Western Philosophy Renaissance philosophy
Sir Francis Bacon
Name	Francis Bacon
Birth	January 22, 1561 (1561-01-22) London, England
Death	April 9, 1626 (aged 65) Highgate, England
School/tradition	Empiricism, materialism. Renaissance philosophy was the period of the History of philosophy in Europe that falls roughly between the Middle Ages and the Enlightenment Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus. The Strand is a street in the City of Westminster, London, England. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Highgate is a suburb of North London on the north-eastern corner of Hampstead Heath. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland In Philosophy, empiricism is a theory of Knowledge which asserts that knowledge arises from Experience. The Philosophy of materialism holds that the only thing that can be truly proven to exist is Matter, and is considered a form of Physicalism.
Influenced by	Democritus, Plato, Alhazen, Roger Bacon
Influenced	Diderot, Hobbes, Spinoza, Hume

Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626) was an English philosopher, statesman, and essayist. Democritus ( Greek:) was a pre-Socratic Greek Materialist Philosopher (born at Abdera in Thrace ca Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Arabic: ابو علی، حسن بن حسن بن هيثم Latinized For the Nova Scotia premier see Roger Bacon (politician. Roger Bacon, O Denis Diderot ( October 5, 1713 – July 31, 1784) was a French Philosopher and writer Thomas Hobbes (born 5 April 1588died 4 December 1679 was an English philosopher, whose famous 1651 book Leviathan established the foundation Baruch or Benedict de Spinoza (ברוך שפינוזה Bento de Espinosa Benedictus de Spinoza ( November 24, 1632 – February 21, David Hume (26 April 1711 25 August 1776 Scottish Philosopher, Economist, and Historian is an important figure in Western philosophy Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language A statesman or stateswoman or statesperson is usually a Politician or other notable figure of State who has had a long and respected career in This article is an abbreviated list of Essayists - individuals notable for writing essays on various topics He is also known as a proponent of the scientific revolution. The period which many historians of science call the Scientific Revolution can be roughly dated as having begun in 1543 the year in which Nicolaus Copernicus published Bacon was knighted in 1603, created Baron Verulam in 1618, and created Viscount St Alban in 1621; without heirs, both peerages became extinct upon his death. The Peerage is a system of Titles of Nobility in the United Kingdom, part of the British honours system.

Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 Career 1.3 Personal relationships 1.4 Death 2 Works 2.1 Bacon's Utopia 2.2 Baconian Philosophy 2.3 Influences up to the present 3 Controversies 3.1 Parentage theories 3.2 Bacon and Shakespeare 3.3 Secret societies 4 Timeline 5 References 5.1 See also 5.2 Notes 5.3 External links

Biography

Early life

Francis Bacon was born at York House on the Strand in London. York House in the Strand in London was one of a string of mansions which once stood along the route from the City of London to the royal court at Westminster The Strand is a street in the City of Westminster, London, England. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. ^[1] He was raised as an English gentleman. He was the youngest of five sons of Sir Nicholas Bacon, Lord Keeper of the Great Seal under Elizabeth I. Nicholas Bacon may refer to Nicholas Bacon (courtier, (1510 – 1579 English politician during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I Lord Keeper of the Great Seal The Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of England, and later of Great Britain, was formerly an officer of the English Crown charged with physical custody of the Great His mother, Ann Cooke, was Sir Nicholas's second wife. Lady Anne Bacon Coke (born c 1528 Essex England – died 1610, England was an English gentlewoman and scholar She was a daughter of Sir Anthony Cooke and a member of the Reformed Puritan Church. Sir Anthony Cooke (1504 &ndash 11 June 1576) was an eminent English scholar who became tutor to Edward VI. A Puritan of 16th and 17th century England was an associate of any number of religious groups advocating for more "purity" of Worship and Doctrine, His (maternal) aunt married William Cecil (Lord Burghley), the chief advisor of Queen Elizabeth I. Lord Burghley redirects here For other holders of the title see Baron Burghley William Cecil 1st Baron Burghley (13 September 1520 &ndash

Biographers believe that Bacon received an education at home in his early years owing to poor health, which plagued him throughout his life. He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1573 at the age of twelve, living for three years there with his older brother Anthony. Trinity College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England.

At Cambridge he met the Queen, who was impressed by his precocious intellect, and was accustomed to calling him "the young Lord Keeper".

His studies brought him to the belief that the methods and results of science as then practiced were erroneous. His reverence for Aristotle conflicted with his loathing of Aristotelian philosophy, which seemed to him barren, disputatious, and wrong in its objectives. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.

On 27 June 1576, he and Anthony entered de societate magistrorum at Gray's Inn. Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden The Honourable Society of Gray's Inn is one of the four Inns of Court around the Royal Courts A few months later, they went abroad with Sir Amias Paulet, the English ambassador at Paris. Sir Amias Paulet (1532 – September 26, 1588) was the son of Hugh Paulet and Philippa Pollard An ambassador is the highest ranking Diplomat who represents their country Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The state of government and society in France under Henry III afforded him valuable political instruction. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Henry III of France (Henri III Henryk ( September 19 1551 – August 2, 1589)

The sudden death of his father in February 1579 made Bacon return to England. Sir Nicholas had laid up a considerable sum of money to purchase an estate for his youngest son, but he died before doing so, and Francis was left with only a fifth of that money. Having borrowed money, Bacon got into debt. To support himself, he took up his residence in law at Gray's Inn in 1579.

