| Francis I | |
| King of France, Count of Provence (more...) | |
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| Reign | 1 January 1515 – 31 March 1547 |
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| Coronation | 25 January 1515, Reims |
| Full name | called "the Father and Restorer of Letters" (le Père et Restaurateur des Lettres) |
| Titles | Count of Angoulême (1496 – 1515) Duke of Valois (1498 – 1515) Jure uxoris Duke of Brittany (1514 – 1524) Dauphin of Viennois: As King of France (1 January 1515 – 28 September 1518) |
| Born | 12 September 1494 |
| Birthplace | Cognac, Charente, France |
| Died | 31 March 1547 (aged 52) |
| Place of death | Château de Rambouillet |
| Buried | Saint Denis Basilica, France |
| Predecessor | Louis XII |
| Successor | Henry II |
| Consort | Claude of France (1499 – 1524) Eleanor of Habsburg (1498 – 1558) |
| Issue | François, Dauphin of France (1518 – 1536) Henry II (1519 – 1559) Madeleine, Queen of Scotland (1520 – 1537) Charles, Duke of Orléans (1522 – 1545) Margaret, Duchess of Savoy (1523 – 1574) |
| Royal House | Valois Dynasty |
| Father | Charles, Count of Angoulême (1459 – 1496) |
| Mother | Louise of Savoy (1476 – 1531) |
Francis I (French: François Ier) (September 12, 1494 – March 31, 1547), was crowned King of France in 1515 in the cathedral at Reims and reigned until 1547. The precise style of French Sovereigns varied over the years Currently there is no French sovereign three distinct traditions (the Legitimist the Orleanist and the New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Reims (alternative English spelling Rheims; riːmz in English and /ʁɛ̃s/ in French) is a city of the Champagne-Ardenne région of northern Angoulême ( Angoumois) in western France was part of the Carolingian empire as the kingdom of Aquitaine. The Valois, originally Val d'Ois, was a region in the valley of the Oise river in modern Picardy. Jure uxoris is a Latin term that means "by right of the wife The Counts of Albon ( Comtes d'Albon) were minor French nobles in south-eastern France in the Rhône Alps region New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the Cognac is a commune in the French département of Charente, of which it is a sub-prefecture. Charente ( Saintongeais: Chérente, Occitan: T'Charanto) is a department in western France named after the Charente This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor The château de Rambouillet is a palace in the town of Rambouillet, Yvelines department, France 50 km (30 miles southwest of Paris. The Basilica of Saint Denis ( French: Basilique de Saint-Denis, or simply Basilique Saint-Denis) is the burial site of almost all the French This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Louis XII ( June 27, 1462 – January 1, 1515) called "the Father of the People" (Le Père du Peuple was the thirty-fifth king Henry II (Henri II (31 March 1519 &ndash 10 July 1559 of the House of Valois and the son and successor of Francis I, was King of France from 31 Henry II (Henri II (31 March 1519 &ndash 10 July 1559 of the House of Valois and the son and successor of Francis I, was King of France from 31 Madeleine de Valois ( August 10, 1520 &ndash July 7, 1537) was a princess of France and Queen consort of James Charles d'Angouleme Duc d'Orleans, ( January 22, 1522 &ndash September 9, 1545) was the 3rd son of King Francis I of France and Margaret of France Duchess of Berry ( June 5, 1523 &ndash September 14, 1574) was the daughter of Francis I King of France See also France in the Middle Ages, Early Modern France Unexpected inheritance The Capetian dynasty seemed secure both during and Charles of Orléans Count of Angoulême ( French: Charles d'Orléans Comte d'Angoulême) (1459 &ndash 1 January 1496) was a member of the French Louise of Savoy ( September 11, 1476 &ndash September 22, 1531) was the mother of Francis I of France. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Reims (alternative English spelling Rheims; riːmz in English and /ʁɛ̃s/ in French) is a city of the Champagne-Ardenne région of northern
Francis I is considered to be France's first Renaissance monarch. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere His reign saw France make immense cultural advances. He was a contemporary of King Henry VIII of England and of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, his great rivals. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was
