| Francisco de Miranda | |
|---|---|
| March 28, 1750 – July 14, 1816 | |
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| Nickname | El Precursor El Primer Venezolano Universal |
| Place of birth |  Caracas, Venezuela |
| Place of death |  Cádiz, Spain |
| Allegiance | Spain France Venezuela United States |
| Years of service | 1773 - 1812 |
| Rank | Generalissimo |
| Battles/wars | American Revolutionary War French Revolution Venezuelan War of Independence |
Sebastián Francisco de Miranda y Rodríguez (Caracas, March 28, 1750 – in prison, Arsenal de la Carraca, Cadiz, July 14, 1816), commonly known as Francisco de Miranda, was a Venezuelan revolutionary. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1750 ( MDCCL) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Year 1816 ( MDCCCXVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Caracas (kaˈɾakas is the Capital and largest city of Venezuela. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Cádiz ( Spanish:) is a city and port in southwestern Spain. It is the capital of the province of the same name, a province which is one of eight Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Year 1773 ( MDCCLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1812 ( MDCCCXII) a leap year started on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Generalissimo or Generalissimus is a military rank of the highest degree superior to a Field Marshal or Grand Admiral. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an The Venezuelan War of Independence was the war fought for the emancipation of what is today Venezuela, between 1811 and 1823 Caracas (kaˈɾakas is the Capital and largest city of Venezuela. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1750 ( MDCCL) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Cádiz ( Spanish:) is a city and port in southwestern Spain. It is the capital of the province of the same name, a province which is one of eight Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Year 1816 ( MDCCCXVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the A revolution (from the Latin revolutio, "a turnaround" is a fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively Although his own plans for the independence of the Spanish American colonies failed, he is regarded as a forerunner of Simón Bolívar, who during the Hispanic American wars of independence successfully liberated a vast portion of South America. The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios y Blanco,Venezuelan or commonly known as Simón Bolívar ( July 24, 1783 &ndash Because Spain was virtually cut off from its colonies during the Peninsular War of 1808–1814 Latin America was in these years ruled by independent juntas Miranda led a romantic and adventurous life. An idealist, he developed a visionary plan to liberate and unify all of Spanish America. His military initiatives failed in 1812, and he was handed over to his enemies, dying four years later in a Spanish prison dungeon. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Within fourteen years of his death, most of Spanish America was independent.
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Early Life
Sebastian Francisco de Miranda was born on March 28th, 1750 in Caracas, Venezuela. Caracas (kaˈɾakas is the Capital and largest city of Venezuela. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the His father, Sebastian de Miranda Ravelo, was wealthy merchant from the Canary Islands, and his mother, Francisca Antonia Rodríguez de Espinoza, was wealthy Venezuelan. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Growing up, Miranda enjoyed a wealthy upbringing, attending the finest private schools, while being slightly discriminated against for his roots. Miranda was not necessarily a member of high society growing up, as his heritage was continually put into question by the Criollo Aristocracy. As a result of this, Miranda grew up very conceited (At one point tracing his ancestry back to the Dukes of Miranda in Spain, and finding his family seal) and arrogant. This would eventually hurt him, as it resulted in insubordination, while in the Army.
United States and France
In the American Revolutionary War, he commanded Spanish troops aiding American insurgents in Florida and Mississippi. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States While in the United States, he met with, among others, George Washington, Thomas Paine, Alexander Hamilton, and Thomas Jefferson. George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the Thomas Paine (January 29 1737 &ndash June 8 1809 was an English Pamphleteer, Revolutionary, radical, Inventor, and Intellectual Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence He had a home in London, where he married a British lady and had two children. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. During this time he met Colonel William S. Smith, secretary to John Adams's American Legation. William Stephens Smith ( November 8, 1755 &ndash June 10, 1816) was a United States Representative from New York. John Adams (October 30 1735 July 4 1826 was one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States.
Stages in England, Prusia, Turkey and Russia during the period 1786 - 1790.