Career

Bacon's threefold goals were to discover truth, to serve his country, and to serve his church. Seeking a prestigious post would aid him toward these ends. In 1580, through his uncle, Lord Burghley, he applied for a post at court, which might enable him to pursue a life of learning. Lord Burghley redirects here For other holders of the title see Baron Burghley William Cecil 1st Baron Burghley (13 September 1520 &ndash His application failed. For two years he worked quietly at Gray's Inn studying law, until admitted as an outer barrister in 1582. Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society A junior barrister is a Barrister who has not yet attained the rank of Queen's Counsel.

In 1584, he took his seat in parliament for Melcombe of Dorset, and subsequently for Taunton (1586). The Parliament of England was the Legislature of the Kingdom of England. Melcombe Regis is an area of Weymouth in Dorset, England. Situated on the north shore of Weymouth harbour and originally part of the waste of Radipole Dorset ( (or archaically, Dorsetshire) is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast Taunton is the County town of Somerset, England. The Unparished area (or former Municipal borough) of Taunton has a Population He wrote on the condition of parties in the church, and he wrote about philosophical reform in the lost tract, Temporis Partus Maximus. Yet, he failed to gain a position he thought would lead him to success. In the Parliament of 1586, openly, he urged execution for Mary Queen of Scots.

About this time, he approached his powerful uncle for help, the result of which may be traced in his rapid progress at the bar. In 1589, he received the valuable appointment of reversion to the Clerkship of the Star Chamber, although he did not take office until 1608. For the online trading card game see Star Chamber The Harbinger Saga.

During this period, Bacon became acquainted with Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex (1567–1601), Queen Elizabeth's favourite. Robert Devereux 2nd Earl of Essex ( 10 November 1566 &ndash 25 February 1601) a favourite of Queen Elizabeth I of England By 1591, he acted as the earl's confidential adviser. Bacon took his seat for Middlesex when in February 1593 Elizabeth called a Parliament to investigate a Roman Catholic plot against her. Middlesex is one of the 39 historic counties of England and the second smallest by area. Bacon's opposition to a bill that would levy triple subsidies in half the usual time offended many people. Opponents accused him of seeking popularity. For a time, the royal court excluded him.

When the Attorney-Generalship fell vacant in 1594 , Lord Essex's influence could not secure Bacon's candidacy into the office. In most Common law jurisdictions the Attorney General, or Attorney-General, is the main legal advisor to the government and in some jurisdictions may in addition Likewise, Bacon failed to become solicitor in 1595. A "solicitor" is a term used in many Common law jurisdictions for a lawyer who offers legal services outside of the courts

To console him for these disappointments, Essex presented him with a property at Twickenham, which he sold subsequently for £1800, the equivalent of around £240,000 today. Twickenham is a suburb in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, in south west London.

In 1596, Bacon became Queen's Counsel, but missed the appointment of Master of the Rolls. Trinity College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England. Queen's Counsel ( postnominal QC) &ndash known as King's Counsel ( KC) during the reign of a male sovereign  &ndash are The Keeper or Master of the Rolls and Records of the Chancery of England, known as the Master of the Rolls, is the third most senior judge of England and During the next few years, his financial situation remained bad. His friends could find no public office for him, a scheme for retrieving his position by a marriage with the wealthy widow Lady Elizabeth Hatton failed. Elizabeth Hatton was the second wife of Sir William Hatton, the nephew and heir of Sir Christopher Hatton ( Lord Chancellor of England during the reign of In 1598 Bacon was arrested due to his debts.

Afterwards however, his standing in the queen's eyes improved. Gradually, Bacon earned the standing of one of the learned counsels, though he had no commission or warrant and received no salary. Also, his relationship with the queen improved when he severed ties with Essex, a shrewd move since Essex was executed for treason in 1601.

With others, Bacon was appointed to investigate the charges against Essex, his former friend and benefactor. Bacon pressed the case hard against Essex. To justify himself, Bacon wrote A Declaration of the Practices and Treasons, etc. , of . . . the Earl of Essex, etc. He received a gift of a fine of £1200 on one of Essex's accomplices.

The accession of James I brought Bacon into greater favour. James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James He became knighted in 1603. In another shrewd move, Bacon wrote Apologie (defence) about his proceedings in the case of Essex, as Essex had favoured James to ascend to throne.

Bacon sat at the state opening of parliament in 1605 during the foiling of the Gunpowder Plot. The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 or the Powder Treason, as it was known at the time was a failed Assassination attempt by a group of provincial English The following year, during the course of the uneventful first parliament session Bacon married Alice Barnham. Alice Barnham Viscountess St Albans, (1592 &ndash 1650 was the wife of English scientific philosopher and statesman Francis Bacon. In 1608, Bacon began working as the Clerkship of the Star Chamber. For the online trading card game see Star Chamber The Harbinger Saga. In spite of a generous income; old debts and spendthrift ways kept him indebted. He sought further promotion and wealth by supporting King James and his arbitrary policy.