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Early life
Francis I was born at Cognac, Charente, the son of Charles d'Angoulême (1459 – January 1, 1496), and of Louise of Savoy (September 11, 1476 – September 22, 1531). Cognac is a commune in the French département of Charente, of which it is a sub-prefecture. Charente ( Saintongeais: Chérente, Occitan: T'Charanto) is a department in western France named after the Charente Charles of Orléans Count of Angoulême ( French: Charles d'Orléans Comte d'Angoulême) (1459 &ndash 1 January 1496) was a member of the French New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Louise of Savoy ( September 11, 1476 &ndash September 22, 1531) was the mother of Francis I of France. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians His father, Charles d'Angoulême, was the cousin of King Louis XII. Louis XII ( June 27, 1462 – January 1, 1515) called "the Father of the People" (Le Père du Peuple was the thirty-fifth king In 1498, the four-year-old Francis, already Count of Angoulême, was created Duke of Valois. Angoulême ( Angoumois) in western France was part of the Carolingian empire as the kingdom of Aquitaine. The Valois, originally Val d'Ois, was a region in the valley of the Oise river in modern Picardy. He was the heir presumptive of Louis XII, who did not succeed in siring sons with any of his three wives. An heir presumptive is the person provisionally scheduled to inherit a throne peerage or other hereditary honor but whose position can be displaced by the birth of an Heir apparent Young Francis was, by instigation of King Louis, in 1506 betrothed and on 18 May 1514 married, to Claude of France (1499-1524), the daughter of Louis XII and Anne of Brittany and heiress of Brittany. Anne of Brittany ( 25 January, 1477 &ndash 9 January, 1514) also known as Anna of Brittany ( Anne de Bretagne; Because of the Salic Law that stated that women could not inherit the throne of France, the throne passed to Francis I at the death of Louis XII, as he was the descendant of the eldest surviving male line of the Capetian Dynasty. Salic law ( Lat Lex Salica) was an important body of traditional Law codified for governing the Salian Franks in the Early Middle Ages Louis XII ( June 27, 1462 – January 1, 1515) called "the Father of the People" (Le Père du Peuple was the thirty-fifth king For the Direct Capetians, who ruled France 987&ndash1328 see the House of Capet. Claude of France became queen consort. A queen consort is the title given to the wife of a reigning king.
When young Francis ascended the throne in 1515, he was already a king with unprecedented humanist credentials. Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal While his two predecessors, Charles VIII and Louis XII, had spent much of their reigns concerned with Italy they did not much embrace the new intellectual movements coming out of it. Charles VIII, called the Affable (l'Affable 30 June 1470 &ndash 7 April 1498 was King of France from 1483 to his death Louis XII ( June 27, 1462 – January 1, 1515) called "the Father of the People" (Le Père du Peuple was the thirty-fifth king Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Both monarchs continued in the same patterns of behavior that had dominated the French monarchy for centuries. They are considered the last of the medieval French monarchs, but they did lay the groundwork for the Renaissance to come into full swing in France.
Contact between the French and Italians in the long running series of wars under Charles and Louis had brought new ideas to France by the time the young Francis was receiving his education. Thus a number of his tutors, such as Desmoulins, his Latin instructor, and Christophe de Longueil were schooled in the new ways of thinking and they attempted to imbue Francis with it. Christophe de Longueil (1490 – September 11, 1522) was a Belgian Humanist. Francis's mother also had a great interest in Renaissance art, which she passed down to her son. One certainly cannot say that Francis received a humanist education; most of his teachers had not yet been affected by the Renaissance. One can, however, state that he clearly received an education more oriented towards humanism than any previous French king.
