Four Temperaments is a theory of psychology that stems from the ancient medical concept of four humors, or "humours" in UK English. Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Humorism, or humoralism, was a theory of the makeup and workings of the human body adopted by Greek and Roman physicians and philosophers
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History and development
Temperament theory has its roots in the ancient four humors theory of the Greek doctor Hippocrates (460-370 BC), who believed certain human moods, emotions and behaviors were caused by body fluids (called "humors"): blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm. Humorism, or humoralism, was a theory of the makeup and workings of the human body adopted by Greek and Roman physicians and philosophers Hippocrates of Cos II or Hippokrates of Kos ( ca. 460 BC – ca Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products Bile or gall is a bitter yellow or green Alkaline fluid secreted by Hepatocytes from the Liver of most Vertebrates In many species Phlegm ( is sticky Fluid secreted by the Mucous membranes of Humans and other Animals. Next, Galen (131-200 AD) developed the first typology of temperament in his dissertation De temperamentis, and searched for physiological reasons for different behaviors in humans. Galen ( Greek: Γαληνός Galēnos; Latin: Claudius Galenus, Aelius Galenus, Claudius Aelius Galenus, or Physiology (from Greek grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the mechanical physical In The Canon of Medicine, Avicenna (980-1037) then extended the theory of temperaments to encompass "emotional aspects, mental capacity, moral attitudes, self-awareness, movements and dreams. The Canon of Medicine ( Arabic: القانون في الطب Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb " The Law of Medicine " Persian TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Persian /ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا (born An emotion is a mental and physiological state associated with a wide variety of feelings thoughts and behaviours A moral is a message conveyed or a lesson to be learned from a story or event Self-awareness is the concept that one exists as an individual separate from other people with private Thoughts. Dreams are the images sounds thoughts and feelings experienced while Sleeping, particularly strongly associated with Rapid eye movement sleep. "[1]
Nicholas Culpeper (1616-1654) disregarded the idea of fluids as defining human behavior, and Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925), Alfred Adler (1879-1937), Erich Adickes (1866-1925), Eduard Spränger (1914), Ernst Kretschmer (1920), and Erich Fromm (1947) all theorized on the four temperaments (with different names) and greatly shaped our modern theories of temperament. Nicholas Culpeper ( 18 October 1616 &ndash 1654 in London) was an English botanist, Herbalist, Physician Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg Rudolf Steiner ( 25 February 1861 – 30 March 1925) was an Austrian philosopher literary scholar educator artist playwright Alfred Adler ( February 7 1870 &ndash May 28 1937) was an Austrian medical doctor, psychologist and founder of Adickes Erich (1866—1928 was a German philosopher Adickes was a critical empiricist or moderate Kantian and he wrote important works on Kant, including in 1895 a Kantian Eduard Spranger June 27, 1882 &ndash September 17, 1963) was a German Philosopher and Psychologist. Ernst Kretschmer (* October 8 1888 in Wüstenrot near Heilbronn ( Germany) † February 8 1964 in Tübingen Erich Pinchas Fromm ( March 23, 1900 &ndash March 18, 1980) was an internationally renowned social psychologist, psychoanalyst Hans Eysenck (1916-1997) was one of the first psychologists to analyze personality differences using a psycho-statistical method (factor analysis), and his research led him to believe that temperament is biologically based. Hans Jürgen Eysenck ( March 4, 1916 in Berlin, Germany - September 4, 1997 in London, UK) was a Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection analysis interpretation or explanation and presentation of Data. Factor analysis is a statistical method used to explain variability among observed Variables in terms of fewer unobserved variables called factors The factors he proposed in his book Dimensions of Personality were Neuroticism (N) which was the tendency to experience negative emotions, and the second was Extraversion (E) which was the tendency to enjoy positive events, especially social ones. Neuroticism is a fundamental personality trait in the study of Psychology. The trait of Extraversion-Introversion is a central dimension of human personality. By pairing the two dimensions, Eysenck noted how the results were similar to the four ancient temperaments. In mathematics the dimension of a Space is roughly defined as the minimum number of Coordinates needed to specify every point within it
- High N, High E = Choleric
- High N, Low E = Melancholic (also called "Melancholy"/pl. "-ies")
- Low N, High E = Sanguine
- Low N, Low E = Phlegmatic
