Citizendia
Your Ad Here

Three traditional fountain features: a low jet, a pair of raised basins, and sculpture with a water theme, here hippocamps (Villa Borghese, Rome)
Three traditional fountain features: a low jet, a pair of raised basins, and sculpture with a water theme, here hippocamps (Villa Borghese, Rome)
People often toss coins into fountains to make a wish
People often toss coins into fountains to make a wish

A traditional fountain is an arrangement where water issues from a source (Latin fons), fills a basin of some kind, and is drained away. The hippocamp or hippocampus (plural hippocampi Greek: ἵπποκαμπος from ἵππος "horse" and κάμπος, "monster" Villa Borghese is a large landscape Garden in the naturalistic English manner in Rome, containing a number of buildings museums (see Galleria Borghese A wish is a hope or desire for something Fictionally wishes can be used as Plot devices In folklore opportunities for "making a wish" or for wishes to "come Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Fountains may be wall fountains or free-standing. A traditional fountain is an arrangement where water issues from a source ( Latin fons) fills a basin of some kind and is drained away In fountains sheets of water may flow over varied surfaces of stone, concrete or metal. Basins may overflow from one into another, or the overflow may imitate a natural cascade. Many fountains are located in small, artificial, ornamental ponds, basins and formal garden pools, and often they include sculpture.

One of the most common features of a fountain, if there is enough pressure, is a jet  or multiple jets, where water is forced into the air under pressure to some height. A famous example of such a modern fountain rises from the surface of Lake Geneva. Lake Geneva or Lake Léman (Lac Léman Léman Lac de Genève is the second largest freshwater Lake in Central Europe in terms of surface area (after

Contents

History

Flora Fountain in Mumbai, India.
Flora Fountain in Mumbai, India. Flora Fountain is a stone Fountain situated in Fort business district in the heart of South Mumbai, Mumbai, India. Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country

Early fountains depended on the natural gravitational flow of water, from a spring or aqueduct supplied by a distant and higher source of water, which provided hydraulic head. A spring is a point where Groundwater flows out of the ground and is thus where the Aquifer surface meets the ground surface An aqueduct is an artificial channel that is constructed to convey water from one location to another Hydraulic head is a specific measurement of water pressure or Total energy per Unit weight above a Geodetic datum.

Hellenistic hydraulic engineers employed great originality in designing fountains, where the water pressure might be employed to animate automata and water organs. This article is about a self-operating machine For other uses of Automaton see Automaton (disambiguation or Automata (disambiguation.

Reciprocating motion was first described in 1206 by an Iraqi engineer and inventor named al-Jazari when the kings of the Artuqid dynasty in Turkey commissioned him to manufacture a machine to raise water for their palaces. An engineer is a person professionally engaged in a field of Engineering. Abū al-'Iz Ibn Ismā'īl ibn al-Razāz al-Jazarī ( 1136 - 1206) (أَبُو اَلْعِزِ بْنُ إسْماعِيلِ بْنُ الرِّزاز الجزري The Artuqid dynasty ( Artuklu in Turkish, sometimes also spelled as Artukid, Ortoqid or Ortokid; Turkish Plural: The end result was an ingenuis machine called the double-acting reciprocating piston pump which translated rotary motion to reciprocating motion via the crankshaft-connecting rod mechanism. A rotation is a movement of an object in a circular motion A two- Dimensional object rotates around a center (or point) of rotation The crankshaft, sometimes casually abbreviated to crank, is the part of an Engine which translates reciprocating Linear In a reciprocating Piston engine, the connecting rod or conrod connects the Piston to the crank or Crankshaft. [1]

Other early fountains were geometrically regularized springs, developed in the classic Persian garden. These gardens were typically enclosed and were designed to provide relaxation. The effect of sunlight was the main concern regarding the structural aspect of the Persian garden design. Shapes and textures were specifically chosen for their ability to direct sunlight. In the 16th century elaborate fountain displays were garden features of Mannerist gardens of Central Italy and the Mughal gardens of India. Mannerism is a period of European art which emerged from the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country

