Fra Angelico
Posthumous portrait of Fra Angelico by Luca Signorelli, detail from Deeds of the Antichrist fresco (c. Luca Signorelli (c 1445 - October 16, 1523) was an Italian Renaissance painter who was noted in particular for his ability as a draughtsman 1501) in Orvieto Cathedral, Italy. The Duomo di Orvieto is a large 14th century Roman Catholic Cathedral situated in the town of Orvieto in Umbria, central Italy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest
Birth name	Guido di Pietro
Born	c. 1395 Tuscany
Died	February 18, 1455 Rome, Italy
Nationality	Italian
Field	Painting, Fresco
Movement	early Renaissance

Fra Angelico (c. Tuscany (Toscana is a region in Italy. It has an area of 22990 km² and a population of about 3 Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The' Italian people' are a Southern European Ethnic group located primarily in Italy, Switzerland, France and by virtue of a wide-ranging Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e Fresco (plural either frescos or frescoes) is any of several related Painting types done on Plaster on walls or The Italian Renaissance began the opening phase of the Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned the period from the end of the 14th 1395 – February 18, 1455), born Guido di Pietro, was an Early Italian Renaissance painter, referred to in Vasari's Lives of the Artists as having "a rare and perfect talent". Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy The Italian Renaissance began the opening phase of the Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned the period from the end of the 14th Giorgio Vasari ( 30 July 1511 – 27 June 1574) was an Italian painter and Architect, who is today famous The Lives of the Most Excellent Painters Sculptors and Architects, or Le Vite delle più eccellenti pittori scultori ed architettori as it was originally known ^[1]

Known in Italy as il Beato Angelico, he was known to his contemporaries as Fra Giovanni da Fiesole (Brother John from Fiesole). In Giorgio Vasari’s Lives of the Artists, written prior to 1555, he was already known as Fra Giovanni Angelico (Brother Giovanni the Angelic One). Giorgio Vasari ( 30 July 1511 – 27 June 1574) was an Italian painter and Architect, who is today famous ^[2]

Within his lifetime or shortly thereafter he was also called Il Beato (the Blessed), in reference to his skills in painting religious subjects. ^[3] In 1982 Pope John Paul II conferred beatification,^[4] thereby making this title official. Pope Beatification (from Latin beatus, blessed via Greek μακάριος makarios) is a recognition accorded by the Catholic church Fiesole is sometimes misinterpreted as being part of his formal name, but it was merely the name of the town where he took his vows, used by contemporaries to separate him from other Fra Giovannis. Fiesole is a town and Comune of the Province of Florence in the Italian region of Tuscany, on a famously scenic height above He is listed in the Roman Martyrology^[5] as Beatus Ioannes Faesulanus, cognomento Angelicus—"Blessed Giovanni of Fiesole, nicknamed Angelico". The Roman Martyrology is the official Martyrology of the Roman Rite of the Roman Catholic Church.

The 16th century biographer Vasari says of him:

But it is impossible to bestow too much praise on this holy father, who was so humble and modest in all that he did and said and whose pictures were painted with such facility and piety. ^[1]

Biography

The Virgin of the Annunciation

Early life, 1395–1436

Fra Angelico was born Guido di Pietro at Rupecanina,^[6] in the Tuscan area of Mugello, near Fiesole towards the end of the 14th century and died in Rome in 1455. Vicchio is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Florence in the Italian region Tuscany, located about 25 km northeast of Tuscany (Toscana is a region in Italy. It has an area of 22990 km² and a population of about 3 Mugello Circuit ( Autodromo Internazionale di Mugello) is a race track located in the Mugello region of Italy near Florence. Fiesole is a town and Comune of the Province of Florence in the Italian region of Tuscany, on a famously scenic height above Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Nothing is known of his parents. He was baptized Guido or Guidolino. The earliest recorded document concerning Fra Angelico dates from Oct. 17, 1417 when he joined a religious confraternity at the Carmine, still under the name of Guido di Pietro. This record also reveals that he was already a painter, a fact that is subsequently confirmed by two records of payment to Guido di Pietro in January and February of 1418 for work done in the church of Santo Stefano del Ponte. ^[7] The first record of Angelico as a friar dates from 1423, when he is first referred to as Fra Giovanni, following the custom of those in Holy Orders of taking a new name. ^[8] He was a member of the Observant Branch of the Dominican Order at Fiesole. The Order of Preachers ( Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum) after the 15th century more commonly known as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is