Other researchers developed similar systems, many of which did not use the ancient temperament names, and several paired extroversion with a different factor, which would determine relationship/task-orientation. An interpersonal relationship is a relatively long-term association between two or more people Examples are DiSC assessment, Social Styles, and a theory that adds a fifth temperament. DISC is a group of psychological inventories developed by John Geier and based on the 1928 work of psychologist William Moulton Marston. "Social styles" is the name of a Psychometric instrument that claims to help people better understand and work with others through appreciation of basic decision-making Five temperaments a Theory in Psychology, that expands upon the " Four Temperaments " proposed in ancient medical theory One of the most popular today is the Keirsey Temperament Sorter, whose four temperaments were based largely on the Greek gods Apollo, Dionysus, Epimetheus and Prometheus, and were mapped to the 16 types of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). The Keirsey Temperament Sorter (KTS is a self-assessed personality questionnaire designed to help people better understand themselves first introduced in the book Please Understand In Classical mythology, Dionysus or Dionysos (in Greek, Διόνυσος or Διώνυσος; associated with Roman In Greek mythology, Prometheus (Προμηθεύς "forethought" is a Titan known for his wily intelligence who stole Fire from Zeus The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI assessment is a psychometric questionnaire designed to measure psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions They were renamed (SP=Artisan, SJ=Guardian, NF=Idealist, NT=Rational). An artisan, also called a Craftsman, is a skilled manual worker who crafts items that may be functional or strictly decorative including furniture clothing In Western civilization, Idealism is the philosophy which maintains that the Ultimate nature of reality is ideal or based upon ideas values essences The so-called Rather than using extroversion and introversion (E/I) and task/people focus, like other theories, KTS mapped the temperaments to "Sensing" and "Intuition" (S/N, renamed "concrete" and "abstract") paired with a new category, "Cooperative" and "pragmatic" (loosely based on Judging and Perception, or J/P). When "Role-Informative" and "Role-Directive" (loosely connected with Thinking/Feeling or T/F, and corresponding to people/task-orientation), and finally E/I are factored in, you attain the 16 types. Finally, the Interaction Styles of Linda V. Interaction Styles are groupings of the 16 types of the MBTI instrument of Psychometrics and Jungian Psychology. Berens combines Directing and Informing with E/I to form another group of "styles" which greatly resemble the ancient temperaments, and these are mapped together with the Keirsey Temperaments onto the 16 types.
The four personality types
Each of the four types of humours corresponded to a different personality type.
Sanguine
Sanguine indicates the personality of an individual with the temperament of blood, the season of spring (wet and hot), and the classical element of air. Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products A season is one of the major divisions of the Year, generally based on yearly periodic changes in Weather. Spring is one of the four Temperate Seasons Spring marks the transition from Winter into Summer. Many ancient philosophies used a set of archetypal classical "elements" to explain patterns in Nature. In traditional cultures air is often seen as a universal power or pure substance A person who is sanguine is generally arrogant, cocky, indulgent, and confident. He/She can be day-dreamy and off-task to the point of not accomplishing anything and can be impulsive, possibly acting on whims in an unpredictable fashion. This also describes the manic phase of a bipolar disorder. Mania (from Greek μανία and that from μαίνομαι - mainomai, "to rage to be furious" is a severe medical condition Also, the humour of Sanguine is usually treated with leeches.
Choleric
Choleric corresponds to the fluid of yellow bile, the season of summer (dry and hot), and the element of fire. Bile or gall is a bitter yellow or green Alkaline fluid secreted by Hepatocytes from the Liver of most Vertebrates In many species Summer is one of the four Temperate Seasons Summer marks the warmest time of year with the longest days Fire has been an important part of many cultures and religions from pre-history to modern day and was vital to the development of civilization A person who is choleric is a doer and a leader. They have a lot of ambition, energy, and passion, and try to instill it in others. In Physics and other Sciences energy (from the Greek grc ἐνέργεια - Energeia, "activity operation" from grc ἐνεργός Passion (from the Latin patior, meaning to suffer or to endure is an emotion of feeling very strongly about a person They can dominate people of other temperaments, especially phlegmatic types. Many great charismatic military and political figures were cholerics. On the negative side, they are easily angered or bad-tempered.