Bacon gained reward with the office of Solicitor in June 1607. In 1610 the famous fourth parliament of James met. Despite Bacon's advice to him, James and the Commons found themselves at odds over royal prerogatives and the king's embarrassing extravagance. The House dissolved in February 1611. Through this, Bacon managed to stay in favor of the king while retain the confidence of the Commons.

In 1613, Bacon became attorney general, after advising the king to shuffle judicial appointments. In most Common law jurisdictions the Attorney General, or Attorney-General, is the main legal advisor to the government and in some jurisdictions may in addition As attorney general, Bacon prosecuted Somerset in 1616. William Seymour 2nd Duke of Somerset KG (1588 &ndash October 24 1660) was an English nobleman and Royalist commander in the English Civil War The parliament of April 1614 objected to Bacon's presence in the seat for Cambridge and to the various royal plans which Bacon had supported. The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the Although he was allowed to stay, parliament passed a law that forbade the attorney-general to sit in parliament. His influence over the king inspired resentment or apprehension in many of his peers. Bacon continued to receive the King's favour. In 1618, King James appointed Bacon to the position of Lord Chancellor. The Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, or Lord Chancellor is a senior and important functionary in the Government of the United Kingdom.

His public career ended in disgrace in 1621. After having fallen into debt, a Parliamentary Committee on the administration of the law charged him with twenty-three counts of corruption. To the lords, who sent a committee to inquire whether the confession was really his, he replied, "My lords, it is my act, my hand, and my heart; I beseech your lordships to be merciful to a broken reed. " He was sentenced to a fine of £40,000, remitted by the king, to be committed to the Tower of London during the king's pleasure (his imprisonment lasted only a few days). Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London (and historically as The Tower) is a historic monument in central London More seriously, parliament declared Bacon (known as Lord St Alban since 1621) incapable of holding future office or sitting in parliament. Narrowly, he escaped being deprived of his titles. Thenceforth the disgraced viscount devoted himself to study and writing.

It has been argued by Nieves Mathews that Bacon was innocent of the bribery charges; Bacon himself said that he plead guilty by force so to save King James from a political scandal, stating:

"I was the justest judge that was in England these last fifty years. Nieves Hayat de Madariaga Archibald Mrs Mathews (1917-2003 was an Author of Scottish and Spanish parentage Bribery, a form of pecuniary corruption is an act usually implying money or gift given that alters the behaviour of the recipient in ways not consistent with the duties of that person When the book of all hearts is opened, I trust I shall not be found to have the troubled fountain of a corrupt heart. I know I have clean hands and a clean heart. I am as innocent of bribes as any born on St Innocents Day. For the painting by Peter Paul Rubens see " Massacre of the Innocents (Rubens " "

Personal relationships

While in France, Francis mingled with the most exalted statesmen and wits of the period, and acquired knowledge of foreign courts and politics. For the next three years he visited Blois, Poitiers, Tours, also Italy and Spain. Blois is a city and commune in France, the Préfecture (capital of the Loir-et-Cher département, situated Poitiers is a town on the Clain River in west central France. Tours is a city in France the Préfecture (capital city of the Indre-et-Loire département, on the lower reaches of the river In Paris he allegedly met Marguerite de Valois, daughter of Henry II and Catherine de Medici, sister of the King of France and wife of Henry of Navarre. Marguerite de Valois ( May 14, 1553 &ndash May 27, 1615) " Queen Margot " ( La reine Margot) was Queen of Henry II (Henri II (31 March 1519 &ndash 10 July 1559 of the House of Valois and the son and successor of Francis I, was King of France from 31 Catherine de' Medici (April 13 1519 &ndash January 5 1589 was born in Florence, Italy as Caterina Maria Romula di Lorenzo de' Medici. Henry IV (Henri IV ( 13 December 1553 &ndash 14 May 1610) ruled as King of France from 1589 to 1610 and as Henry III Marguerite was famous for her beauty, intelligence, and education. When Francis Bacon arrived at the French Court, a divorce was being arranged at Marguerite's instigation. King Henry of Navarre, her legal husband, was passionately attached to the Baroness de Sauve who virtually lived with him as his mistress. Francis was 18 and Marguerite was 26. They immediately fell in love with each other "at first sight". They vowed that they were "eternally each other's". He remained in France three years, and was then suddenly ordered back to England upon the death of Nicholas Bacon, in February 1579. "Francis Bacon's love for Margueritte was the overmastering passion of his life, and dominated his mind for many years. "^[2] The first of 7 Sonnets dedicated to his love for Marguerite was written the year he left France. The last ones were written after his public downfall, Sonnet XXX To Marguerite: And a Worthy Brother and Sonnet XXXI Found in Hiram's Grave . . . Resurrection. ^[3]

