| Francis Bitter | |
| Born | 22 July 1902 Weehawken Township, New Jersey |
|---|---|
| Died | 26 July 1967 (aged 65) |
| Nationality |  American |
| Fields | Physics |
| Institutions | Caltech Westinghouse MIT |
| Alma mater | Columbia Berlin |
| Doctoral advisor | Albert Potter Wills |
| Doctoral students | Robert C. Richardson, Jean Brossel, Luke Vano |
| Known for | Bitter electromagnet |
Francis Bitter (July 22, 1902 - July 26, 1967) was an American physicist. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Year 1902 ( MCMII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Weehawken is a township in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. The California Institute of Technology (commonly referred to as Caltech) is a private, Coeducational research university located in Pasadena Founded in 1886 as Westinghouse Electric Company and later renamed Westinghouse Electric Corporation by George Westinghouse. Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement Albert Potter Wills (1873 – 1937 is notable for his work on magnetic materials and also for being the PhD advisor of the Nobel Prize winner Isidor Isaac Rabi A Bitter electromagnet or Bitter solenoid is a type of Electromagnet made of circular Metal plates and insulating spacers stacked in a Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Year 1902 ( MCMII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion.
Bitter invented the Bitter plate used in resistive magnets (also called Bitter electromagnets). A Bitter electromagnet or Bitter solenoid is a type of Electromagnet made of circular Metal plates and insulating spacers stacked in a He is the one who thought of using dust to visualize a magnetic field. In Physics, a magnetic field is a Vector field that permeates space and which can exert a magnetic force on moving Electric charges (Many grade school children put metal filings on a paper with a magnet underneath to help visualize magnetic field lines. See also Primary education An elementary school is an institution where children receive the first stage of Compulsory education known as elementary ) He built the Bitter electromagnet by using stacked copper plates, rather than coiled wire. Previous to this time there was no way to cool the magnets so their power was limited. A magnet (from Greek grc μαγνήτης λίθος " Magnesian stone" is a material or object that produces a Magnetic field.
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Early life
Francis Bitter was born in the Weehawken Township, New Jersey. Weehawken is a township in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. His father, Karl Bitter, was a prominent sculptor. Karl Theodore Francis Bitter ( December 6, 1867 in Vienna &ndash April 9, 1915) was an Austrian born United States
Education and early career
Bitter entered the University of Chicago in 1919, but chose to leave his studies there in 1922 in order to visit Europe. The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. He later transferred to Columbia University and graduated in 1925. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League.
He continued his studies in Berlin from 1925-26 and received a Ph.D. at Columbia in 1928. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. At Columbia, Bitter began his life-long fascination with magnets.
Under a National Research Council fellowship, Bitter studied gases at Caltech with Robert Andrews Millikan, from 1928 to 1930. The National Research Council (NRC of the USA is the working arm of the United States National Academy of Sciences and the United States National Academy of The California Institute of Technology (commonly referred to as Caltech) is a private, Coeducational research university located in Pasadena Robert Andrews Millikan (March 22 1868 – December 19 1953 was an American experimental physicist, and Nobel laureate in physics for his measurement While at Caltech, he married Alice Coomara. She had been a moderately successful singer working under the stage name Ratan Devi.
In 1930, Bitter went to work for Westinghouse, where he worked on various theoretical and applied problems concerning ferromagnetism. Founded in 1886 as Westinghouse Electric Company and later renamed Westinghouse Electric Corporation by George Westinghouse. Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials (such as Iron) form Permanent magnets and/or exhibit strong interactions with Magnets it
With a Guggenheim Fellowship, Bitter travelled to England in 1933 and worked at the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University. Guggenheim Fellowships are American grants that have been awarded annually since 1925 by the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation to those "who The Cavendish Laboratory is the University of Cambridge 's Department of Physics, and is part of the university's School of Physical Sciences The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the There. he worked with Peter Kapitza on pulsed magnetic fields. Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa ( Russian Пётр Леонидович Капица ( July 9, 1894 &ndash April 8, 1984) was an innovative
The following year, Bitter returned to America and his work at Westinghouse. Later in 1934, he joined the faculty at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and continued to consult for Westinghouse.
Career at MIT
Bitter joined the Department of Mining and Metallurgy as an associate professor in 1934. (The department is now known as Materials Science and Engineering. )
While at MIT, he developed the Bitter electromagnet which was/is the most powerful electromagnet design. He established a magnet laboratory in 1938, where he built a solenoid magnet that produced a constant field of 100,000 gauss (10 teslas). The tesla (symbol T) is the SI derived unit of Magnetic field B (which is also known as "magnetic flux density" and "magnetic
He also did work in the first characterization of the Zeeman effect with George Harrison. The Zeeman effect (ˈzeɪmɑːn is the splitting of a Spectral line into several components in the presence of a static Magnetic field.
During the Second World War, Bitter worked for the Naval Bureau of Ordinance. He often travelled to England to work finding out ways to demagnetize German sea mines laid in the English Channel. (It is possible that he worked with Francis Crick, who was researching the same problem. Francis Harry Compton Crick OM FRS (8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004 Ph )
After the War, Bitter returned to MIT and joined the faculty of the physics department. He became a full professor in 1951, and from 1956 to 1960, he served as the associate dean of MIT's school of science. From 1962 to 1965, Bitter was the housemaster of Ashdown House, MIT's graduate dormitory. This is a list of the graduate Dorms at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Legacy
The Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, formerly a national laboratory, in Boston is named in his honor. Cambridge Massachusetts is a City in the Greater Boston area of Massachusetts, United States.
See also
External links
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Bitter, Francis |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | American Physicist |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 22 July 1902 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Weehawken Township, New Jersey |
| DATE OF DEATH | 26 July 1967 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | |
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