Miranda during the French Revolutionary Period
From 1791, Miranda took an active part in the French Revolution. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an In Paris, he befriended the Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot and Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve, and he briefly served as a general in the section of the French Revolutionary Army commanded by Charles François Dumouriez, fighting in the 1792 campaign in the Low Countries. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The Girondists (in French Girondins, and sometimes Brissotins or "Baguettes" were a political faction in France within the Legislative Jacques Pierre Brissot (15 January 1754 &ndash 31 October 1793 who assumed the name of de Warville, was a leading member of the Girondist movement during the "Pétion" redirects here For the Haitian head of state see Alexandre Pétion. The French Revolutionary Army is the term used to refer to the military of France during the period between the fall of the Ancien regime under Louis Charles François Dumouriez ( January 25, 1739 &ndash March 14, 1823) was a French general of the French Revolutionary Wars The French Revolutionary Wars began in 1792. Preparations France declared war on Austria on 20 April 1792 The Low Countries, the historical region of de Nederlanden, are the countries on low-lying land around the delta of the Rhine, Scheldt
Miranda was first arrested in April 1793 on the orders of Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville, Chief Prosecutor of the Revolution, and accused of conspiring against the republic with Charles François Dumouriez, the renegade general. Antoine Quentin Fouquier de Tinville (1746 &ndash 7 May 1795 was a French Lawyer during the Revolution and Reign of Terror periods Charles François Dumouriez ( January 25, 1739 &ndash March 14, 1823) was a French general of the French Revolutionary Wars Though indicted before the Revolutionary Tribunal – and under attack in Jean-Paul Marat's L'Ami du peuple – he conducted his defence with such calm eloquence that he was declared innocent. L'Ami du peuple (The Friend of the People was a Newspaper written by Jean-Paul Marat during the French Revolution. Even so, the campaign of Marat and rest of the Jacobins against him did not weaken. The Jacobin Club was the largest and most powerful political club of the French Revolution. He was arrested again in July 1793, when he was incarcerated in La Force prison, effectively one of the ante-chambers of death during the prevailing Reign of Terror. La Force Prison was a French Prison located in the Rue du Roi de Sicile what is now the 4th arrondissement of Paris. Saint justjpg|thumbnail|200px| Louis Antoine Léon de Saint-Just]] The Reign of Terror' (5 September 1793 &ndash 28 July 1794 or simply The Terror (la Terreur was Appearing again before the tribunal, and mustering all his soldierly courage, he accused the Committee of Public Safety of tyranny, in disregarding his previous acquittal. The Committee of Public Safety (Comité de salut public le Haut Comité de la santé publique which is an entirely unrelated present-day institution--> set up by the
Miranda seems to have survived by a combination of good luck and political expediency: the revolutionary government simply could not agree what to do with him. He remained in La Force even after the fall of Robespierre in July 1794, and was not finally released until the January of the following year. Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (maksimiljɛ̃ fʁɑ̃swa maʁi izidɔʁ də ʁɔbɛspjɛʁ ( 6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794) Now convinced that the whole direction taken by the Revolution had been wrong, he started to conspire with the moderate royalists against the Directory, and was even named as the possible leader of a military coup. The Executive Directory ( Directoire exécutif) was a body of 5 single-male Directors that held executive power in France following He was arrested and ordered out of the country, only to escape and go into hiding.
He reappeared after being given permission to remain in France, though that did not stop his involvement in yet another monarchist plot in September 1797. The police were ordered to arrest the "Peruvian general", as the said general submerged himself yet again in the underground. With no more illusions about France, or the Revolution, he left for England in Danish boat, arriving in Dover in January 1798. His name remains engraved on the Arc de Triomphe, which was built during the First Empire. The Arc de Triomphe is a monument in Paris, France that stands in the centre of the Place Charles de Gaulle also known as the Place de l'Étoile. The Empire of the French (1804-1814 also known as the Empire of France, Greater French Empire, First French Empire, French Empire, or
South America ,(1806 -1812)
He is mostly known for his contribution in the struggle for independence of the colonies in Latin America. Miranda envisioned an independent empire consisting of all the territories that had been under Spanish and Portuguese rule, stretching from the Mississippi River to Cape Horn. An empire (from the Latin " Imperium " denoting military Command within the ancient Roman government) is a State that Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to Cabo de Hornos redirects here for the Chilean commune see Cabo de Hornos Chile. This empire was to be under the leadership of a hereditary emperor called the "Inca", to appease the Native Americans, and would have a bicameral legislature. The Inca Empire (or Inka Empire) was the largest empire in Pre-Columbian America. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. In Government, bicameralism (bi + Latin la ''camera'' chamber is the practice of having two legislative or Parliamentary chambers Thus a bicameral He conceived the name "Gran Colombia" for this empire, after the explorer Christopher Columbus. Gran Colombia ( Spanish for Great Colombia) is a name used today for the Republic of Colombia of the period 1819-1831 Christopher Columbus (1451 &ndash May 20 1506 was an Italian Navigator, colonizer