Kingship
Patron of the Arts
By the time Francis ascended the throne in 1515 the Renaissance had clearly arrived in France, and Francis was an important supporter of the change. Francis became a major patron of the arts. He lent his support to many of the greatest artists of his time and encouraged them to come to France. Some did work for him, including such greats as Andrea del Sarto, and Leonardo da Vinci, whom Francis convinced to leave Italy in the last part of his life. Andrea del Sarto (1486 &ndash 1531 was an Italian painter from Florence, whose career flourished during the High Renaissance and early- Mannerism Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( April 15 1452 – May 2 1519 was an Italian Polymath, having been a scientist Mathematician, Engineer While Leonardo did little painting in his years in France, he brought with him many of his great works, such as the Mona Lisa, and these stayed in France upon his death. Mona Lisa (also known as La Gioconda) is a 16th century portrait painted in oil on a Poplar panel by
Other major artists whom Francis employed include the goldsmith Benvenuto Cellini, and the painters Rosso, Romano and Primaticcio, all of whom were heavily employed in decorating Francis's various palaces and exceedingly loyal. Benvenuto Cellini Rosso is the major city of south-western Mauritania and capital of Trarza region Giulio Romano (c 1499 &ndash November 1, 1546) was an Italian painter and architect. Francesco Primaticcio ( April 30, 1504 &ndash 1570 was an Italian Mannerist painter, Architect and sculptor Francis employed a number of agents in Italy who endeavoured to procure artworks by Italian masters such as Michelangelo, Titian, and Raphael and ship them to France. Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni Two biographies were published of him during his lifetime One of them by Giorgio Vasari, proposed that he was the pinnacle of all Tiziano Vecelli or Tiziano Vecellio (c 1485 &ndash August 27 1576 better known as Titian, was the leading painter of the 16th-century Venetian Raphael Sanzio, usually known by his first name alone (in Italian Raffaello) (April 6 or March 28 1483 – April 6 1520 was an Italian painter and These agents had some notable successes, even if plans to try to move Leonardo's Last Supper to France proved impractical. The Last Supper (Il Cenacolo or L'Ultima Cena) is a 15th century Mural painting in Milan created by Leonardo da Vinci for his patron When Francis ascended the throne the royal palaces were decorated with only a scattering of great paintings, and not a single piece of sculpture either ancient or modern. It is during Francis' reign that the magnificent art collection of the French kings that can still be seen in the Louvre was truly begun. The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France
Man of letters
Francis was also renowned as a man of letters. See also France in the Middle Ages, Early Modern France Unexpected inheritance The Capetian dynasty seemed secure both during and Henry II (Henri II (31 March 1519 &ndash 10 July 1559 of the House of Valois and the son and successor of Francis I, was King of France from 31 Madeleine de Valois ( August 10, 1520 &ndash July 7, 1537) was a princess of France and Queen consort of James Charles d'Angouleme Duc d'Orleans, ( January 22, 1522 &ndash September 9, 1545) was the 3rd son of King Francis I of France and Margaret of France Duchess of Berry ( June 5, 1523 &ndash September 14, 1574) was the daughter of Francis I King of France Henry II (Henri II (31 March 1519 &ndash 10 July 1559 of the House of Valois and the son and successor of Francis I, was King of France from 31 Francis II (François II (19 January 1544 &ndash 5 December 1560 King-consort of Scotland (1558&ndash1560 and King of France (1559 &ndash 1560 was born Élisabeth of Valois ( April 2 1545 &ndash October 3 1568) was the eldest daughter of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Charles IX (27 June 1550 &ndash 30 May 1574 born Charles-Maximilien, was King of France, ruling from 1560 until his death Henry III of France (Henri III Henryk ( September 19 1551 – August 2, 1589) Marguerite de Valois ( May 14, 1553 &ndash May 27, 1615) " Queen Margot " ( La reine Margot) was Queen of Hercule François Duke of Anjou and Alençon, often simply referred to as "the Duke of Alençon" ( March 18, 1555 &ndash June 19 Joan of Valois and her twin sister Victoria of Valois were the last children born to King Henri II of France and his wife Catherine de' Medici. Victoria of Valois ( 24 June, 1556 &ndash August 1556 and her twin sister Joan of Valois) were the last children born to King Henri II of France Francis II (François II (19 January 1544 &ndash 5 December 1560 King-consort of Scotland (1558&ndash1560 and King of France (1559 &ndash 1560 was born Charles IX (27 June 1550 &ndash 30 May 1574 born Charles-Maximilien, was King of France, ruling from 1560 until his death Henry III of France (Henri III Henryk ( September 19 1551 – August 2, 1589) An intellectual (from the adjective meaning "involving thought and reason" is a person who tries to use his or her Intelligence and analytical thinking, When Francis comes up in a conversation among characters in Castiglione's Book of the Courtier, it is as the great hope to bring culture to the war-obsessed French nation. Baldasare Castiglione, count of Novellata ( December 15, 1478 &ndash February 28, 1529) was an Italian Courtier, The Book of the Courtier (Il Cortegiano was written by Baldassare Castiglione over the course of many years beginning in 1508 and published in 1528 just Not only did Francis support a number of major writers of the period, he was a poet himself, if not one of immense quality. Francis worked hard at improving the royal library. He appointed the great French humanist Guillaume Budé as chief librarian, and began to expand the collection. Francis employed agents in Italy looking for rare books and manuscripts, just as he had looking for art works. During his reign the size of the library increased greatly. Not only did Francis expand the library, there is also, according to Knecht, evidence that he read the books he bought for it, a much rarer feat in the royal annals. Francis set an important precedent by opening his library to scholars from around the world in order to facilitate the diffusion of knowledge.