In folk medicine, a baby referred to as having "colic" is one who cries frequently and seems to be constantly angry. This is an adaptation of "choleric," although no twentieth/twenty-first century scholar or doctor of medicine would attribute the condition to bile. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Similarly, a person described as "bilious" is mean-spirited, suspicious, and angry. This, again, is an adaptation of the old humour theory "choleric. "
The disease Cholera gained its name from choler (bile). Cholera, sometimes known as Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera, is an infectious Gastroenteritis caused by the Bacterium
Melancholic
Melancholic is the personality of an individual characterized by black bile; hence (Greek μελας, melas, "black", + χολη, kholé, "bile"); a person who was a thoughtful ponderer had a melancholic disposition. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Often very kind and considerate, melancholics can be highly creative - as in poetry and art - but also can become overly pre-occupied with the tragedy and cruelty in the world, thus becoming depressed. Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual Cruelty can be described as indifference to Suffering, and even positive Pleasure in inflicting it The temperament is associated with the season of autumn (dry and cold) and the element earth. Autumn (also known as fall in North American English) is one of the four Temperate Seasons Autumn marks the transition from Summer Earth, home and origin of humanity has often been worshipped in its own right with its own unique spiritual tradition A melancholy is also often a perfectionist, being very particular about what they want and how they want it in some cases. This often results in being unsatisfied with one's own artistic or creative works and always pointing out to themselves what could and should be improved.
This temperament describes the depressed phase of a bipolar disorder. In the fields of Psychology and Psychiatry, the terms depression or depressed refer to both expected and pathologically chronic or severe
There is no bodily fluid corresponding to black bile; the medulla of the adrenal glands, which decomposes very rapidly after death, can be associated with it. In Mammals the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped Endocrine glands that sit on top of the Kidneys their Death is the termination of the biological functions that define living Organisms It refers both to a specific
Phlegmatic
A phlegmatic person is calm and unemotional. An emotion is a mental and physiological state associated with a wide variety of feelings thoughts and behaviours Phlegmatic means "pertaining to phlegm", corresponds to the season of winter (wet and cold), and connotes the element of water. Phlegm ( is sticky Fluid secreted by the Mucous membranes of Humans and other Animals. Winter is one of the four Seasons of Temperate zones Calculated astronomically, it begins on the Solstice and ends on the Equinox Water has been important to all peoples of the earth and it is rich in spiritual tradition
While phlegmatics are generally self-content and kind, their shy personality can often inhibit enthusiasm in others and make themselves lazy and resistant to change. Enthusiasm (ἐνθουσιασμός enthousiasmos) originally meant Inspiration or possession by a divine Afflatus or by the presence of a They are very consistent, relaxed, rational, curious, and observant, making them good administrators and diplomats. Like the sanguine personality, the phlegmatic has many friends. Sanguine refers to a reddish often tending to brown color of Chalk used in Drawing. However the phlegmatic is more reliable and compassionate; these characteristics typically make the phlegmatic a more dependable friend. Compassion is a profound human Emotion prompted by the pain of others
Historical Development
| Date | Author | Artisan temperament | Idealist temperament | Guardian temperament | Rational temperament |
| c. 400 BC | Hippocrates' four humours | blood | yellow bile | black bile | phlegm |
| Organ: | liver | gall bladder | spleen | brain/lungs | |
| Characteristics: | courageous, amorous | easily angered | despondent, sleepless | calm, unemotional | |