Fra Angelico initially received training as an illuminator, possibly working with his older brother Benedetto who was also a Dominican. An illuminated manuscript is a Manuscript in which the text is supplemented by the addition of decoration such as decorated Initials borders and His illumination tutor is unknown. San Marco in Florence holds several manuscripts that are thought to be entirely or partly by his hand. San Marco is the name of religious complex in Florence, Italy. The painter Lorenzo Monaco may have contributed to his art training, and the influence of the Sienese school is discernible in his work. Lorenzo Monaco (born Piero di Giovanni c 1370-1425 was a Florentine painter. The Sienese School of Painting flourished in Siena, Italy between the 13th and 15th centuries and for a time rivaled Florence He had several important charges in the convents he lived in, but this did not limit his art, which very soon became famous. A convent is a community of Priests religious brothers religious sisters or Nuns or the building used by the community particularly in the Roman Catholic Church According to Vasari, the first paintings of this artist were an altarpiece and a painted screen for the Carthusian Monastery of Florence; none such exist there now. Giorgio Vasari ( 30 July 1511 – 27 June 1574) was an Italian painter and Architect, who is today famous An altarpiece is a picture or Relief representing a religious subject and suspended in a frame behind the Altar of a church The Carthusian Order, also called the Order of St Bruno, is a Roman Catholic religious order of enclosed monastics. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany ^[1]

From 1408 to 1418 Fra Angelico was at the Dominican Convent of Cortona where he painted frescoes, now destroyed, in the Dominican Church and may have been assistant to or follower of Gherardo Starnina. The Order of Preachers ( Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum) after the 15th century more commonly known as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is Gherardo Starnina (1354 - 1403 was a Florentine painter of the early Quattrocento. ^[9] Between 1418 and 1436 he was at the convent of Fiesole where he also executed a number of frescoes for the church, and the Altarpiece, deteriorated but restored. A predella of the Altarpiece remains intact in the National Gallery, London which is a superb example of Fra Angelico's ability. It shows Christ in Glory, surrounded by more than 250 figures, including beatified Dominicans.

The Maestà (Madonna enthroned) with Saints Cosmas and Damian, Saint Mark and Saint John, Saint Lawrence and three Dominicans, Saint Dominic, Saint Thomas Aquinas and Saint Peter Martyr; San Marco, Florence

San Marco, Florence, 1436–1445

In 1436 Fra Angelico was one of a number of the monks from Fiesole who moved to the newly-built monastery of San Marco in Florence. Maestà, the Italian word for "majesty" designates an iconic formula of the enthroned Madonna with the child Jesus, whether or not accompanied Saints Cosmas and Damian (Κοσμάς και Δαμιανός (died ca "Saint Mark" redirects here For other uses see Saint Mark (disambiguation. Saint John the Apostle ( Greek Ιωάννης, see Names of John) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. Saint Dominic (Domingo also known as Dominic of Osma, often called Dominic de Guzmán and Domingo de Guzmán Garcés (1170 &ndash August 6 Saint Peter of Verona, OP also known as Saint Peter Martyr (1206 &ndash April 6, 1252) was a 13th century Dominican preacher San Marco is the name of religious complex in Florence, Italy. This was an important move which put him in the centre of artistic activity of the region and brought about the patronage of one of the wealthiest and most powerful members of the city's Signoria, Cosimo de' Medici, who had a large cell (later occupied by Savonarola) reserved for himself at the monastery in order that he might retreat from the world. Cosimo di Giovanni de' Medici (September 27 1389 &ndash August 1 1464 was the first of the Medici political dynasty de facto rulers of It was, according to Vasari, at Cosimo's urging that Fra Angelico set about the task of decorating the monastery, including the magnificent Chapter House fresco, the often-reproduced Annunciation at the top of the stairs to the cells, the Maesta with Saints and the many smaller devotional frescoes depicting aspects of the Life of Christ that adorn the walls of each cell. ^[1]

In 1439 he completed one of his most famous works, the Altarpiece for St. Marco's, Florence. The result was unusual for its times. Images of the enthroned Madonna and Child surrounded by saints were common, but they usually depicted a setting that was clearly heavenlike, in which saints and angels hovered about as divine presences rather than people. But in this instance, the saints stand squarely within the space, grouped in a natural way as if they were able to converse about the shared experience of witnessing the Virgin in glory. Paintings such as this, known as Sacred Conversations, were to become the major commissions of Giovanni Bellini, Perugino and Raphael. In art the sacra conversazione refers to a depiction of The Madonna with infant Jesus amidst the Saints The form developed during the Italian Renaissance Giovanni Bellini (c 1430 – 1516 was an Italian Renaissance painter probably the best known of the Bellini family of Venetian painters Pietro Perugino (1446–1524 was the leading painter of the Umbrian school who developed some of the qualities that found classic expression in the High Renaissance Raphael Sanzio, usually known by his first name alone (in Italian Raffaello) (April 6 or March 28 1483 – April 6 1520 was an Italian painter and ^[10]