In 1537, Francis signed the Ordonnance de Montpellier, decreeing that his library be given a copy of every book to be sold in France. The Ordonnance de Montpellier, signed on December 28, 1537 by Francis I of France, established the first Legal deposit system
Francis's older sister, Marguerite (1492 – 1549), Queen of Navarre, was also an accomplished writer, producing the classic, Heptameron. Marguerite de Navarre ( April 11, 1492 &ndash December 21, 1549) also known as Marguerite of Angouleme and Margaret The Heptameron is a collection of 72 short stories written in French by Marguerite of Navarre (1492-1549
Construction
| Monarchical Styles of King Francis I Par la grâce de Dieu, Roi de France |
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| Reference style | His Most Christian Majesty |
| Spoken style | Your Most Christian Majesty |
| Alternative style | Monsieur Le Roi |
Francis poured vast amounts of money into new structures. A style of office, or honorific, is a term which by Tradition or Law precedes a reference to a person who holds a post or Title, or to the List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below He continued the work of his predecessors on the Château d'Amboise and also started renovations on the Château de Blois. The royal Château at Amboise is a Château located in Amboise, in the Indre-et-Loire département of the Loire Valley The Royal Château de Blois is located in the Loir-et-Cher département in the Loire Valley, in France. Early in his reign, he also began construction of the magnificent Château de Chambord, inspired by the styles of the Italian renaissance, and perhaps even designed by Leonardo. The royal Château de Chambord at Chambord, Loir-et-Cher, France is one of the most recognizable Châteaux in the world because of its very Francis rebuilt the Louvre, transforming it from a medieval fortress into a building of Renaissance splendour. The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France He financed the building of a new City Hall (Hôtel de Ville) for Paris in order to have control over the building's design. The Hôtel de Ville ( French for " City Hall " in Paris, France, is the building housing the City of Paris's administration He constructed the Château de Madrid and rebuilt the Château de St-Germain-en-Laye. The Château de Madrid was a significant Renaissance building in France. For treaties with this name see Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (disambiguation Saint-Germain-en-Laye is a commune in the western The largest of Francis's building projects was the reconstruction and expansion of the royal château of Fontainebleau, which quickly became his favourite place of residence, as well as the residence of his official mistress - Anne, duchess of Etampes. The Palace of Fontainebleau, located 345 miles from the centre of Paris, is one of the largest French royal Châteaux The palace as it is today is the work of many Each of Francis's projects was luxuriously decorated both inside and outside. Fontainebleau, for instance, had a gushing fountain in its courtyard where quantities of wine were mixed with the water.
Military action
Militarily and politically, Francis's reign was less successful; he tried and failed to become Holy Roman Emperor, and pursued a series of wars in Italy. The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states (See Italian Wars. ) Francis managed to defeat the Swiss at Marignano in 1515, which enabled him to capture the Italian city-state of Milan. The Battle of Marignano was a battle fought during the phase of the Italian Wars (1494&ndash1559 called the War of the League of Cambrai, that took place on
Much of the military activity of Francis's reign was focused on his sworn enemy, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was In addition to the Holy Roman Empire, Charles personally ruled Spain, Austria and a number of smaller possessions neighboring France, and was thus a threat to Francis's kingdom. Francis attempted to arrange an alliance with Henry VIII of England. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of The negotiations took place at the famous Field of the Cloth of Gold of 1520, but ultimately failed. The Field of Cloth of Gold, also known as the Field of Golden Cloth ( French: Le Camp du Drap d'Or) is the name given to a place in Balinghem Francis's most devastating defeat occurred at the Battle of Pavia (1525), where he was captured by Charles: Cesare Hercolani hurt his horse and Francis was captured by Spaniards Juan de Urbieta, Diego Dávila and Alonso Pita. Cesare Hercolani (1499 - 1534 was an Italian condottiere, or mercenary leader Alonso Pita da Veiga, born in Ferrol in 15th century Galicia, Spain, was the most remarkable young officer of the Spanish Tercios For this reason, Hercolani was named "victor of the battle of Pavia". Cesare Hercolani (1499 - 1534 was an Italian condottiere, or mercenary leader The famous Zuppa alla Pavese, now a renowned recipe was said to have been invented on the spot to feed the captive king right after the battle. Francis was held captive in Madrid and forced to make major concessions to Charles before he was freed. Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. Upon his return to France, however, Francis argued that his agreement with Charles was made under duress, and also claimed that the agreement was void, as his sons had still been taken hostage suggesting his word alone was not trusted, and he repudiated it. For English law on the criminal defence see Duress in English law.
