with Armenian objectives. The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large The resistance soared with increasing intensity starting January 1920. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar

Cilicia Campaign (Cilicia war)

Cilicia (Turkish: Çukurova) governors assigned by France to the French occupation zone in the south were, from Jan 1 1919 to Sep 4 1920, Édouard Brémond and from September 1920 to 23 December 1921, Julien Dufieux. Geography Cilicia extended along the Aegean coast east from Pamphylia, to Mount Amanus ( Gavurdağı Mount) which separated it from Syria Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself Édouard Brémond wrote his detailed memoirs after the war.

Initial stages

The first landing took place on the 17th of November 1918 at Mersin with ca. Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common This article is about the city of Mersin see Mersin Province, (named İçel province until 2002 for information about the surrounding area 15,000 men, mainly volunteers from the French Armenian Legion, accompanied by 150 French officers. The Armenian Legion, established with the French-Armenian Agreement (1916, was a foreign legion unit within French Army. The French Army, officially the Armée de Terre (Land Army is the land-based component of the French Armed Forces and its largest The first targets of that Expeditionary Force was to occupy ports and dismantle the Ottoman administration. The second landing on the 19th of November 1918 in the port of Tarsus had for mission to secure the surroundings and prepare for the establishment of the Head Quarters in Adana. Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Tarsus ( Greek Ταρσός is a City, and a large district in Mersin Province, Turkey, from the city of Mersin and near (40 Headquarters (HQ denotes the location where most if not all of the important functions of an organization are concentrated Adana (the ancient Antioch in Cilicia or Antioch on the Sarus) is the capital of Adana Province in Turkey.

Cilicia Peace Treaty

Main article: Cilicia Peace Treaty

Southern extension

A French officer with five Turkish prisoners from Antep (later Gaziantep). Cilicia Peace Treaty ( March 9, 1921) was signed between France and the Turkish national movement to end the fighting in Cilicia war This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Treaty of Ankara (or the Accord of Ankara; Franklin-Bouillon Agreement; Franco-Turkish Agreement of Ankara) was signed on October 20, Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony The French Army, officially the Armée de Terre (Land Army is the land-based component of the French Armed Forces and its largest The officer has, on his right, a soldier of the French Colonial Forces, and on his left (wearing epaulettes), an auxiliary from the French Armenian Legion. The French Colonial Forces (Troupes Coloniales was a general designation for the military forces that garrisoned and were largely recruited from the French colonial empire Epaulette (ˈɛpǝlɛt is a French word meaning "little shoulder" (from épaule, meaning "shoulder" The Armenian Legion, established with the French-Armenian Agreement (1916, was a foreign legion unit within French Army.

After the occupation of Cilicia proper end-1918, French troops occupied the Ottoman provinces of Antep, Maraş and Urfa in southern Anatolia end-1919, taking these cities over from British troops as agreed. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Gaziantep is a province in south-central Turkey. Its capital is the city of Gaziantep which had a population of 853513 as of 2000 Kahramanmaraş (or simply Maraş) is a province of Turkey. Its provincial capital is Kahramanmaraş city, the traffic code is 46 Şanlıurfa ( Syriac: Urhoy,: urfa,: ar-Rûha is a province in Southeast Anatolia, Turkey. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

At the eastern tip of the occupation zone in the south, the city of Mardin was also occupied for one day (on 21 November 1919) until the evening when the French thought it better to abandon the occupation attempt. Mardin is a city in southeastern Turkey. The capital of Mardin Province, it is known for its Arab -style architecture and for its strategic location Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

End of hostilities

The conflicts officially ended with the Accord of Ankara signed between the representative of the French government and the Turkish Grand National Assembly on October 20, 1921, which was finalized with Armistice of Mudanya. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Cilicia Peace Treaty ( March 9, 1921) was signed between France and the Turkish national movement to end the fighting in Cilicia war Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Treaty of Ankara (or the Accord of Ankara; Franklin-Bouillon Agreement; Franco-Turkish Agreement of Ankara) was signed on October 20, Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar The Armistice of Mudanya was an agreement between Turkey, Italy, France and Britain, signed in the town of Mudanya, Turkey on