| c. Events By place Persian Empire Artaxerxes II King of Persia appoints Tissaphernes to take over all the districts in Hippocrates of Cos II or Hippokrates of Kos ( ca. 460 BC – ca Humorism, or humoralism, was a theory of the makeup and workings of the human body adopted by Greek and Roman physicians and philosophers Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products Erich Adickes, Eduard Spränger, Ernst Kretschmer, and Erich Fromm all theorized on the four temperaments (with different names and greatly Phlegm ( is sticky Fluid secreted by the Mucous membranes of Humans and other Animals. The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals The gallbladder (or cholecyst sometimes gall bladder is a small organ whose function in the body is to store Bile and aid in the digestive process The spleen is an organ found in all Vertebrate animals In humans the spleen is located in the abdomen of the body where it functions in the destruction of redundant Red The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain lung is the essential Respiration organ in air-breathing Animals including most Tetrapods a few Fish and a few Snails The most primitive 325 BC | Aristotle's four sources of happiness | hedone (sensuous pleasure) | ethikos (moral virtue) | propraitari (acquiring assets) | dialogike (logical investigation) |
| c. Events By place Macedonian Empire Alexander the Great leaves India and nominates his officer Peithon son of Agenor Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Happiness is an Emotion associated with feelings ranging from contentment and satisfaction to Bliss and intense Joy. 190 AD | Galen's four temperaments | sanguine | choleric | melancholic | phlegmatic |
| c. Events By Place Roman Empire A part of Rome burns and Emperor Commodus orders the city to be rebuilt under the name Galen ( Greek: Γαληνός Galēnos; Latin: Claudius Galenus, Aelius Galenus, Claudius Aelius Galenus, or Sanguine refers to a reddish often tending to brown color of Chalk used in Drawing. Erich Adickes, Eduard Spränger, Ernst Kretschmer, and Erich Fromm all theorized on the four temperaments (with different names and greatly Erich Adickes, Eduard Spränger, Ernst Kretschmer, and Erich Fromm all theorized on the four temperaments (with different names and greatly Erich Adickes, Eduard Spränger, Ernst Kretschmer, and Erich Fromm all theorized on the four temperaments (with different names and greatly 1030 | Avicenna's four primary temperaments | hot & moist | hot & dry | cold & dry | cold & moist |
| Morbid states: | inflammations become febrile, loss of vigour, lassitude | inflammations become febrile, loss of vigour | fevers related to serious humour, rheumatism | fevers related to serious humour, rheumatism, lassitude | |
| Functional power: | deficient energy, difficult digestion | deficient energy | deficient digestive power | deficient digestive power, difficult digestion | |
| Subjective sensations: | bitter taste, excessive thirst, burning at cardia, mucoid salivation, sleepiness | bitter taste, excessive thirst, burning at cardia, insomnia, wakefulness | lack of desire for fluids, insomnia, wakefulness | lack of desire for fluids, mucoid salivation, sleepiness | |
| Physical signs: | high pulse rate, lassitude, diarrhea, swollen eyelids | high pulse rate, lassitude, rough skin, acquired habit | flaccid joints, rough skin, acquired habit | flaccid joints, diarrhea, swollen eyelids | |
| c. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Persian /ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا (born In psychology temperament is the innate aspect of an individual's personality such as Introversion or Extroversion. Inflammation ( Latin, inflamatio, to set on fire is the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli such as Pathogens Fever (also known as pyrexia, from the Greek pyretos meaning fire or a febrile response, from the Latin word Febris Inflammation ( Latin, inflamatio, to set on fire is the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli such as Pathogens Fever (also known as pyrexia, from the Greek pyretos meaning fire or a febrile response, from the Latin word Febris Fever (also known as pyrexia, from the Greek pyretos meaning fire or a febrile response, from the Latin word Febris Rheumatism or Rheumatic disorder is a non-specific term for medical problems affecting the Heart, Bones Joints Kidney, Skin Fever (also known as pyrexia, from the Greek pyretos meaning fire or a febrile response, from the Latin word Febris Rheumatism or Rheumatic disorder is a non-specific term for medical problems affecting the Heart, Bones Joints Kidney, Skin In Physics and other Sciences energy (from the Greek grc ἐνέργεια - Energeia, "activity operation" from grc ἐνεργός Digestion is the breaking down of chemicals in the body into a form that can be absorbed In Physics and other Sciences energy (from the Greek grc ἐνέργεια - Energeia, "activity operation" from grc ἐνεργός Digestion is the breaking down of chemicals in