In a watershed moment in European diplomacy, Francis came to an understanding with the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish No formal treaties with the 'infidel empire' were signed, but high-level meetings between the two powers caused them to collude against Charles V, and in 1543 the two powers even combined for a joint naval assault on Nice.
The New World
In 1524, Francis assisted the citizens of Lyon in financing the expedition of Giovanni da Verrazzano to North America; on this expedition, Verrazzano claimed Newfoundland for the French crown. ||-||} Lyon, also known as Lyons in English is a city in east-central France. Giovanni da Verrazzano (c 1485 &ndash c 1528 was an Italian Explorer of North America, in the service of the French crown. Newfoundland — ˈn(jufənˌlænd (Terre-Neuve Talamh an Éisc — is a large island 15 km off the east coast of In 1534, Francis sent Jacques Cartier to explore the St. Lawrence River in Quebec to find certaines îles et pays où l'on dit qu'il se doit trouver grande quantité d'or et autres riches choses ("certain islands and lands where it is said there must be great quantities of gold and other riches"). Jacques Cartier (December 31 1491&ndashSeptember 1 1557 was a French explorer who claimed what is now Canada for France Saint Lawrence River (in French: fleuve Saint-Laurent; Kahnawáˀkye in Tuscarora, Kaniatarowanenneh meaning big waterway Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk In 1541, Francis sent Jean-François de la Roque de Roberval to settle Canada and to provide for the spread of "the Holy Catholic faith. "
Bureaucratic reform
In 1539, in his castle in Villers-Cotterêts, Francis signed the edict which made French the administrative language of the kingdom, replacing Latin. Villers-Cotterêts is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardie in northern France. The Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts is an extensive piece of reform Legislation signed into law by Francis I of France on August 10, French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. This same edict required priests to register births, marriages and deaths and to establish a registry office in every parish. This established the first records of vital statistics with filiations available in Europe.
Religion
It was during Francis's reign that divisions in the Christian religion in Western Europe erupted. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Martin Luther's denouncing corruption and self-indulgence in the Roman Catholic Church led to the formation of the Protestant movement which spread through much of Europe, including France. Martin Luther (November 10 1483 February 18 1546 was a German Monk, theologian, university professor Father of Protestantism, and church reformer Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation.
Initially, under the influence of his beloved sister Marguerite de Navarre, Francis was relatively tolerant of the new movement, and even considered it politically useful, as it caused many German princes to turn against his enemy, Charles V. Marguerite de Navarre ( April 11, 1492 &ndash December 21, 1549) also known as Marguerite of Angouleme and Margaret However, Francis's attitude toward Protestantism changed following the "Affair of the Placards", on the night of October 17, 1534, in which notices appeared on the streets of Paris and other major cities denouncing the Papal Mass. The Affair of the Placards (Affaire des Placards was an incident in which anti-Catholic posters appeared in public places in Paris and in four major provincial cities Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost A Papal Mass is the Solemn Pontifical High Mass when celebrated by the Pope. A notice was even posted on the door to the king's room, and, it is said, the box in which he kept his handkerchief. Antoine Marcourt, a Protestant pastor, was responsible for the notices. A pastor is an official person within a Protestant group of people and related to the positions of Priest or Bishop within the Anglican, Roman Catholic
The most fervent Catholics were outraged by the notice's allegations. Francis himself came to view the movement as a plot against him, and began to persecute its followers. Protestants were jailed and executed. In some areas whole villages were destroyed. Printing was censored and leading Protestants like John Calvin forced into exile. Printing is a process for reproducing text and image typically with ink on Paper using a printing press John Calvin (or Jean Calvin) (10 July 1509 – 27 May 1564 was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and The persecutions soon numbered tens of thousands of homeless people.
Francis died in 1547. It is said that "he died complaining about the weight of a crown that he had first perceived as a gift from God".