When he was 36, Francis engaged in the courtship of Elizabeth Hatton, a young widow of 20. Elizabeth Hatton was the second wife of Sir William Hatton, the nephew and heir of Sir Christopher Hatton ( Lord Chancellor of England during the reign of She broke off their relationship upon accepting marriage to a wealthier man. Years later, Bacon still wrote of his regret that the marriage to Elizabeth had never taken place. ^[4]

At the age of forty five, Bacon married Alice Barnham (1592–1650), the fourteen year old daughter of a well-connected London alderman and M. Alice Barnham Viscountess St Albans, (1592 &ndash 1650 was the wife of English scientific philosopher and statesman Francis Bacon. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. An alderman is a member of a municipal assembly or council in many jurisdictions P. Francis wrote 3 Sonnets proclaiming his love for Alice. The first Sonnet was written during his courtship and the second Sonnet on his wedding day 10 May 1606. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. The third Sonnet was written years later "when by special Warrant of the King, Lady Bacon was given precedence over all other Court ladies" when Bacon was appointed "Regent of the Kingdom": Let not my Love be call'd Idolatry. ^[3] Reports of increasing friction in his marriage to Alice Barnham appeared, with speculation that some of this may have been due to financial resources not being as readily available to Alice as she was accustomed to having in the past. Alice Barnham Viscountess St Albans, (1592 &ndash 1650 was the wife of English scientific philosopher and statesman Francis Bacon. Alice was reportedly interested in fame and fortune, and when reserves of money were no longer available, there were complaints about where all the money was going. A. Chambers Bunten wrote in Life of Alice Barnham^[5] that, upon their descent into debt, she actually went on trips to ask for financial favours and assistance from their circle of friends. Francis disinherited her upon discovering her secret romantic relationship with John Underhill. He rewrote his will, which had previously been very generous to her (leaving her lands, goods, and income), to revoke it all.

Several authors, such as A . L. Rowse, author of Homosexuals in History,^[6][7] believe that Bacon was homosexual. While there is no certainty about Bacon's sexual orientation or identity, the likelihood that he may have been homosexual is undeniable^[8]. In 1996, the Journal of Homosexuality published Masculine Love, Renaissance Writing, and the New Invention of Homosexuality: An Addendum in which Charles R. Forker PhD, Professor of English, Department of English at Indiana University explores the "historically documentable sexual preferences" of both King James and Bacon in addition to those of dramatist Christopher Marlowe and of Bacon's brother Anthony - all of whom Forker believed were oriented to masculine love, "a term that seems to have been used exclusively to refer to the sexual preference of men for members of their own gender. "^[9] This conclusion has been disputed by other authors, such as Nieves Mathews, author of Francis Bacon: The History of a Character Assassination,^[10][11] who consider the sources to be questionable and the conclusions open to interpretation.

Death

In April 1626, Sir Francis Bacon came to Highgate near London, and passed away at the empty (except for the caretaker) Arundel mansion. St Michael's Church in St Albans is a parish church which is based upon the writing of Matthew Paris, believed to have been originally founded in St Albans is the main urban area of the City and District of St Albans in southern Hertfordshire, England, around north of central London. This account appears in a biography by William Rawley, Bacon's personal secretary and chaplain:

"He died on the ninth day of April in the year 1626, in the early morning of the day then celebrated for our Saviour's resurrection, in the sixty-sixth year of his age, at the Earl of Arundel's house in Highgate, near London, to which place he casually repaired about a week before; God so ordaining that he should die there of a gentle fever, accidentally accompanied with a great cold, whereby the defluxion of rheum fell so plentifully upon his breast, that he died by suffocation. "^[1]

At his April 1626 funeral, over thirty great minds collected together their eulogies of him. It is clear from all these eulogies that he was not only loved deeply, but that there was something about his character which led men even of the stature of Ben Jonson to hold him in reverence and awe. Benjamin Jonson ( c 11 June 1572 &ndash 6 August 1637) was an English Renaissance Dramatist A volume of the 32 eulogies was published in Latin in 1730. Bacon's peers refer to him as "a supreme poet" and "a concealed poet," and also link him with the theatre. ^[12]

Works

Bacon's works include his Essays, as well as the Colours of Good and Evil and the Meditationes Sacrae, all published in 1597. An essay is usually a short piece of writing It is often written from an author's personal point of view. His famous aphorism, "knowledge is power", is found in the Meditations. The famous phrase scientia potentia est is a Latin maxim "For also knowledge itself is power" stated originally by Sir Francis Bacon in Meditationes He published The Proficience and Advancement of Learning in 1605. Bacon also wrote In felicem memoriam Elizabethae, a eulogy for the queen written in 1609; and various philosophical works which constitute the fragmentary and incomplete Instauratio magna (Great Renewal), the most important part of which is the Novum Organum (New Instrument, published 1620); in this work he cites three world-changing inventions:

"Printing, gunpowder and the compass: These three have changed the whole face and state of things throughout the world; the first in literature, the second in warfare, the third in navigation; whence have followed innumerable changes, in so much that no empire, no sect, no star seems to have exerted greater power and influence in human affairs than these mechanical discoveries. A eulogy is a speech or writing in Praise of a person or thing The Novum Organum is a philosophical work by Francis Bacon published in 1620. The history of printing began as an attempt to make easier and reduce the cost of reproducing multiple copies of documents fabrics wall papers and so on Gunpowder was the first chemical explosive and the only one known until the invention of Nitrocellulose, Nitroglycerin, Smokeless powder and A compass, magnetic compass or mariner's compass is a navigational instrument for determining direction relative to the earth's Magnetic poles It consists "^[13]