The Vatican, 1445–1455

The Crucified Christ

In 1445 Pope Eugenius IV summoned him to Rome to paint the frescoes of the Chapel of the Holy Sacrament at St Peter's, later demolished by Pope Paul III. Pope Eugene IV (1383 &ndash February 23, 1447) born Gabriele Condulmer, was Pope from March 3, 1431, to his death The Basilica of Saint Peter (Basilica Sancti Petri officially known in Italian as the Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano and commonly known as St Pope Paul III ( February 29, 1468 &ndash November 10, 1549) born Alessandro Farnese, was Pope of the Roman Vasari claims that at this time Fra Angelico was offered by Pope Nicholas V the Archbishopric of Florence, and that he refused it, recommending another Friar for the position. See also Antipope Nicholas V. Pope Nicholas V (Italian Niccolò V; November 15, 1397 &ndash March While the story seems possible and even likely, if Vasari's date is correct, then the pope must have been Eugenius and not Nicholas. In 1447 Fra Angelico was in Orvieto with his pupil, Benozzo Gozzoli, executing works for the Cathedral. Orvieto is a city in southwestern Umbria, Italy situated on the flat summit of a large butte of Benozzo Gozzoli (c 1421 &ndash 1497 was an Italian Renaissance painter from Florence The Duomo di Orvieto is a large 14th century Roman Catholic Cathedral situated in the town of Orvieto in Umbria, central Italy. Among his other pupils were Zanobi Strozzi. ^[11]

From 1447 to 1449 he was back at the Vatican, designing the frescoes for the Niccoline Chapel for Nicholas V. The Niccoline Chapel (Italian Cappella Niccolina) is a Chapel in the Vatican Palace. The scenes from the lives of the two martyred Deacons of the Early Christian Church, St. Stephen and St. Lawrence may have been executed wholly or in part by assistants. The small chapel, with its brightly frescoed walls and gold leaf decorations gives the impression of a jewel box. From 1449 until 1452, Fra Angelico was back at his old convent of Fiesole, where he was the Prior. ^[1][12]

Death and beatification

In 1455 Fra Angelico died while staying at a Dominican Convent in Rome, perhaps in order to work on Pope Nicholas' Chapel. He was buried in the church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva. Santa Maria sopra Minerva is a Basilica church in Rome. The church located in the Campus Martius region is considered the only Gothic ^[13][1][12]

When singing my praise, don't liken my talents to those of Apelles.
Say, rather, that, in the name of Christ, I gave all I had to the poor.
The deeds that count on Earth are not the ones that count in Heaven.
I, Giovanni, am the flower of Tuscany.

—Translation of epitaph^[1]

See Apelles.

Tomb of Fra Angelico, Santa Maria sopra Minerva, Rome

Pope John Paul II beatified Fra Angelico on October 3, 1982 and in 1984 declared him patron of Catholic artists. Santa Maria sopra Minerva is a Basilica church in Rome. The church located in the Campus Martius region is considered the only Gothic Pope Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) ^[4]

Angelico was reported to say "He who does Christ's work must stay with Christ always". This motto earned him the epithet "Blessed Angelico", because of the perfect integrity of his life and the almost divine beauty of the images he painted, to a superlative extent those of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

—Pope John Paul II

From various accounts of Fra Angelico's life, it is possible to gain some sense of why he was deserving of canonization. Pope He led the devout and ascetic life of a Dominican friar, and never rose above that rank; he followed the dictates of the order in caring for the poor; he was always good-humored. All of his many paintings were of divine subjects, and it seems that he never altered or retouched them, perhaps from a religious conviction that, because his paintings were divinely inspired, they should retain their original form. He was wont to say that he who illustrates the acts of Christ should be with Christ. It is averred that he never handled a brush without fervent prayer and he wept when he painted a Crucifixion. The Last Judgment and the Annunciation were two of the subjects he most frequently treated. The Last Judgment ( Tempera on panel is a Painting by Italian Renaissance artist Fra Angelico.

—William Michael Rossetti^[12]

Liqueur

Fra Angelico's fame has been commemorated by the Italian hazelnut liqueur Frangelico, which is named in his honour. William Michael Rossetti ( 25 September 1829 &ndash 5 February 1919) was an English writer and critic The Common Hazel ( Corylus avellana) is a species of Hazel native to Europe and western Asia, from the British Isles Frangelico is a Hazelnut and herb-flavored Liqueur (coloured with Caramel coloring) which is produced in Canale, Italy. It is shipped in a bottle shaped like a monk's habit with a rope belt round the waist.