Legacy
Francis's legacy is generally considered a mixed one. He achieved great cultural feats, but they came at the expense of France's economic well being.
The persecution of the Protestants was to lead France into decades of civil war, which did not end until 1598 with the Edict of Nantes. The French Wars of Religion (1562 to 1598 between French Catholics and Protestants ( Huguenots involved both civil infighting The Edict of Nantes was issued on April 13, 1598 by Henry IV of France to grant the Calvinist Protestants of
Francis died at the Château de Rambouillet on his son and heir's 28th birthday, and is interred with his first wife, Claude de France, Duchess of Bretagne, in Saint Denis Basilica. The château de Rambouillet is a palace in the town of Rambouillet, Yvelines department, France 50 km (30 miles southwest of Paris. The Basilica of Saint Denis ( French: Basilique de Saint-Denis, or simply Basilique Saint-Denis) is the burial site of almost all the French He was succeeded by his son, Henry II. Henry II (Henri II (31 March 1519 &ndash 10 July 1559 of the House of Valois and the son and successor of Francis I, was King of France from 31
Marriage and Issue
One alleged out-of-wedlock issue, Henri de la Rue.
On May 18, 1514, Francis married Claude, Princess of France (October 13, 1499 – July 20, 1524), who was the daughter of Louis XII, King of France and Anne, Duchess of Brittany. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Louis XII ( June 27, 1462 – January 1, 1515) called "the Father of the People" (Le Père du Peuple was the thirty-fifth king Anne of Brittany ( 25 January, 1477 &ndash 9 January, 1514) also known as Anna of Brittany ( Anne de Bretagne; The couple had seven children:
| Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Louise, Princess of France | August 19, 1515 | September 21, 1517 | Died young. Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Had no issue. |
| Charlotte, Princess of France | October 23, 1516 | September 8, 1524 | Died young. Charlotte of Valois ( October 23, 1516 &ndash September 18, 1524) was a princess of France the second daughter of Francis I of France Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz Had no issue. |
| Francis, Dauphin of France | February 28, 1518 | August 10, 1536 | Died young. Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire Had no issue. |
| Henry II, King of France | March 31, 1519 | July 10, 1559 | Married Catherine de' Medici (1519 - 1589) in 1533. Henry II (Henri II (31 March 1519 &ndash 10 July 1559 of the House of Valois and the son and successor of Francis I, was King of France from 31 Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia. Catherine de' Medici (April 13 1519 &ndash January 5 1589 was born in Florence, Italy as Caterina Maria Romula di Lorenzo de' Medici. Had issue. |
| Madeleine, Princess of France]] | August 10, 1520 | July 2, 1537 | Married James V, King of Scotland (1512 - 1542) in 1537. Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival James V (10 April 1512 &ndash 14 December 1542 was King of Scots from 9 September 1513 until his death Had no issue. |
| Charles of Valois, Duke of Orleans | January 22, 1522 | September 9, 1545 | Died young. Charles d'Angouleme Duc d'Orleans, ( January 22, 1522 &ndash September 9, 1545) was the 3rd son of King Francis I of France and Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Had no issue. |
| Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry | June 5, 1523 | September 14, 1574 | Married Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy (1528 - 1580) in 1559. Margaret of France Duchess of Berry ( June 5, 1523 &ndash September 14, 1574) was the daughter of Francis I King of France Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Emmanuel Philibert (in Italian Emanuele Filiberto; 8 July 1528 &ndash 30 August 1580) was Duke of Savoy Had issue. |
On August 7, 1530, Francis I married his second wife Eleanor of Austria. Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. The couple had no children. During his reign, Francis kept two official mistresses at court. The first was Françoise de Foix, Comtesse de Châteaubriand. Françoise de Foix Comtesse de Châteaubriant (c 1495 &ndash October 16 1537) was a mistress of Francis I of France. In 1526, she was replaced by the blonde-haired, cultured Anne de Pisseleu d'Heilly, Duchesse d'Étampes who wielded far more political power at court than her predecessor had done. Anne de Pisseleu d'Heilly, duchesse d'Étampes (1508 &ndash 1580 Mistress of Francis I of France, was a daughter of Guillaume de Pisseleu a nobleman of Picardy Another of his earlier mistresses, was allegedly Mary Boleyn, mistress of King Henry VIII and sister of Henry's future wife, Anne Boleyn. Mary Boleyn (c 1499/1500&ndash July 19 1543) was a member of the Boleyn family which enjoyed considerable influence during the reign of Henry VIII Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Anne Boleyn (1501 or 1507 – 19 May 1536 was the Queen of England as the second wife of Henry VIII of England. [1]