Bacon's Utopia

In 1623 Bacon expressed his aspirations and ideals in The New Atlantis. In 1623 Sir Francis Bacon expressed his aspirations and ideals in The New Atlantis. Released in 1627, this was his creation of an ideal land where "generosity and enlightenment, dignity and splendor, piety and public spirit" were the commonly held qualities of the inhabitants of Bensalem. In this work, he portrayed a vision of the future of human discovery and knowledge. The plan and organization of his ideal college, "Solomon's House", envisioned the modern research university in both applied and pure science.

Peter Linebaugh and Marcus Rediker have argued that Bacon was not as idealistic as Atlantis might suggest. A year prior to the release of New Atlantis, Bacon published an essay that reveals a version of himself not often seen in history. This essay, a lesser-known work entitled, "An Advertisement Touching an Holy War," advocated the elimination of detrimental societal elements by the English and compared this to the endeavors of Hercules while establishing civilized society in ancient Greece. He saw the "extirpation and debellating of giants, monsters, and foreign tyrants, not only as lawful, but as meritorious, even divine honour. . . "^[14] Laurence Lampert has interpreted Bacon's treatise An Advertisement Touching a Holy War as advocating "spiritual warfare against the spiritual rulers of European civilization. "^[15]

Baconian Philosophy

Bacon did not propose an actual philosophy, but rather a method of developing philosophy. He wrote that, whilst philosophy at the time used the deductive syllogism to interpret nature, the philosopher should instead proceed through inductive reasoning from fact to axiom to law. A syllogism, or logical appeal, (συλλογισμός &mdash "conclusion" "inference" (usually the categorical syllogism) is a kind of Induction or inductive reasoning, sometimes called inductive logic, is the process of Reasoning in which the premises of an argument are believed Generally a fact is defined as something that is true something that actually exists or something that can be verified according to an established standard of evaluation In traditional Logic, an axiom or postulate is a proposition that is not proved or demonstrated but considered to be either self-evident, or subject Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society Before beginning this induction, the inquirer is to free his mind from certain false notions or tendencies which distort the truth. These are called "Idols"^[16] (idola), and are of four kinds: "Idols of the Tribe" (idola tribus), which are common to the race; "Idols of the Den" (idola specus), which are peculiar to the individual; "Idols of the Marketplace" (idola fori), coming from the misuse of language; and "Idols of the Theatre" (idola theatri), which result from an abuse of authority. An idolon (or eidolon) tribus is a form of Prejudice, by which someone inappropriately extends norms or tenets that apply An idolon (or eidolon) specus is a form of Prejudice, by which someone inappropriately extends norms or tenets that apply The end of induction is the discovery of forms, the ways in which natural phenomena occur, the causes from which they proceed. Plato 's Theory of Forms asserts that Forms (or Ideas) and not the material world of change known to us through sensation, possess

Derived through use of his methods, Bacon explicates his somewhat fragmentary ethical system in the seventh and eighth books of his De augmentis scientiarum (1623). He distinguishes between duty to the community, an ethical matter, and duty to God, a religious matter. God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. Bacon claimed that any [1] moral action is the action of the human will, which is governed by belief and spurred on by the passions; [2] good habit is what aids men in directing their will toward the good; [3]no universal rules can be made, as both situations and men's characters differ.

Regarding faith, in De augmentis, he writes that "the more discordant, therefore, and incredible, the divine mystery is, the more honour is shown to God in believing it, and the nobler is the victory of faith. " He writes in "The Essays: Of Atheism" that "a little philosophy inclineth man’s mind to atheism; but depth in philosophy bringeth men’s minds about to religion. "

Bacon contrasted the new approach of the development of science with that of the Middle Ages. He said:

"Men have sought to make a world from their own conception and to draw from their own minds all the material which they employed, but if, instead of doing so, they had consulted experience and observation, they would have the facts and not opinions to reason about, and might have ultimately arrived at the knowledge of the laws which govern the material world. "

Influences up to the present

Bacon's ideas about the improvement of the human lot were influential in the 1630s and 1650s among a number of Parliamentarian scholars. The Parliament of England was the Legislature of the Kingdom of England. During the Restoration, Bacon was commonly invoked as a guiding spirit of the Royal Society founded under Charles II in 1660. The English Restoration, or simply The Restoration began in 1660 when the English monarchy, Scottish monarchy and Irish monarchy were restored The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 ^[17][18] In the nineteenth century his emphasis on induction was revived and developed by William Whewell, among others. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Induction or inductive reasoning, sometimes called inductive logic, is the process of Reasoning in which the premises of an argument are believed William Whewell ( May 24, 1794 &ndash March 6, 1866) was an English Polymath, Scientist, Anglican Priest ^[19]