Evaluation

Background

Fra Angelico was working at a time when the style of painting was in a state of change. This process of change had begun a hundred years previous with the works of Giotto and several of his contemporaries, notably Giusto de' Menabuoi, both of whom had created their major works in Padua, although Giotto was trained in Florence by the great Gothic artist, Cimabue, and painted a fresco cycle of St Francis in the Bardi Chapel in Santa Croce. Giusto de' Menabuoi (c1320 &ndash 1391 was an Italian painter of the early Renaissance Padua ( Padova 'padova Latin: Patavium, Padoa) is a city in the Veneto, northern Italy. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Cenni di Pepo (Giovanni Cimabue (c 1240 — c 1302 also known as Bencivieni di Pepo or in modern Italian Benvenuto di Giuseppe was an Italian painter and creator For the basilica in Florence, see Basilica of Santa Croce Florence, for the basilica in Rome see Santa Croce in Gerusalemme. Giotto had many enthusiastic followers, who imitated his style in fresco, some of them, notably the Lorenzetti, achieving great success. Fresco (plural either frescos or frescoes) is any of several related Painting types done on Plaster on walls or Pietro Lorenzetti (or Pietro Laurati; c 1280 - 1348 was an Italian painter active between approximately 1306 and 1345 ^[10]

Patronage

San Marco, Florence,The Day of Judgement, predella panel to surmount an altarpiece showing the precision, detail and colour required in a commissioned work

The patrons of these artists were most often monastic establishments or wealthy families endowing a church. San Marco is the name of religious complex in Florence, Italy. The Last Judgment ( Tempera on panel is a Painting by Italian Renaissance artist Fra Angelico. Patronage is the support encouragement privilege and often financial aid given by a person or an organization Because the paintings often had devotional purpose, the clients tended to be conservative. Frequently, it would seem, the wealthier the client, the more conservative the painting. There was a very good reason for this. The paintings that were commissioned made a statement about the patron. Thus the more gold leaf it displayed, the more it spoke to the patron’s glory. Metal leaf is a thin foil used for decoration It is also called composition leaf or schlagmetal. The other valuable commodities in the paint-box were lapis lazuli and vermilion. Vermilion, sometimes spelled vermillion, when found naturally-occurring is an opaque orangish Red Pigment, used since antiquity originally derived Paint made from these colours did not lend itself to a tonal treatment. The azure blue made of powdered lapis lazuli went on flat, the depth and brilliance of colour being, like the gold leaf, a sign of the patron’s ability to provide well. For these reasons, altarpieces are often much more conservatively painted than frescoes, which were often of almost life-sized figures and relied upon a stage-set quality rather than lavish display in order to achieve effect. An altarpiece is a picture or Relief representing a religious subject and suspended in a frame behind the Altar of a church ^[14]

Contemporaries

Fra Angelico was the contemporary of Gentile da Fabriano. Gentile da Fabriano (c 1370 &ndash c 1427 was an Italian painter known for his participation in the International Gothic style Gentile’s altarpiece of the Adoration of the Magi, 1423, in the Uffizi is regarded as one of the greatest works of the style known as International Gothic. The Adoration of the Magi is the name traditionally given to the Christian subject in the Nativity of Jesus in art in which the three Magi, represented as kings The Uffizi Gallery (Galleria degli Uffizi one of the oldest and most famous Art Museums in the world is housed in the Palazzo degli Uffizi, a International Gothic is a phase of Gothic art which developed in Burgundy, Bohemia, France and northern Italy in the late At the time it was painted, another young artist, known as Masaccio, was working on the frescoes for the Brancacci Chapel at the church of the Carmine. Brancacci Chapel is a Chapel in the Church of Santa Maria del Carmine in Florence. Masaccio had fully grasped the implications of the art of Giotto. Masaccio (born Tommaso Cassai or in some accounts Tommaso di Ser Giovanni di Mone; December 21, 1401 &ndash autumn 1428 was the first great Few painters in Florence saw his sturdy, life-like and emotional figures and were not affected by them. His work partner was an older painter, Masolino, of the same generation as Fra Angelico. Masolino da Panicale (also known as Tommaso di Cristoforo Fini) ( Panicale, Umbria c Sadly Masaccio died at 27, leaving the work unfinished. ^[10]