the body into a form that can be absorbed Digestion is the breaking down of chemicals in the body into a form that can be absorbed Digestion is the breaking down of chemicals in the body into a form that can be absorbed Taste (or more formally gustation) is a form of direct Chemoreception and is one of the traditional five Senses Thirst is the craving for liquids resulting in the basic Instinct of humans or animals to Drink. The cardia (also known as Z-line or esophagogastric junction or gastroesophageal junction) is the anatomical term for the junction orifice of Mucous connective tissue (or mucous tissue) is a type of Connective tissue found during Fetal development For the band see Saliva (band; for the village in Azerbaijan see Səliva. Somnolence (or " drowsiness " is a state of near- Sleep, a strong desire for sleep or sleeping for unusually long periods (c Taste (or more formally gustation) is a form of direct Chemoreception and is one of the traditional five Senses Thirst is the craving for liquids resulting in the basic Instinct of humans or animals to Drink. The cardia (also known as Z-line or esophagogastric junction or gastroesophageal junction) is the anatomical term for the junction orifice of Insomnia is a symptom of a sleeping disorder characterized by persistent difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep despite the opportunity FLUID ( F ast L ight '''U'''ser '''I'''nterface D esigner is a graphical editor that is used to produce FLTK Source code Insomnia is a symptom of a sleeping disorder characterized by persistent difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep despite the opportunity FLUID ( F ast L ight '''U'''ser '''I'''nterface D esigner is a graphical editor that is used to produce FLTK Source code Mucous connective tissue (or mucous tissue) is a type of Connective tissue found during Fetal development For the band see Saliva (band; for the village in Azerbaijan see Səliva. Somnolence (or " drowsiness " is a state of near- Sleep, a strong desire for sleep or sleeping for unusually long periods (c In Medicine, a person's pulse is the throbbing of their arteries. In Medicine, diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences) is frequent loose or liquid Bowel movements Acute diarrhea Eye puffiness, also known as "puffy eyes" or swelling around the eyes, refers to the appearance of swelling in the tissues around the Eyes called In Medicine, a person's pulse is the throbbing of their arteries. Roughness is a measure of the texture of a Surface. It is quantified by the vertical deviations of a real surface from its ideal form Habits are habituated routines of behavior that are repeated regularly tend to occur Subconsciously and tend to occur without directly thinking consciously Flaccid paralysis is a Clinical Manifestation characterized by Weakness or Paralysis and reduced Muscle tone without other obvious Roughness is a measure of the texture of a Surface. It is quantified by the vertical deviations of a real surface from its ideal form Habits are habituated routines of behavior that are repeated regularly tend to occur Subconsciously and tend to occur without directly thinking consciously Flaccid paralysis is a Clinical Manifestation characterized by Weakness or Paralysis and reduced Muscle tone without other obvious In Medicine, diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences) is frequent loose or liquid Bowel movements Acute diarrhea Eye puffiness, also known as "puffy eyes" or swelling around the eyes, refers to the appearance of swelling in the tissues around the Eyes called 1550 | Paracelsus' four totem spirits | changeable salamanders | inspired nymphs | industrious gnomes | curious sylphs |
| c. Paracelsus (11 November or 17 December 1493 in Einsiedeln Switzerland – 24 September 1541 in Salzburg, Austria) was an alchemist, A totem is any supposed entity that watches over or assists a group of people such as a family Clan or tribe ( Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary and Webster's This article is about the legendary creature for the amphibian see Salamander. In Greek mythology, a nymph is any member of a large class of mythological entities in human female form A gnome is a Mythical creature characterized by its extremely small size and subterranean lifestyle Sylph (also called sylphid) is a mythological creature in the Western tradition 1905 | Adicke's four world views | innovative | doctrinaire | traditional | skeptical |