Various authors^[20][21] have written that there were indications that Francis Bacon had gone into debt while secretly funding the publishing of materials for the Freemasons, Rosicrucians, "Spear-Shakers", "Knights of the Helmet", as well as publishing, with the assistance of Ben Jonson, a selection of the plays that they believe he had written under the pen name of "Shake-Speare" in a "First Folio" in 1623. Benjamin Jonson ( c 11 June 1572 &ndash 6 August 1637) was an English Renaissance Dramatist ^{[22][23][24][25]} Furthermore, they allege that Bacon faked his own death, crossed the English Channel, and secretly traveled in disguise after 1626 through France, Germany, Poland, Hungary, and other areas utilizing the secret network of Freemasons and Rosicrucians that he was associated with. It is alleged that he continued to write under pseudonyms, as he had done before 1626,^[26] continuing to write as late as 1670 (using the pseudonym "Comte De Gabalis"). ^[27] Elinor Von Le Coq, wife of Professor Von Le Coq in Berlin, stated that she had found evidence in the German Archives that Francis Bacon stayed after 1626 with the family of Johannes Valentinus Andreae in Germany. Albert von Le Coq (1860 - 1930 was a German Archaeologist and explorer of Central Asia. Johannes Valentinus Andreae ( August 17, 1586, Herrenberg, Württemberg &mdash June 27, 1654, Stuttgart) a ^{[28][29][30][31]}

There are some scholars who believe that Bacon's vision for a Utopian New World in North America was laid out in his novel The New Atlantis. He envisioned a land where there would be greater rights for women, the abolishing of slavery, elimination of "debtors prisons", separation of church and state, and freedom of religious and political expression. ^{[32][33][34][35]} Francis Bacon played a leading role in creating the British colonies, especially in Virginia, the Carolinas and Newfoundland. His government report on “The Virginia Colony” was made in 1609. Francis Bacon and his associates formed the Newfoundland Colonization Company and in 1610 sent John Guy to found a colony in Newfoundland. In 1910 Newfoundland issued a stamp to commemorate Francis Bacon's role in establishing Newfoundland. The stamp states about Bacon, "the guiding spirit in Colonization Schemes in 1610. "^[4]

Francis Bacon's influence can also be seen on a variety of religious and spiritual authors, and on groups that have utilized his writings in their own belief systems. Beginning early in the 20th century in the U.S.A., a number of Ascended Master Teachings organizations^{[36][37][38][39]} began making the claim that Francis Bacon had never died. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Students of Ascended Master Teachings organizations (also known as " Ascended Master Activities " believe that the Presence of Life - God - Individualizes as the "I They believed that soon after completing the "Shake-Speare" plays, he had feigned his own death on Easter Sunday 1626 and then travelled extensively outside of England, eventually attaining his physical Ascension on May 1, 1684 in the region of the Carpathian Mountains. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians (Carpaţi Czech, Polish and Slovak: Karpaty; Ukrainian: Карпати ^[40] Their belief is that Bacon took on the name "Saint Germain" as an Ascended Master. The Count of St Germain ( fl 1710–1784 has been variously described as a Courtier, Adventurer, Charlatan, Inventor, Ascended Masters, in the Ascended Master Teachings is derived from the Theosophical concept of Masters of Wisdom or "Mahatmas".

Controversies

Parentage theories

Various authors have theorized that Francis Bacon was the unacknowledged son of Queen Elizabeth and Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester^[41][42][43] and that Elizabeth's other secret biological son was Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex (whom the Queen forced Bacon to prosecute for treason). Robert Dudley 1st Earl of Leicester ( 24 June 1532 /1533 &ndash 4 September 1588) was the long standing Favourite of Elizabeth Robert Devereux 2nd Earl of Essex ( 10 November 1566 &ndash 25 February 1601) a favourite of Queen Elizabeth I of England There is documented evidence that Elizabeth visited Nicholas Bacon's house at Gorhambury at least twice and was entertained by the eight or nine year old Francis. Nicholas Bacon may refer to Nicholas Bacon (courtier, (1510 – 1579 English politician during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I Lord Keeper of the Great Seal ^[44][45]

It is claimed that by the age of fifteen he was frequently present at Queen Elizabeth's Court, and that it was there that he learned for the first time that he was her son. Robert Cecil, Lord Burleigh's son, whispered the secret of the parentage of Francis to the ladies of the Court. Robert Cecil 1st Earl of Salisbury, KG, PC ( 1 June 1563 &ndash 24 May 1612) son of William Cecil 1st Baron Burghley The Queen, overhearing one of them, Lady Scales, repeating the story, seized the girl and beat her furiously. Francis, who supposedly walked into the room while the fracas was taking place, intervened. He learned the truth — and the cause of the incident — from the Queen's own lips, and, enraged that he should have taken the girl's part, she added: "Though you are my own child, I bar you from the Succession for withstanding your mother. " That same evening, Anne Bacon confirmed the truth of the story, adding that the Queen was married to Robert Dudley in a secret ceremony on January 21, 1561 in the house of Lord Pembroke, and that Nicholas Bacon had been one of the witnesses. Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. ^[3]

