| Francisco de Paula Santander | |
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5th President of the Republic of the New Granada
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| In office October 7, 1832 – April 1, 1837 |
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| Preceded by | José Ignacio de Márquez |
| Succeeded by | José Ignacio de Márquez |
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| Born | April 2, 1792 Cúcuta |
| Died | May 6, 1840 Santa Fe de Bogotá |
| Political party | Liberal |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
Francisco José de Paula Santander y Omaña (April 2, 1792 - May 6, 1840), was one of the military and political leaders during Colombia's (then known as New Granada) independence struggle (1810-1819). Republic of New Granada was a centralist republic consisting primarily of present-day Colombia and Panama with smaller portions of today's Ecuador, Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar) Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common José Ignacio de Márquez Barreto ( September 9, 1793 – March 21, 1880) was a Colombian statesman lawyer and professor who José Ignacio de Márquez Barreto ( September 9, 1793 – March 21, 1880) was a Colombian statesman lawyer and professor who Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 1792 ( MDCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Cúcuta (ˈkukuta is a Colombian city, capital of the North Santander Department and located in the northeast of the country Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Bogotá —officially named Bogotá DC (DC for " Distrito Capital " which means "Capital District" formerly called Santa Fe de Bogotá Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 1792 ( MDCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. The United Provinces of New Granada was a Country in South America from 1812 to 1816, a period known in Colombian history as the
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Military career
A law student, he began his military career at the young age of 18 after the events of 1810, as a soldier in the federalist faction of New Granada's independence movement, later joining the centralists. Santiago Martínez Delgado (1906 - 1954 was a Colombian painter sculptor Art historian and writer Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society The term " federalist " describes several political beliefs around the world In Politics, centrism usually refers to the political ideal of promoting Moderate policies which land in the middle ground between different political extremes
Santander received the rank of colonel in 1812. Colonel ( RP ˈkɜnəl GA ˈkɜrnəl is a Military rank of a Commissioned officer, with corresponding ranks existing in almost every country After the Spanish Invasion of New Granada, as a series of defeats led to the exile or retreat of many of New Granada's officers, Santander himself retreated to the eastern plains, near the modern Venezuelan border. The Spanish Invasion of New Granada in 1815&ndash1816 was part of Bolívar's War in South America. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Operating from there, Santander was promoted to Brigadier General in 1817 under Simón Bolívar. Brigadier General is the lowest ranking General Officer in some countries usually sitting between the ranks of Colonel and Major General. Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios y Blanco,Venezuelan or commonly known as Simón Bolívar ( July 24, 1783 &ndash
By 1819, he was given command of the republican army's vanguard by Simón Bolívar, as the invasion of New Granada was initiated from the New Grenadine-Venezuelan border. Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios y Blanco,Venezuelan or commonly known as Simón Bolívar ( July 24, 1783 &ndash Santander was one of the battlefield commanders during the republican victory at the Battle of Boyacá in August 7 of that same year. The Battle of Boyacá in Colombia, then known as New Granada, was the battle in which Colombia acquired its definitive independence from Spanish Monarchy Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. After the battle, he was promoted to Division General, the equivalent of Major General. Major General or Major-General is a Military rank used in many countries
In October 1821, after the constitution of Cúcuta was proclaimed, Santander was elected by the newly gathered Congress as vice president of Gran Colombia, in a heated election, where he overcame another strong candidate for the post, Antonio Nariño, by a 38 to 19 vote margin. A constitution is a system for government often Codified as a written document that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity Cúcuta (ˈkukuta is a Colombian city, capital of the North Santander Department and located in the northeast of the country __FORCETOC__ For the Vice President of the United States, their roles and other information see Vice President of the United States. Gran Colombia ( Spanish for Great Colombia) is a name used today for the Republic of Colombia of the period 1819-1831 Antonio Nariño was an ideological precursor and one of the early political and military leaders of the independence movement in Colombia, then known as
Acting Executive
Since Bolívar, the president of the new republic, decided to continue leading the republican forces towards Ecuador and Peru, the constitution mandated that Santander remain in Bogotá and act as the representative of the executive branch of government. Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios y Blanco,Venezuelan or commonly known as Simón Bolívar ( July 24, 1783 &ndash For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Bogotá —officially named Bogotá DC (DC for " Distrito Capital " which means "Capital District" formerly called Santa Fe de Bogotá In Political science and Constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the State.
As acting ruler, Santander had to deal with the grave economic crisis that was one of the direct consequences of almost a decade of constant warfare, as well as with surviving Royalist sentiments, the requirements of continuing military operations (including recruitment, training and supply), administrative and legislative reactivation, and internal political divisions.
Economically, while Santander was running Colombia for Bolívar, he made a concerted move toward free trade. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. First of all, he removed and reduced many taxes which had been left in place from the Spanish rule, and opened ports to all foreign nations. He also created incentives for immigrants, including expedited naturalization--one could even leave the country for up to six months without interrupting his required stay--and land grants. Naturalization is the acquisition of Citizenship or Nationality by somebody who was not a citizen or national of that country when he or she was born
Bolívar undid many of Santander's actions after he returned and assumed his position as president.