In November 1805 Miranda travelled to New York, where he rekindled his acquaintance with Colonel William S. Smith, who introduced him to merchant Samuel G. William Stephens Smith ( November 8, 1755 &ndash June 10, 1816) was a United States Representative from New York. Ogden, the owner of a ship called the Leander. Miranda then went to Washington for private meetings with President Thomas Jefferson and his Secretary of State James Madison. Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence James Madison Jr (March 16 1751 – June 28 1836 was an American Politician, the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817 and one of the Founding This set in motion the first filibuster trial in America, a violation of the Neutrality Act of 1794 when the Leander, its crew, and a force of soldiers of fortune were captured on their way to fight the Spanish in Venezuela. A filibuster, or "talking out a bill", is a form of obstruction in a Legislature or other decision-making body [1]
With British help, Miranda led an attempted invasion of Venezuela in 1806. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the He landed at the port of La Vela de Coro, where the tricolour Venezuelan flag, which was made in the Haitian city of Jacmel, was raised for the first time. A tricolour or tricolor (three colours is a Flag or Banner more-or-less equally divided (horizontally vertically or less frequently diagonally The flag of Venezuela dates from 1811, the beginning of that nation's struggle for independence Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole: Jacmel, ( Jakmèl in Kréyòl) also known by its indigenous name of Yaquimel, is a city in southern Haiti founded in 1698 Among the volunteers who served under him in this revolt was David G. Burnet of the United States, who would later serve as interim president of the Republic of Texas after its secession from Mexico in 1836. David Gouverneur Burnet ( April 14, 1788 &ndash December 5, 1870) was an early politician within the Republic of Texas, serving The Republic of Texas was a sovereign Nation in North America between the United States and Mexico that existed from 1836 to The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America.
After Venezuela achieved de facto independence on April 19, 1810, Simón Bolívar persuaded Miranda to return to his native land, where he was made a general in the revolutionary army. The First Republic of Venezuela ( Primera República de Venezuela in Spanish) is the term used by historians to refer to the first period of the Venezuelan War Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 1810 ( MDCCCX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios y Blanco,Venezuelan or commonly known as Simón Bolívar ( July 24, 1783 &ndash When the country formally declared independence on July 5, 1811, he assumed dictatorial powers. Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England. Year 1811 ( MDCCCXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year A dictatorship is usually defined as an autocratic Form of government in which the Government is ruled by a Dictator.
The Spanish forces counterattacked (see Venezuelan War of Independence); and Miranda, fearing a brutal and hopeless defeat, signed an armistice with them on July 5,1812. The Venezuelan War of Independence was the war fought for the emancipation of what is today Venezuela, between 1811 and 1823 An armistice is a situation where the warring parties agree to stop fighting Bolívar and other revolutionaries regarded his surrender as treasonous; they thwarted Miranda's attempt to escape, and (in one of Bolívar's most morally dubious acts) he handed him over to the Spanish Royal Army. In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation. Miranda never saw freedom again. He was spared execution, but died in a prison cell in Cádiz, Spain, in 1816. Cádiz ( Spanish:) is a city and port in southwestern Spain. It is the capital of the province of the same name, a province which is one of eight
An oil painting by the Venezuelan artist Arturo Michelena titled, Miranda en la Carraca (1896), which portrays the hero in the Spanish jail where he died, has become a graphic symbol of Venezuelan history, and has immortalized the image of Miranda for generations of Venezuelans. Arturo Michelena ( June 16, 1863 - July 29, 1898) was a Venezuelan painter born in Valencia, Carabobo State
Quotes
Daniel Florencio O'Leary, aide-de-camp to Simón Bolívar, said of Miranda's death:
- "Miranda was a man of the eighteenth century whose genius lay in raising the consciousness and confidence of his fellow Americans. An aide-de-camp ( French for camp assistant) is a personal assistant secretary or Adjutant to a person of high rank usually a senior military officer The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America Although he prided himself on being a soldier, his greatest battles were fought with his pen".
References
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone It cites the following references:
- History of Miranda's Attempt in South America, Biggs, (London, 1809)
- El General Miranda, Marqués de Rojas, (Paris, 1884)
- Miranda dans la révolution française, Marqués de Rojas, (Carácas, 1889)
- Francisco de Miranda and the Revolutionizing of Spanish America, W. S. Robertson, (Washington, 1909)
References
- ^ Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 5, No. 31, May, 1860
External links
- History Text Archive: Francisco de Miranda
- Another statue: by Lorenzo Gonzalez (1977) in Philadelphia
- An 1860 account of the Leander affair http://www.fullbooks.com/Atlantic-Monthly-Vol-5-No-31-May-18603.html
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