Francis was sent off to France with ambassador Amyas Paulet, arriving at Calais on 25 September 1576, and went with him straight to the Court of Henry III of France. Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France ^[46] Pierre Ambroise, in the first biography of Francis Bacon in published in 1631, wrote: "He was born to the Purple and brought up with the expectation of a great career. He employed several years of his youth in travelling France, Italy, and Spain. He saw himself destined one day to hold in his hand, the Helm of the Kingdom. "^[47]

Bacon and Shakespeare

The Shakespeare authorship question, which ascribes the famous plays to various contemporaries instead of Shakespeare of Stratford, has produced a large number of candidates, of whom Bacon is one of the most popular. The Shakespeare authorship question is the debate dating back to the early 18th century about whether the works attributed to William Shakespeare of Stratford-upon-Avon An 1888 two-volume book, "The Great Cryptogram", by American journalist and adventurer Ignatius Donnely, had much to do with this. Donnely developed complex numerical schemes for working out hidden messages within the plays, but his methods "were so flexible that one could literally use them to obtain any desired text. "[6] Donnely himself used them to discover that Bacon had written not only Shakespeare, but Montaigne and Marlowe as well. Michel Eyquem de Montaigne (French miʃɛl ekɛm də mɔ̃tɛɲ ( February 28 1533 &ndash September 13 1592) was one of the most influential writers [7] After Donnely the Baconian theory became extremely popular and gave birth to many further studies of Bacon's cipher. Edward Clark's late 19th century "The Tale of the Shakspere Epitaph by Francis Bacon" referred to an inscription on a bust of Shakespeare which he asserted concealed the sentence, "FRA BA WRT EAR AY", an abbreviation of "Francis Bacon wrote Shakespeare's plays. Edward Clark may refer to Edward Clark (governor (1815-1880 governor of Texas Edward Clark (manufacturer (d " Another author, Francis Carr, has suggested that Bacon wrote not only Shakespeare's plays but Don Quixote as well,[8] while Dr Orville Owen, in his monumental (5 volumes) "Francis Bacon's Cipher Story" (1893-95), recounted his success in using a special machine to prove Bacon the true author of Shakespeare and the son of the Earl of Leicester and Elizabeth I. Francis Carr ( December 6, 1751 - October 6, 1821) was a US Representative from the District of Maine, which was es '''''Don Quixote''''' (, see spelling and pronunciation below fully titled es '''''El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha''''' ("The Ingenious Hidalgo Don Even Mark Twain was a Baconian arguing vigorously for Bacon and ridiculing the "Stratfordolators" and the "Shakespearoids" in "Is Shakespeare Dead?" (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1909). Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30 1835 – April 21 1910 better known by the Pen name Mark Twain, was an American Humorist, satirist [9] Friedrich Nietzsche, in his Ecce Homo (II, 4), also opined that Bacon was the true author of Shakespeare's plays, despite mockingly referring to Donnely as a "muddlehead and blockhead. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist "

Secret societies

Francis Bacon often gathered with the men at Gray's Inn to discuss politics and philosophy, and to try out various theatrical scenes that he admitted writing. ^[48] Bacon's alleged connection to the Rosicrucians and the Freemasons has been widely discussed by authors and scholars in many books. The term Rosicrucian (symbol the Rose Cross) describes a secret society of mystics allegedly formed in late mediaeval Germany, holding a doctrine "built on ^[49] However others, including Daphne du Maurier (in her biography of Bacon) have argued there is no substantive evidence to support claims of involvement with the Rosicrucians. ^[50] Historian Dame Frances Yates^[51] does not make the claim that Bacon was a Rosicrucian, but presents evidence that he was nevertheless involved in some of the more closed intellectual movements of his day. She argues that Bacon's movement for the advancement of learning was closely connected wit the German Rosicrucian movement, while Bacon's The New Atlantis portrays a land ruled by Rosicrucians. He apparently saw his own movement for the advancement of learning to be in conformity with Rosicrucian ideals. ^[52]

In 1618 Francis Bacon decided to secure a lease for York House. York House in the Strand in London was one of a string of mansions which once stood along the route from the City of London to the royal court at Westminster This had been his boyhood home in London next to the Queen's York Place before the Bacon family had moved to Gorhambury in the countryside. The Palace of Whitehall was the main residence of the English monarchs in London from 1530 until 1698 when all except Inigo Jones 's 1622 Upon the passing of Lord Egerton (Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of England), it now was available for Bacon to lease it. The Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of England, and later of Great Britain, was formerly an officer of the English Crown charged with physical custody of the Great During the next four years this mansion on the Strand (so large that it had 40 fireplaces) served as the home for Francis and Alice Bacon. Over the next four years Bacon would host banquets at York House that were attended by the leading men of the time, including poets, scholars, authors, scientists, lawyers, diplomats, and foreign dignitaries. Within the banquet hall, Francis gathered the greatest leaders in literature, art, law, education, and social reform. On 22 January, 1621 in honour of Sir Francis Bacon's sixtieth birthday, a select group of men assembled in the large banquet hall in York House without fanfare for what has been described as a Masonic banquet. ^[53] This banquet was to pay tribute to Sir Francis Bacon. Only those of the Rosicrosse (Rosicrucians) and the Masons who were already aware of Bacon's leadership role were invited. ^[4] The tables were T-tables with gleaming white drapery, silver, and decorations of flowers. The poet Ben Jonson, a long-time friend of Bacon, gave a Masonic ode to Bacon that day. Benjamin Jonson ( c 11 June 1572 &ndash 6 August 1637) was an English Renaissance Dramatist He had once remarked of Bacon, "I love the man and do honour his memory above all others. "^[54]