Altarpieces

The works of Fra Angelico reveal elements that are both conservatively Gothic and progressively Renaissance. This article is about Gothic art See also Gothic architecture Gothic art was a Medieval art movement that lasted about 200 The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere In the altarpiece of the Coronation of the Virgin, painted for the Florentine church of Santa Maria Novella, are all the elements that a very expensive altarpiece of the 14th century was expected to provide- a precisely tooled gold background, lots of azure, lots of vermilion and an obvious display of arsenic green. The Coronation of the Virgin or Coronation of Mary is a subject in Christian art, especially popular in Italy in the 13th to 15th centuries but continuing in popularity Santa Maria Novella is a church in Florence, Italy situated just across the main railway station which shares its name Arsenic (ˈɑrsənɪk is a Chemical element that has the symbol As and Atomic number of 33 The workmanship of the gilded haloes and gold-edged robes is exquisite and all very Gothic. What make this a Renaissance painting, as against Gentile da Fabriano’s masterpiece, is the solidity, the three-dimensionality and naturalism of the figures and the realistic way in which their garments hang or drape around them. Gentile da Fabriano (c 1370 &ndash c 1427 was an Italian painter known for his participation in the International Gothic style Even though it is clouds these figures stand upon, and not the earth, they do so with weight. ^[10]

The Transfiguration shows the directness, simplicity and restrained palette typical of these frescoes. Located in a monk's cell at the Convent San' Marco, its apparent purpose is to encourage private devotion.

Frescoes

The series of frescoes that Fra Angelico painted for the Dominican Brothers at San’ Marcos realise the advancements made by Masaccio and carry them further. Away from the constraints of wealthy clients and the limitations of panel painting, Fra Angelico was able to express his deep reverence for his God and his knowledge and love of humanity. The meditational frescoes in the cells of the convent have a quieting quality about them. They are humble works in simple colours. There is more mauvish-pink than there is red while the brilliant and expensive blue is almost totally lacking. In its place is dull green and the black and white of Dominican robes. There is nothing lavish, nothing to distract from the spiritual experiences of the humble people who are depicted within the frescoes. Each one has the effect of bringing an incident of the life of Christ into the presence of the viewer. They are like windows into a parallel world. These frescoes remain a powerful witness to the piety of the man who created them. ^[10] Vasari relates that Cosimo de' Medici seeing these works, inspired Fra Angelico to create a large Crucifixion scene with many saints for the Chapter House. Cosimo di Giovanni de' Medici (September 27 1389 &ndash August 1 1464 was the first of the Medici political dynasty de facto rulers of Crucifixion (from Latin crucifixio, noun of process crucifixio, from perfect passive participle crucifixus, fixed to a cross from A chapter house is a building or room attached to a Cathedral or Collegiate church in which meetings are held As with the other frescoes, the wealthy patronage did not influence the Friar’s artistic expression with displays of wealth. ^[1]

Masaccio ventured into perspective with his creation of a realistically painted niche at Santa Maria Novella. Santa Maria Novella is a church in Florence, Italy situated just across the main railway station which shares its name Subsequently, Fra Angelico demonstrated an understanding of linear perspective particularly in his Annunciation paintings set inside the sort of arcades that Michelozzo and Brunelleschi created at San’ Marco’s and the square in front of it. Perspective (from Latin perspicere to see through in the graphic arts such as drawing is an approximate representation on a flat surface (such as paper of an image as it is perceived Michelozzo di Bartolomeo Michelozzi (1396 - 1472 was an Italian Architect and sculptor. Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – April 15, 1446) was one of the foremost architects and engineers of the Italian Renaissance. ^[10]

Lives of the Saints

Saint Lawrence Receives the Treasures of the Church (1447), in the Vatican, incorporates the expensive pigments, gold leaf and elaborate design typical of Vatican commissions.

When Fra Angelico and his assistants went to the Vatican to decorate the chapel of Pope Nicholas, then the artist was again confronted with the need to please the very wealthiest of clients. Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory In consequence, walking into the small chapel is like stepping into a jewel box. The walls are decked with the brilliance of colour and gold that one sees in the most lavish creations of the Gothic painter Simone Martini at the Lower Church of St Francis of Assisi, a hundred years earlier. Simone Martini (c 1284 – c 1344 was an Italian painter born in Siena. For the opera by Olivier Messiaen see Saint-François d'Assise. Yet Fra Angelico has succeeded in creating designs which continue to reveal his own preoccupation with humanity, with humility and with piety. The figures, in their lavish gilded robes, have the sweetness and gentleness for which his works are famous. According to Vasari:

In their bearing and expression, the saints painted by Fra Angelico come nearer to the truth than the figures done by any other artist. ^[1]

It is probable that much of the actual painting was done by his assistants to his design. Both Benozzo Gozzoli and Gentile da Fabriano were highly accomplished painters. Benozzo Gozzoli (c 1421 &ndash 1497 was an Italian Renaissance painter from Florence Gentile da Fabriano (c 1370 &ndash c 1427 was an Italian painter known for his participation in the International Gothic style Benozzo took his art further towards the fully developed Renaissance style with his expressive and life-like portraits in his masterpiece of the Journey of the Magi, painted in the Medici’s private chapel at their palazzo. "Three Kings" or "Three Wise Men" redirects here For other meanings (eg the word's use in place names see Palazzo (disambiguation. ^[15]