Treaty of Ankara

Main article: Treaty of Ankara (1921)

See also: Republic of Hatay and French Mandate of Syria

France held better relations with the Turkish nationals during the Turkish War of Independence, chiefly for breaking Triple Entente solidarity and signing a separate agreement with the Turkish revolutionaries. The Treaty of Ankara (or the Accord of Ankara; Franklin-Bouillon Agreement; Franco-Turkish Agreement of Ankara) was signed on October 20, Hatay State (Hatay Devleti لواء الإسكندرونة also known informally as the Republic of Hatay, was a transitional political entity that formally existed from The French Mandate of Syria was a League of Nations Mandate created after the First World War and the Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. The Turkish War of Independence (Kurtuluş Savaşı May 19, 1919 October 29, 1923) refers to the political and military resistance developed The Triple Entente (" entente " — French for "agreement" was the name given to the loose alignment of the United Kingdom, the Turkish revolutionaries ( Turkish: Kuvâyi Milliye or Kuvva-i Milliye) were Patriots of the Turkish national movement who rebelled against The Treaty of Ankara or the Franklin-Bouillon Agreement did not resolve the problems in connection with the sanjak of Alexandretta. However positive relations, Turkish-France, at least until the question of Alexandretta was solved, was maintained according to the principle of defending territorial integrity and national independence which these concepts were easy to negotiate (see:French Revolution). The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an French policy that supported Turkish independence movement took a blow during the Conference of Lausanne on the abolition of the capitulations (see: Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire). The Conference of Lausanne was a conference held in Lausanne, Switzerland during 1922 and 1923 Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire were contracts between the Ottoman Empire and European powers particularly France. The French objections during the discussions on abolition, perceived as France was contravening the full Turkish independence and sovereignty. Furthermore, the fact that the sanjak of Alexandretta , which according to Misak-ı Milli should have been included within Turkish national borders, remained under French control also contributed to the tension between the two countries. Misak-ı Millî ( English: National Oath or National Pact) is the set of six important decisions made by the last term of the Ottoman Parliament The positive attitude developed with the Treaty of Ankara stayed mainly on a friendly, if limited, basis.

Withdrawal and population movements

The French forces withdrew from the occupation zone in the first days of 1922, about ten months before the Armistice of Mudanya. Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Beginning on January 3, French troops evacuated Mersin and Dörtyol; on January 5, Adana, Ceyhan and Tarsus. Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. This article is about the city of Mersin see Mersin Province, (named İçel province until 2002 for information about the surrounding area Dörtyol is a port and oil terminus at the head of the Gulf of İskenderun on the Mediterranean coast 26km north of the city of Iskenderun in the province Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. Adana (the ancient Antioch in Cilicia or Antioch on the Sarus) is the capital of Adana Province in Turkey. Ceyhan is one of the most populous towns within the Turkish province of Adana and is an important Mediterranean port Tarsus ( Greek Ταρσός is a City, and a large district in Mersin Province, Turkey, from the city of Mersin and near (40 The evacuation was completed on the January 7 with the last troops leaving Osmaniye. Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental Osmaniye is a small city in the Çukurova region of Turkey, the capital of Osmaniye Province.

Result

The French interest which its financial side, Ottoman debts, were cleared by the young Republic of Turkey in line with the Treaty of Lausanne. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The Treaty of Lausanne ( July 24, 1923) was a Peace treaty signed in Lausanne that settled the Anatolian part of the Partitioning Attempts at modifying the ethnic structure of the region, to the advantage of the Armenian minority fed with new settlers, also played a role. The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large

The French had been helping Nalbandian family to acquire a behemoth of an estate around Kozan since the 1860s. Behemoth ( Hebrew בהמות, behemot; Arabic بهيموث bahīmūth, or بهموت bahamūt Kozan may refer to Kozan Hiroshima in Japan Kozan Adana in Turkey Events and trends Technology The First Transcontinental Railroad in the USA was completed in 1869

See also

• Chronology of the Turkish War of Independence
• Franco-Turkish relations

References