| c. Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting A comprehensive world view (or worldview) is a term Calqued from the German word Weltanschauung ( Welt is the German The term innovation means a new way of doing something It may refer to incremental radical and revolutionary changes in thinking products processes or organisations Truthiness is a term first used in its current satirical sense by American television comedian Stephen Colbert in 2005 to describe The word tradition comes from the Latin traditionem acc of traditio which means "a giving up delivering up surrendering" and is used in a number of In ordinary usage skepticism or scepticism ( Greek 'σκέπτομαι' skeptomai, to look about to consider see also spelling differences 1910 | Steiner's Waldorf education | Sanguine | Choleric | Melancholic | Phlegmatic |
| c. Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Rudolf Steiner ( 25 February 1861 – 30 March 1925) was an Austrian philosopher literary scholar educator artist playwright Waldorf education (also known as Steiner or Steiner-Waldorf education is a Pedagogy based upon the Educational philosophy of Rudolf Steiner, the founder 1912 | Dreikurs'/Adler four mistaken goals | Retaliation | Recognition | Service | Power |
| c. Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting Rudolf Dreikurs ( February 8 1897, Vienna - May 25 1972, Chicago) was an American Psychiatrist and Educator 1914 | Spränger's four value attitudes | artistic | religious | economic | theoretic |
| c. Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos An economy is the realized social system of production exchange distribution and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area The word theory has many distinct meanings in different fields of Knowledge, depending on their methodologies and the context of discussion. 1920 | Kretschmer's four character styles | hypomanic | hyperesthetic | depressive | anesthetic |
| c. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Ernst Kretschmer (* October 8 1888 in Wüstenrot near Heilbronn ( Germany) † February 8 1964 in Tübingen A character structure is a system of relatively permanent motivational and other traits that are manifested in the specific ways that an individual relates and reacts to others to various This article is an expansion of a section entitled '''Hypomania''' from within the main article Bipolar disorder. Ernst Kretschmer (* October 8 1888 in Wüstenrot near Heilbronn ( Germany) † February 8 1964 in Tübingen Major depressive disorder, also known as major depression, unipolar depression, unipolar disorder, clinical depression, or simply depression Anesthesia, or anaesthesia (see spelling differences; from Greek grc αν- an-, "without" and grc αἲσθησις 1947 | Erich Fromm's four orientations | exploitative | receptive | hoarding | marketing |
| c. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Erich Pinchas Fromm ( March 23, 1900 &ndash March 18, 1980) was an internationally renowned social psychologist, psychoanalyst 1958 | Myers' Jungian aspects of sixteen types | SP - sensory perception | NF - intuitive feeling | SJ - sensory judgement | NT - intuitive thinking |
| c. Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Isabel Briggs Myers ( 18 October 1897 &ndash May 5, 1980[http //www 1978 | Keirsey/Bates four temperaments (old) | Dionysian | Apollonian | Epimethean | Promethean |
| c. Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) David West Keirsey (ˈkɜrːzi b August 31, 1921, Oklahoma) is an internationally renowned Psychologist, a professor emeritus at California In psychology temperament is the innate aspect of an individual's personality such as Introversion or Extroversion. In Greek mythology, Epimetheus ( Greek) ("hindsight" literally "hind-thought" but in the manner of a fool looking behind while running In Greek mythology, Prometheus (Προμηθεύς "forethought" is a Titan known for his wily intelligence who stole Fire from Zeus 1998 | Keirsey's four temperaments | Artisan | Idealist | Guardian | Rational |
| Keirsey, David [1978] (May 1, 1998). Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) David West Keirsey (ˈkɜrːzi b August 31, 1921, Oklahoma) is an internationally renowned Psychologist, a professor emeritus at California In psychology temperament is the innate aspect of an individual's personality such as Introversion or Extroversion. The Artisan temperament is one of the Four Temperaments defined by David Keirsey. The Idealist temperament is one of the Four Temperaments defined by David Keirsey. The Guardian temperament is one of the Four Temperaments defined by David Keirsey. The Rational temperament is one of the Four Temperaments defined by David Keirsey. Please Understand Me II: Temperament, Character, Intelligence, 1st Ed. , Prometheus Nemesis Book Co. ISBN 1885705026. | |||||