Artistic legacy

Through Fra Angelico's pupil Benozzo Gozzoli’s careful portraiture and technical expertise in the art of fresco we see a link to Ghirlandaio, who in turn painted extensive schemes for the wealthy patrons of Florence, and through Ghirlandaio to his pupil Michelangelo and the High Renaissance. Domenico Ghirlandaio (1449 &ndash January 11, 1494) was a renowned Florentine Renaissance painter a contemporary of Botticelli Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni Two biographies were published of him during his lifetime One of them by Giorgio Vasari, proposed that he was the pinnacle of all

Apart from the lineal connection, superficially there may seem little to link the humble priest with his sweetly pretty Madonnas and timeless Crucifixions to the dynamic expressions of Michelangelo’s larger-than-life creations. The crucifixion of Jesus is an event recorded in all four Gospels (;;) which takes place after his arrest and trial and includes his scourging But both these artists received their most important commissions from the wealthiest and most powerful of all patrons, the Vatican.

When Michelangelo took up the Sistine Chapel commission, he was working within a space that had already been extensively decorated by other artists. Around the walls the Life of Christ and Life of Moses were depicted by a range of artists including his teacher Ghirlandaio, Raphael’s teacher Perugino and Botticelli. Domenico Ghirlandaio (1449 &ndash January 11, 1494) was a renowned Florentine Renaissance painter a contemporary of Botticelli Raphael Sanzio, usually known by his first name alone (in Italian Raffaello) (April 6 or March 28 1483 – April 6 1520 was an Italian painter and Pietro Perugino (1446–1524 was the leading painter of the Umbrian school who developed some of the qualities that found classic expression in the High Renaissance They were works of large scale and exactly the sort of lavish treatment to be expected in a Vatican commission, vying with each other in complexity of design, number of figures, elaboration of detail and skilful use of gold leaf. Above these works stood a row of painted Popes in brilliant brocades and gold tiaras. None of these splendours have any place in the work which Michelangelo created. Michaelangelo, when asked by Pope Julius II to ornament the robes of the Apostles in the usual way, responded that they were very poor men. Pope Julius II (5 December 1443 &ndash 21 February 1513 born Giuliano Della Rovere, was Pope from 1503 to 1513 ^[10]

Within the cells of San’Marco, Fra Angelico had demonstrated that painterly skill and the artist’s personal interpretation were sufficient to create memorable works of art, without the expensive trappings of blue and gold. In the use of the unadorned fresco technique, the clear bright pastel colours, the careful arrangement of a few significant figures and the skilful use of expression, motion and gesture, Michelangelo showed himself to be the artistic descendant of Fra Angelico. Frederick Hartt describes Fra Angelico as "prophetic of the mysticism" of painter such as Rembrandt, El Greco and Zurbaran. Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (July 15 1606 &ndash October 4 1669 was a Dutch painter and etcher. El Greco' ("The Greek " 1541 &ndash April 7 1614 was a painter, sculptor, and architect of the Spanish Renaissance Francisco de Zurbarán ( November 7 1598 &ndash August 27 1664) was a Spanish painter. ^[10]

Fra Angelico and the succession to Michelangelo

Fra Angelico, fresco from the cells of San' Marco. Christ reaches out to Adam to rescue him from Hell. c. 1440

Benozzo Gozzoli, Journey of the Magi, fresco, depicting members of the Medici family and a visiting dignitary as the wise men c. 1460

Ghirlandaio, fresco, a typical patron-pleasing work showing the young women of Florence in elaborate brocades, in attendance at the Birth of Mary. c. 1490

Michelangelo, God creating Adam, fresco, showing the iconic representation of God's connection with humankind through Adam. c. 1510

Works

Virgin and Child with Saints, detail, Fiesole (1428–1430)

Early works, 1408–1436

Cortona

• Annunciation

Fiesole

• Altarpiece - Coronation of the Virgin, with predellas of Miracles of St Dominic; Louvre. Cortona is a town and comune in the Province of Arezzo, in Tuscany, Italy. In Christianity the Annunciation ( grc Ευαγγελισμός της Θεοτόκου, Evangelismós tēs Theotókou in Greek) is the revelation Fiesole is a town and Comune of the Province of Florence in the Italian region of Tuscany, on a famously scenic height above Saint Dominic (Domingo also known as Dominic of Osma, often called Dominic de Guzmán and Domingo de Guzmán Garcés (1170 &ndash August 6 The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France
• Altarpiece - Virgin and Child between Saints Peter, Thomas Aquinas, Dominic and Peter Martyr; see detail, right. Saint Dominic (Domingo also known as Dominic of Osma, often called Dominic de Guzmán and Domingo de Guzmán Garcés (1170 &ndash August 6 Saint Peter of Verona, OP also known as Saint Peter Martyr (1206 &ndash April 6, 1252) was a 13th century Dominican preacher
• Predella - Christ in Majesty, National Gallery, London. In Christian eschatology, the Last Judgment or Day of the Lord is the judgment by God of every human who ever lived