Ancestors
Francis's ancestors in three generations
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Louis I, Duke of Orléans | |||||
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John, Count of Angoulême |
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Valentina Visconti | |||||||
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Charles, Count of Angoulême |
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Alain IX of Rohan | |||||||
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Marguerite de Rohan |
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Marguerite of Brittany | |||||||
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| Francis I of France |
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Louis, Duke of Savoy | |||||||
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Philip II, Duke of Savoy |
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Anne of Cyprus | |||||||
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Louise of Savoy |
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Charles I, Duke of Bourbon | |||||||
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Margaret of Bourbon |
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Agnes of Burgundy | |||||||
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Francis I in fiction
The amorous exploits of Francis inspired the 1832 play by Fanny Kemble (1809-1893} Francis the First and the 1832 play by Victor Hugo (1802-1885), Le Roi s'amuse ("The King's Amusement") featuring the jester Triboulet, which later inspired the opera of Giuseppe Verdi (1813 – 1901), Rigoletto. Louis of Valois ( March 13 1372 &ndash November 23 1407) was Duke of Orléans from 1392 to his death John of Orléans Count of Angoulême and of Périgord ( French: Jean d'Orléans comte d'Angoulême) 1399 &ndash 30 April 1467, younger son Valentina Visconti (died December 4, 1408) was the wife of Louis de Valois Duke of Orléans, a younger brother of Charles VI of France. Charles of Orléans Count of Angoulême ( French: Charles d'Orléans Comte d'Angoulême) (1459 &ndash 1 January 1496) was a member of the French Louis I ( Ludovico I or Lodovico I in Italian) ( Geneva, February 21, 1402 /1413 &ndash Lyon, January Philip II ( February 5 1438 &ndash November 7 1497) surnamed the Landless was the Duke of Savoy for the brief reign from Anne of Cyprus (or Anne de Lusignan) ( September 24 1418 &ndash November 11 1462) was the daughter of Janus of Cyprus and Louise of Savoy ( September 11, 1476 &ndash September 22, 1531) was the mother of Francis I of France. Charles I of Bourbon (1401&ndash 4 December, 1456, Château de Moulins) was Count of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis from 1424 and Duke Margaret of Bourbon (1438-1483 was the daughter of Charles I Duke of Bourbon (1401-1456 and Agnes of Burgundy (1407-1476 who was the daughter of John the Agnes of Burgundy ( 1407 - December 1 1476) was the daughter of John the Fearless (1371-1419 and Margaret of Bavaria. Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian This article refers an actress For other uses of the proper noun Kemble see the disambiguation page entitled Kemble. Year 1809 ( MDCCCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1893 ( MDCCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Victor-Marie Hugo ( ( February 26, 1802 – May 22, 1885) was a French Poet, Playwright, Novelist Year 1802 ( MDCCCII) was a Common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Le roi s'amuse is a play written by Victor Hugo in 1832. While it depicts the escapades of Francis I of France, censors of the time believed Triboulet (1479 &ndash 1536 was a microcephalic Jester of kings Louis XII and Francis I of France. Year 1813 ( MDCCCXIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Rigoletto is an Opera in three acts by Giuseppe Verdi. The Italian Libretto was written by Francesco Maria Piave based
Francis was first played in a George Méliès movie by an unknown actor in 1907, and has also been played by Claude Garry (1910), Aimé Simon-Girard (1937), Sacha Guitry (1937), Gérard Oury (1953), Jean Marais (1955), Pedro Armendáriz (1956), Claude Titre (1962), Bernard Pierre Donnadieu (1990), Timothy West (1998). Georges Méliès ( December 8, 1861 &ndash January 21, 1938) full name Marie-Georges-Jean Méliès, was a French Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Aimé Simon-Girard ( March 20 1889 - June 15 1950) in Paris, France was a French Film actor. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Sacha Guitry ( 21 February 1885 &ndash 24 July 1957) was a French film actor director screenwriter and playwright Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Gérard Oury ( 29 April 1919, Paris – 20 July 2006, Saint-Tropez) was a French actor writer and producer Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Pedro Armendáriz ( May 9 1912 &ndash June 18 1963) was a Mexican Actor of the Cinema of Mexico and Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Timothy West CBE (born 20 October 1934) is an English film stage and television Actor. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar)