| Lutz, Peter L. (2002), The Rise of Experimental Biology: An Illustrated History, Humana Press, p. Humana Press is a publisher of science technology and medical books and journals 60, ISBN 0896038351 | |||||
Decline in popularity
When the concept of the temperaments was on the wane, many critics dropped the phlegmatic, or defined it purely negatively, such as the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, as the absence of temperament. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg In the Five Temperaments theory, the classical Phlegmatic temperament is in fact deemed to be a neutral temperament, whereas the "relationship-oriented introvert" position traditionally held by the Phlegmatic is declared to be a new "fifth temperament. Five temperaments a Theory in Psychology, that expands upon the " Four Temperaments " proposed in ancient medical theory "
Modern adaptations
Christian writer Tim LaHaye has attempted to repopularize the ancient temperaments through his books. Timothy F LaHaye (b April 27, 1926 in Detroit Michigan) is an American evangelical Christian minister, Author [2][3][4] In Waldorf education and anthroposophy, the temperaments are used to help understand personality. Waldorf education (also known as Steiner or Steiner-Waldorf education is a Pedagogy based upon the Educational philosophy of Rudolf Steiner, the founder Anthroposophy is a spiritual philosophy based on the teachings of Rudolf Steiner (25 February 1861 – 30 March 1925 which postulates the existence of an objective intellectually They are seen as avenues into teaching, with many different types of blends, which can be utilized to help with both discipline and defining the methods used with individual children and class balance.
Temperament Blends
LaHaye believes there are twelve mixtures of the four temperaments, representing people who have the traits of two temperaments, called Mel-Chlor, Chlor-San, San-Phleg, Phleg-Mel, Mel-San, Chlor-Phleg; and the reverse of these: Chlor-Mel, San-Chlor, Phleg-San, Mel-Phleg, San-Mel, and Phleg-Chlor. The order of temperaments in these pairs was based on which temperament was the "dominant" one (this is usually expressed by percentages). In Mathematics, a percentage is a way of expressing a number as a Fraction of 100 ( per cent meaning "per hundred" A person can also be a blend of three temperaments. Other four-type models, such as Social Styles, also have similar blends q.v., and in the five temperament theory, the blends are defined along the three areas of "Inclusion", "Control", and "Affection". "Social styles" is the name of a Psychometric instrument that claims to help people better understand and work with others through appreciation of basic decision-making The blends expand the number of types to 16 (12 blends of 2 types, plus the four pure types) or more (for blends of three).
See also
References
- ^ Lutz, Peter L. A disposition is a habit, a preparation a state of readiness or a tendency to act in a specified way Five temperaments a Theory in Psychology, that expands upon the " Four Temperaments " proposed in ancient medical theory Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation ( FIRO) is a theory of interpersonal relations introduced by William Schutz in 1958. Humorism, or humoralism, was a theory of the makeup and workings of the human body adopted by Greek and Roman physicians and philosophers (2002), The Rise of Experimental Biology: An Illustrated History, Humana Press, p. Humana Press is a publisher of science technology and medical books and journals 60, ISBN 0896038351
- ^ LaHaye, Tim (1966). Timothy F LaHaye (b April 27, 1926 in Detroit Michigan) is an American evangelical Christian minister, Author The Spirit Controlled Temperament. Tyndale Publishing.
- ^ LaHaye, Tim (1984). Timothy F LaHaye (b April 27, 1926 in Detroit Michigan) is an American evangelical Christian minister, Author Your Temperament: Discover Its Potential. Tyndale Publishing. ISBN 0842362207.
- ^ LaHaye, Tim. Timothy F LaHaye (b April 27, 1926 in Detroit Michigan) is an American evangelical Christian minister, Author Why You Act the Way You Do. Tyndale Publishing. ISBN 0842382127.
- Arikha, Noga (2007). Passions and Tempers: A History of the Humours
- Helminen, Päivi (1999). Discovering Our Potential: An Introduction to Character Types
- Kimball, Cyndie (2001). Temperaments in a Nutshell
External links
- In Our Time (BBC Radio 4) episode on the four humours in MP3 format, 45 minutes
- Rudolf Steiner "The Four Temperaments" [1]
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