Florence, Santa Trinita

• Deposition of Christ, said by Vasari to have been “painted by a saint or an angel”. The church of Santa Trinita ("Holy Trinity" is a church in central Florence, Italy. The Deposition from the Cross is a painting of the Deposition of Christ by the Italian Renaissance master Fra Angelico, executed between Now in the National Museum of San Marco, Florence. San Marco is the name of religious complex in Florence, Italy.

Florence, Santa Maria degli Angeli

• Last Judgement, Accademia. Santa Maria degli Angeli is a former church and convent in Florence, Italy. In Christian eschatology, the Last Judgment or Day of the Lord is the judgment by God of every human who ever lived

Florence, Santa Maria Novella

• Altarpiece - Coronation of the Virgin, Uffizi. Santa Maria Novella is a church in Florence, Italy situated just across the main railway station which shares its name The Uffizi Gallery (Galleria degli Uffizi one of the oldest and most famous Art Museums in the world is housed in the Palazzo degli Uffizi, a

San Marco, Florence, 1436–1445

One of several versions of The Annunciation is located in St Mark's Convent. In Christianity the Annunciation ( grc Ευαγγελισμός της Θεοτόκου, Evangelismós tēs Theotókou in Greek) is the revelation

• Altarpiece for chancel - Virgin with Saints Cosmas and Damian, attended by Saints Dominic, Peter, Francis, Mark, John Evangelist and Stephen. Saints Cosmas and Damian (Κοσμάς και Δαμιανός (died ca Cosmas and Damian were patrons of the Medici; the altarpiece was commissioned in 1438 by Cosimo de' Medici. It was removed and disassembled during the renovation of the convent church in the seventeenth century. Two of the nine predella panels remain at the convent; seven are in Washington, Munich, Dublin and Paris. A predella is the platform or step on which an Altar stands ( predalla It Unexpectedly, in 2006 the last two missing panels, Dominican saints from the side panels, turned up in the estate of a modest collector in Oxfordshire, who had bought them in California in the 1960s. ^[16]
• Altarpiece ? – Madonna and Child with twelve Angels (life sized); Uffizi.
• Altarpiece - The Annunciation
• Two versions of the Crucifixion with St Dominic; in the Cloister
• Very large Crucifixion with Virgin and 20 saints; in the Chapter House
• The Annunciation; at the top of the Dormitory stairs. This is probably the most reproduced of all Fra Angelico's paintings.
• Virgin enthroned with Four Saints; in the Dormitory passage

In The Annunciation, the interior reproduces that of the cell in which it is located.

Each cell is decorated with a fresco which matches in size and shape the single round-headed window beside it. The frescoes are apparently for contemplative purpose. They are have a pale, serene, unearthly beauty. Many of Fra Angelico’s finest and most reproduced works are among them. There are, particularly in the inner row of cells, some of less inspiring quality and of more repetitive subject, perhaps completed by assistants. ^[10] Many pictures include Dominican saints as witnesses, allowing the friar using the cell to place himself in the scene.

• The Adoration of the Magi
• The Transfiguration
• Noli me Tangere
• The three Marys at the tomb. The Adoration of the Magi is the name traditionally given to the Christian subject in the Nativity of Jesus in art in which the three Magi, represented as kings Noli me tangere, meaning "don't touch me" is the Latin version of words spoken according to, by Jesus to Mary Magdalene The Three Marys (or Maries) refer to the three biblical Marys that came to the Sepulchre of Jesus in the Gospels and are
• The Road to Emmaus, with two Dominicans as the disciples
• There are many versions of the Crucifixion
  

Late works, 1445–1455

Orvieto Cathedral

Three segments of the ceiling in the Cappella Nuova, with the assistance of Benozzo Gozzoli. Crucifixion (from Latin crucifixio, noun of process crucifixio, from perfect passive participle crucifixus, fixed to a cross from The Duomo di Orvieto is a large 14th century Roman Catholic Cathedral situated in the town of Orvieto in Umbria, central Italy. Benozzo Gozzoli (c 1421 &ndash 1497 was an Italian Renaissance painter from Florence

• Christ in Glory
• The Virgin Mary
• The Apostles

Niccoline Chapel

The Chapel of Pope Nicholas V, at the Vatican, was probably painted with much assistance from Benozzo Gozzoli and Gentile da Fabriano. The Niccoline Chapel (Italian Cappella Niccolina) is a Chapel in the Vatican Palace. Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory Benozzo Gozzoli (c 1421 &ndash 1497 was an Italian Renaissance painter from Florence Gentile da Fabriano (c 1370 &ndash c 1427 was an Italian painter known for his participation in the International Gothic style The entire surface of wall and ceiling is sumptuously painted. There is much gold leaf for borders and decoration, and a great use of brilliant blue made from lapis lazuli.