Political Differences
Initially, Santander and Bolívar were considered as close friends and allies, but gradually political and ideological differences emerged. It is considered by modern scholars that Santander believed in the sanctity of constitutional government and in the rule of law, perhaps to a greater degree than Bolívar, who would have allegedly thought that those concerns were secondary to what he perceived as the actual needs and solutions that historical circumstances demanded, and thus could be subject to flexibility.
In 1826, when the first Venezuelan uprising occurred, Santander and Bolívar came to disagree about how to handle the situation. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Santander believed that the rebels, led by José Antonio Páez and federalist sympathizers, should be punished or at least made to openly submit to the established constitutional order. José Antonio Páez ( June 13, 1790 - May 6, 1873) was General in Chief of the army fighting Spain during the Venezuelan The term " federalist " describes several political beliefs around the world When Bolívar, who had returned from Peru and reasumed his executive powers, arranged for an amnesty and placed Páez as supreme military chief of the department of Venezuela, Santander felt that the central government's authority and the rule of law were being undermined by the constitutional President himself in a personalist manner. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Amnesty (from the Greek amnestia, oblivion is a legislative or executive act by which a state restores those who may have been guilty of an offense against it to
Santander also disagreed with Bolívar's attempt to promote a reform of the 1821 constitution before it was legally permitted (the constitution stated that ten years had to go by), and especially with Bolívar's attempted nationwide implementation of the constitution that he had previously drafted for Bolivia, which among other provisions called for a lifelong presidency with the ability to select a direct successor. The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. In Santander's opinion, this could place the country dangerously close to monarchism. Monarchism is the advocacy of the establishment preservation or restoration of a Monarchy as a Form of government in a nation
In 1828, growing internal conflicts continued. Santander was elected as one of the delegates to the Ocaña constitutional convention, during which both his supporters and other opposition political factions blocked Bolívar's attempts at reform. Ocaña is a town and municipality in the Colombian Department of Norte de Santander. This led to the sudden exit of many of the Bolivarian delegates, who disagreed with the Convention's potential outcome. Bolivarianism is a set of political doctrines that enjoys currency in parts of South America, especially Venezuela.
These events eventually led Bolívar to declare himself dictator in August of that year, while the office of the vice president was abolished. A dictator is an Authoritarian ruler (eg Absolutist or autocratic) who assumes sole and absolute power without hereditary ascension such as an Absolute
Santander and his political sympathizers felt that this act betrayed liberalism and the ideology of the Age of Enlightenment, some even comparing Bolívar to Napoleon or Julius Caesar. Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe.
In September 1828, Bolívar escaped an assassination attempt. Among those blamed was Santander who, in a quick military trial, was originally sentenced to die without specific proof of his participation in the event. Bolívar pardoned him and his exile was ordered.
Even today, the details are not totally clear and the evidence appears to be inconclusive. Some historians consider that Santander knew about the possibility of an assassination attempt and initially opposed it, but eventually allowed it to happen without his direct participation. This position was eventually assumed by Santander himself later in his life. Others consider that Santander may have been involved in the plan from the beginning as it would benefit him politically, though no direct proof of his role has been found.
Return to New Granada
After Bolívar died and Gran Colombia broke up, Santander returned from exile in 1832 and served as President of New Granada 1832 to 1836. Republic of New Granada was a centralist republic consisting primarily of present-day Colombia and Panama with smaller portions of today's Ecuador, Santander had spent a great deal of time in Europe studying the Enlightenment. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century When he returned, these concepts influenced his decisions to a great extent.
His second period of control was quite different from the first, in that it stressed an alternate form of proteccionismo. For the protectionist Australian political party from the 1880s to 1909 see Protectionist Party He first reverted most of his original changes from Bolívar's undoing, although some were devalued somewhat. He then stepped up his quest for safety under the wings of industrialized nations, as opposed to discouraging trade with them, even going so far as to insert economic contacts in 11 United States cities. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the He hoped that by creating strong ties with them, he would avoid the high tariffs he inherently disliked. For other uses of this word see Tariff (disambiguation. A tariff is a tax imposed on goods when they are moved across a political boundary
After his term expired, he remained an important and influential political figure. He died in 1840 and was eventually considered as one of the original historical representatives of the Colombian Liberal Party, which would be founded some eight years later. The Colombian Liberal Party ( Spanish: Partido Liberal Colombiano PLC is a social liberal - social democratic party in Colombia.
References
- Huck, E. R. (1972). Economic Experimentation in a Newly Independent Nation: Colombia under Francisco de Paula Santander, 1821-1840. The Americas, 29, 2, 167-184. Retrieved December 1st, 2005 from JSTOR Journal Library.
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