There was a depth of love by a large body of men toward Bacon, similar to some degree in the manner that disciples love a Master. ^[55] This is especially true when taking into account his membership (and some say leadership) of secret societies such as the Rosicrucians and Freemasons. ^[53] In the inner esoteric membership, which included Francis Bacon, vows of celibacy for spiritual reasons were encouraged. ^[56][57]

Timeline

References

• Some material originally from the 1911 Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religion.
• Some material originally from the 1912 Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religion.
• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
• This article incorporates public domain text from: Cousin, John William (1910). The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature is a collection of biographies of writers by John William Cousin (1849-1910 published in 1910 London, J. M. Dent & sons; New York, E. P. Dutton.
• John Farrell, "The Science of Suspicion. " Paranoia and Modernity: Cervantes to Rousseau (Cornell UP, 2006), chapter six.
• "Our Western Heritage" Roselle / Young: Chapter five "The 'Scientific Revolution' and the 'Intellectual Revolution'".

See also

• Bacon's cipher
• Francis Bacon School
• Cestui que (Defense and Comment on Chudleigh's Case)

Notes

External links

• Works by Francis Bacon at Project Gutenberg
• Works by/about Francis Bacon, from Internet Archive. Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works The Internet Archive ( IA) is a Nonprofit organization dedicated to maintaining an on-line Library and archive of Web and Scanned, illustrated original editions.
• Francis Bacon Books
• Online editions of Bacon's works
• Essays by Francis Bacon at Quotidiana.org
• Novum Organum Online
• Sir Francis Bacon's New Advancement of Learning
• Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Baconianism
• Rictor Norton, "Sir Francis Bacon" quotes excised passages of Sir Simonds D'Ewes
• Quotations Book - Francis Bacon
• Francis Bacon entry at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy by Juergen Klein
• The Twickenham Museum - Sir Francis Bacon
• Henry Wotton employed by Bacon's intelligence system
• Francis Bacon Research Trust - Studies of Bacon's connections to the Rosicrucians, Freemasonry, Shakespeare
• A more easily readable version of the New Organon
• Francis Bacon at Thoemmes Continuum
• Cryptographic Shakespeare
• The Works of Sir Francis Bacon
• Famous quotes by Francis Bacon

Political offices
Preceded by Sir Thomas Egerton	Lord High Chancellor 1617–1621	Succeeded by In Commission
Parliament of England
Preceded by Unknown Unknown	Member of Parliament for Taunton with: Unknown 1586–1588	Succeeded by Unknown Unknown
Preceded by Unknown Unknown	Member of Parliament for Liverpool with: Unknown 1588–1594	Succeeded by Unknown Unknown
Peerage of England
Preceded by New Creation	Viscount St Alban 1621–1626	Succeeded by Extinct
	Baron Verulam 1618–1626

Persondata
NAME	Bacon, Francis
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban, Francis (full name and title); Verulam, Baron (title); St Alban, Viscount (title)
SHORT DESCRIPTION	Philosopher and statesman
DATE OF BIRTH	22 January 1561 (1561-01-22)
PLACE OF BIRTH	Strand, London, England
DATE OF DEATH	9 April 1626
PLACE OF DEATH	Highgate, London, England

Dr Rictor Norton (born 1945 is an American scholar of literary and cultural history particularly gay history Sir Simonds d'Ewes 1st Baronet ( December 18 1602, Milden, Suffolk, England - April 18 1650) was an Antiquary The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP is a freely-accessible Online encyclopedia of Philosophy maintained by Stanford University. The term Rosicrucian (symbol the Rose Cross) describes a secret society of mystics allegedly formed in late mediaeval Germany, holding a doctrine "built on William Shakespeare ( baptised Thomas Egerton 1st Viscount Brackley (1540 &ndash 15 March 1617) was an English Nobleman, Judge and Statesman who The Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, or Lord Chancellor is a senior and important functionary in the Government of the United Kingdom. The Parliament of England was the Legislature of the Kingdom of England. A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. Taunton is a County constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. Liverpool was a Borough constituency in the county of Lancashire of the House of Commons for the Parliament of England to 1706 then of the The Peerage of England comprises all Peerages created in the Kingdom of England before the Act of Union in 1707. Francis Bacon 1st Viscount St Alban KC QC (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626 was an English Philosopher, Statesman, and author The title Baron Verulam was created in two separate and unrelated instances first in the Peerage of England then in the Peerage of Great Britain. Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus. The Strand is a street in the City of Westminster, London, England. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Highgate is a suburb of North London on the north-eastern corner of Hampstead Heath. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland

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