• The life of St Stephen
• The life of St Lawrence
• The Four Evangelists. The Four Evangelists refers to the authors of the four Gospel accounts in the New Testament that bear the following ancient titles Gospel according

Discovery of lost works

Worldwide press coverage reported in November 2006 that two missing masterpieces by Fra Angelico had turned up, having hung in the spare room of the late Jean Preston, in her "modest terrace house" in Oxford, England. Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, Her father had bought them for £100 each in 1965 then bequethed them to her when he died in 1974. Jean had been consulted by their then owner in her capacity as an expert medievalist. She recognised them as being high quality Florentine renaissance, but it never occurred to anyone, even all the dealers she approached on behalf of the owner, that they could possibly be by Fra Angelico. They were finally identified in 2005 by Michael Liversidge of Bristol University. There was almost no demand at all for medieval art during the 1960s and no dealers showed any interest, so her father bought them almost as an afterthought along with some manuscripts. Ironically the manuscripts turned out to be high quality Victorian forgeries by The Spanish Forger. The paintings are two of eight side panels of a large altarpiece painted in 1439 for Fra Angelico's monastery at San Marco, but split up by Napoleon's army 200 years ago. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. While the centre section is still at the monastery, the other six small panels are in German and US museums. These two panels were presumed lost forever. The Italian Government had hoped to purchase them but they were outbid at auction on 20 April 2007 by a private collector for £1. 7M. ^[17][18]

See also

• List of painters
• List of Italian painters
• List of famous Italians
• Early Renaissance painting
• Poor Man's Bible
• Fray Angelico Chavez Franciscan Friar, historian and artist who was named after Fra Angelico due to his interest in painting. These are lists of painters: List of painters by name By religion List of Muslim painters By country or region Famous Italian painters (in alphabetical order Francesco Albani (1578–1660 Mariotto Albertinelli (1474–1515 This is a list of notable Italians in alphabetical order Scientists A-F Antonio Abetti, astronomer Renaissance painting bridges the period of European art history between the art of the Middle Ages and Baroque art. The term Poor Man's Bible has come into use in modern times to describe works of art within churches and cathedrals which either individually or collectively have been created Reverend Fr Fray Angélico Chávez ( April 10 1910 &ndash March 18, 1996) was an American Franciscan Priest
• Western painting

Footnotes

References

Further reading

• Didi-Huberman, Georges. Fra Angelico: Dissemblance and Figuration. University of Chicago Press, 1995. ISBN 0-226-14813-0 Discussion of how Fra Angelico challenged Renaissance naturalism and developed a technique to portray "unfigurable" theological ideas.
• Gilbert, Creighton, How Fra Angelico and Signorelli Saw the End of the World, Penn State Press, 2002 ISBN 0-271-02140-3
• Spike, John T. Angelico, New York, 1997.
• Supino, J. B. , Fra Angelico, Alinari Brothers, Florence, undated, from Project Gutenberg

External links

• Fra Angelico at Gallery of Art
• Fra Angelico - Painter of the Early Renaissance
• Fra Angelico in the "History of Art"
• Fondazione Beato Angelico
• Fra Angelico of Fiesole
• Fra Angelico Exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, (October 26, 2005–January 29, 2006). Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works The Metropolitan Museum of Art is an art museum located on the eastern edge of Central Park, along what is known as Museum Mile in New York City,
• "Soul Eyes" Review of the Fra Angelico show at the Met, by Arthur C. Danto in The Nation, (January 19, 2006). Arthur Coleman Danto (born 1924 is an American Art critic, and Professor of Philosophy. This article is about the US Publication. For other newspapers magazines and alternate uses by the same name see The Nation (disambiguation.

Gallery

Annunciation (c. 1450)	The Naming of St. John the Baptist (1434–1435)	The Nativity	The Adoration of the Magi, the Cook Tondo.
The Flight into Egypt (c. 1450)	Baptism of Christ (c. 1437–1446)	Capture of Christ (c. 1437–1446)	Christ Being Nailed to the Cross (c. 1437–1446)
Christ on the Cross between the Two Thieves (c. 1437–1446)	The Deposition (c. 1437–1446)	Noli me tangere (c. 1437–1446)	Coronation of the Virgin (c. 1437–1446)