The Nuremberg judges, left to right: John Parker, Francis Biddle, Alexander Volchkov, Iona Nikitchenko, Geoffrey Lawrence, Norman Birkett

Francis Beverley Biddle (May 9, 1886 – October 4, 1968) was an American lawyer and judge who was Attorney General of the United States during World War II and who served as the primary American judge during the postwar Nuremberg trials. John Johnston Parker ( November 20, 1885 – March 17, 1958) was a U Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Fedorovich Volchkov (Russian Алекса́ндр Фёдорович Волчко́в was a Judge during the Nuremberg trials Major-General Iona Timofeevich Nikitchenko (Russian Иона Тимофеевич Никитченко ( 1895 - April 22, 1967) was a Judge Geoffrey Lawrence 3rd Baron Trevethin and 1st Baron Oaksey, DSO, TD, KC ( December 2, 1880 - August 28, 1971 Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Year 1886 ( MDCCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A judge, or justice, is an Official who presides over a Court of law The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice (see) concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Nuremberg Trials were a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany after

Biddle was one of four sons of Algernon Biddle, a law professor at the University of Pennsylvania. The University of Pennsylvania (also known as Penn) is a private University located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. He was also the great-great-grandson of Edmund Randolph [1], and a half second cousin four times removed of James Madison [2]. Edmund Jenings Randolph ( August 10, 1753 September 12, 1813) was an American attorney, Governor of Virginia James Madison Jr (March 16 1751 – June 28 1836 was an American Politician, the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817 and one of the Founding He was born in Paris, while his family was living abroad. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city He graduated from the Groton School, where he participated in boxing. Groton School is a private Episcopal, college preparatory Boarding school located in Groton Massachusetts, U He earned degrees from Harvard University in 1909 (A.B.) and a law degree in 1911. A Law degree is the degree conferred on someone who successfully completes studies in law He first worked as a private secretary to Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. He spent the next 27 years practicing law in Philadelphia. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr ( March 8, 1841 &ndash March 6, 1935) was an American Jurist who served on the Supreme In 1912, he supported the presidential candidacy of former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt's renegade Bull Moose Party. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T The United States Progressive Party of 1912 was a political party created by a split in the Republican Party in the presidential election of 1912.

In 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt nominated him to be chairman of the National Labor Relations Board, then four years later, became a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. The National Labor Relations Board (or NLRB) is an Independent agency of the United States Government charged with conducting The United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit is a federal court with Appellate jurisdiction over the district courts for the following He only served one year before leaving to become the United States Solicitor General. The United States Solicitor General is the individual appointed to argue for the Government of the United States in front of the Supreme Court of the United States This also turned out to be a short-lived position when Roosevelt nominated him to the position of Attorney General of the United States in 1941. The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice (see) concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement

Serving in this position throughout most of World War II, Biddle is perhaps best remembered as Attorney General for his actions in directing the Federal Bureau of Investigation arrest of "enemy aliens" on December 7, 1941 as the precursor to Executive Order 9066 which authorized the US Japanese internment camps of the second world war^[1]. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. United States Executive Order 9066 was a presidential executive order issued during World War II by U For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics.

When Roosevelt died, President Harry S Truman asked for Biddle's resignation so Truman could replace him with Tom Clark, one of Truman's poker buddies. Biddle, who wore spats, relates in his memoirs that Truman was quite ill-at-ease. Once Truman got it out, Biddle put his arm around the President and said, "See, Harry, that wasn't so hard. " Shortly after, Truman appointed Biddle as a judge at the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg. The Nuremberg Trials were a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany after

In 1947, he was nominated by Truman as the American representative on the United Nations Economic and Social Council. The Economic and Social Council ( ECOSOC) of the United Nations assists the General Assembly in promoting international economic and social cooperation However, after the Republican Party refused to act on the nomination, Biddle asked Truman to withdraw his name.

In the early 1950s, he was named as chairman of the Americans for Democratic Action, then one decade later, wrote two volumes of memoirs: A Casual Past in 1961 and In Brief Authority the following year. Americans for Democratic Action ( ADA) is an American political organization advocating liberal policies. His final position came as chairman of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Memorial Commission, which he resigned in 1965.

Biddle's writing skills had long been in evidence prior to the release of his memoirs. In 1927, he wrote a novel about Philadelphia society, "The Llanfear Pattern. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə " In 1942, he took advantage of his close association with Oliver Wendell Holmes 30 years earlier with a biography of the jurist, "Mr. Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Justice Holmes," then wrote "Democratic Thinking and the War" two years later. His 1949 book, The World's Best Hope looked at the United States' role in the post-war era.

Biddle was married to the poet Katherine Garrison Chapin. He died of a heart attack in Wellfleet, Massachusetts, on October 4, 1968. Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply Wellfleet is a town in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, United States. Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He had two sons, Edmund Randolph Biddle and Garrison Chapin, and was the subject of the 2004 play Trying by Joanna McClelland Glass, who had served as Biddle's personal secretary from 1967-1968. Joanna McClelland Glass (born 1936 is a Canadian Playwright who currently resides in Naperville Illinois.

Notes

1. ^ See Chronology Of Internment Camps from the University of Central Arkansas Arkansas Memory Project. Robert Houghwout Jackson ( February 13, 1892 &ndash October 9, 1954) was United States Attorney General (1940&ndash1941 and an The United States Solicitor General is the individual appointed to argue for the Government of the United States in front of the Supreme Court of the United States Fred Korematsu. --> Charles Fahy ( August 17, 1892 - September 17, 1979) served as Solicitor General of The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice (see) concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement Thomas Campbell Clark ( September 23, 1899 – June 13, 1977) was United States Attorney General from 1945 to 1949 and an Associate The University of Central Arkansas is a state-run institution located in the city of Conway, the seat of Faulkner County, north of Little Rock and

External links

• Biography with the picture

Judges of the Nuremberg Trials
	Geoffrey Lawrence (president)	Norman Birkett (alternate)
	Francis Biddle (judge)	John Parker (alternate)
	Henri de Vabres (judge)	Robert Falco (alternate)
	Iona Nikitchenko (judge)	Alexander Volchkov (alternate)