Francis receives a mention in a minor story in Laurence Sterne's novel Tristram Shandy. The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy Gentleman (or more briefly Tristram Shandy) is a novel by Laurence Sterne. The narrator claims that the king, wishing to win the favour of Switzerland, offers to the make the country the godmother of his son. When, however, their choice of name conflicts declares war. He's also mentioned in Jean de la Brète's novel Reine - Mon oncle et mon curé, where the main character Reine de Lavalle idolizes him after reading his biography, much to the dismay of the local priest. He often receives mentions in novels on the lives of either of the Boleyn sisters - Mary Boleyn (d. Mary Boleyn (c 1499/1500&ndash July 19 1543) was a member of the Boleyn family which enjoyed considerable influence during the reign of Henry VIII 1543) and her sister, Queen Anne Boleyn (executed 1536), both of whom were for a time educated at his court. Anne Boleyn (1501 or 1507 – 19 May 1536 was the Queen of England as the second wife of Henry VIII of England. Mary had, according to several accounts, been Francis's one-time mistress and Anne had been a favourite of his sister: the novels The Lady in the Tower, The Other Boleyn Girl, The Last Boleyn, Dear Heart, How Like You This? and Mademoiselle Boleyn feature Francis in their story. The Other Boleyn Girl is a Historical fiction novel written by British author Philippa Gregory, based on the life of 16th-century aristocrat Mary Boleyn He has also featured as a recurring character in the Showtime series The Tudors, opposite Jonathan Rhys Meyers as Henry VIII and Natalie Dormer as Anne Boleyn. Jonathan Rhys Meyers (born Jonathan Michael Francis O’Keeffe; 27 July 1977) is an Irish Film and Television Actor Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Natalie Dormer (born 11 February 1982 in Reading Berkshire, England, UK) is an English actress Anne Boleyn (1501 or 1507 – 19 May 1536 was the Queen of England as the second wife of Henry VIII of England. Francis is played by French actor, Emmanuel Leconte. Emmanuel Leconte (born 11 October, 1982 Paris, France) is a French actor best known for his role as King Francis I in the television
Samuel Shellabarger's novel The King's Cavalier describes Francis the man, and the cultural and political circumstances of his reign, in some detail. Samuel Shellabarger (1888 - 1954 was an American educator and author of both scholarly works and best-selling historical novels
References
- Clough, C. H. , "Francis I and the Courtiers of Castiglione’s Courtier. " European Studies Review. vol viii, 1978.
- Denieul-Cormier, Anne. The Renaissance in France. trans. Anne and Christopher Fremantle. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd. , 1969.
- Grant, A. J. The French Monarchy, Volume I. New York: Howard Fertig, 1970.
- Guy, John. Tudor England. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
- Jensen, De Lamar. Renaissance Europe. Lexington: D. C. Heath and Company, 1992.
- Knecht, R. J. Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
- Major, J. Russell. From Renaissance Monarchy to Absolute Monarchy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994.
- Seward, Desmond. François I: Prince of the Renaissance. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co. , 1973.
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Francis I of France
Cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty
Born: 12 September 1494 Died: 31 March 1547 |
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| French nobility | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Charles |
Count of Angoulême 1 January 1496 – 1 January 1515 |
Succeeded by Merged into Royal Domain (Louise of Savoy as Duchess of Angoulême) |
| Preceded by New creation (Louis) |
Duke of Valois 1498 – 1 January 1515 |
Succeeded by Merged into Royal Domain (eventually Margaret) |
| Regnal titles | ||
| Preceded by Louis XII of France |
King of France 1 January 1515 – 31 March 1547 |
Succeeded by Henry II of France |
| Count of Provence and Forcalquier as 'Francis I' 1 January 1515 – 31 March 1547 |
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| Duke of Brittany by marriage with Claude of Brittany as 'Francis III' 18 May 1514–20 July 1524 |
Succeeded by Catherine de' Medici |
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| Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois as 'Francis III of Viennois' 1 January 1515 – 28 September 1518 |
Succeeded by Francis IV |
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| Preceded by Maximilian Sforza |
Duke of Milan 1515–1521 |
Succeeded by Francesco II Sforza |
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