Early Modern English employed fountain to refer to a natural spring water or source, which the 16th century garden fountain might consciously imitate in a grotto. Early Modern English is the stage of the English language used from about the end of the Middle English period (the latter half of the 15th century to 1650 A grotto (Italian grotta) is any type of natural or artificial Cave that is associated with modern historic or prehistoric use by humans

Fountain of life

Main article: Fountain of Life

Christian allegory made much use of the concept of the fountain, specifically the Fountain of Life, associated with the rebirth that was intended to be experienced at the Baptismal font. The Fountain of Life, or in its earlier form the Fountain of Living Waters, is a Christian Iconography symbol associated with Baptism, first appearing in An allegory (from αλλος allos "other" and el αγορευειν agoreuein "to speak in public" is a figurative mode of representation A baptismal font is an article of church Furniture or a Fixture used for the Baptism of children and adults The Fountain of Life appears in Christian illuminated manuscripts of Late Antiquity, and elaborate Gothic fountains formed centerpieces for exclosed gardens. Late Antiquity (c 300-600 is a Periodization used by historians to describe the transitional centuries from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages, in An offshoot of the Fountain of Life was the legend of the Fountain of Youth, which Juan Ponce de León sought in Florida. The Fountain of Youth is a legendary spring that reputedly restores the youth of anyone who drinks of its waters Juan Ponce de León ( IPA: /xwan'ponʒedele'on/ (1460 – July 1521 was a Spanish Conquistador. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the From the Fountain of Youth one can drink to gain immortality, or to regain one's youth.

The practical Romans marked the delivery end of aqueducts with a public fountain, a practice that was revived in Rome in the 15th century, when the restored Aqua Felice once more delivered a symbolic presentation of its waters to Rome in the original Trevi Fountain, since replaced by the familiar Baroque fusion of water, architecture and sculpture. The ancient Romans constructed numerous aqueducts ( Latin aquaeductūs, sing The Trevi Fountain (Fontana di Trevi is the largest — standing 25 Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc

Animated fountains

Animated fountain in front of the Brooklyn Museum consists of laminar flow water jets.
Animated fountain in front of the Brooklyn Museum consists of laminar flow water jets. Brooklyn (named after the Dutch town Breukelen) is one of the five boroughs of New York City.

Animated fountains often use laminar jets that provide water that moves like ping pong balls in animation, so that it breaks up, as the height varies, and the behaviour of each jet operates independently with up to 5 Hz modulation frequency (1/5 second), so that the water packets collide with themselves. For example, such fountains can spit up one ball of water which then explodes, showering people with a fine mist.

A musical fountain is a type of fountain that dances in time with recorded or live music, controlled either by a computer or by a live "organist" operating the fountain through a switchboard. A musical fountain is a type of Animated Fountain for Entertainment purposes that creates an Aesthetic design and sometimes a three-dimensional Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. A large-scale example of this is the Fountains of Bellagio in the Las Vegas Strip. Bellagio is an AAA Five-Diamond Mobil Four-Starred rated luxury Hotel and Casino located on the Las Vegas Strip in the Paradise area The Las Vegas Strip (also known as The Strip) is an approximately 4 mile (6

Other meanings

In Islam, a fountain is the name of the place in the Mosque where worshippers can wash before Prayer. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger

International Fountain (Seattle) was designed specifically as a bathing fountain (for fun and frolic) and includes a large nonslip play area, with speakers for music to splash to.
International Fountain (Seattle) was designed specifically as a bathing fountain (for fun and frolic) and includes a large nonslip play area, with speakers for music to splash to.

A splash fountain or bathing fountain is a fountain intended for people to cool off in. A splash pad is an area for Water play that has no standing water Bathing is the immersion of the body in a Fluid, usually Water or an aqueous solution Although many fountains were not designed as bathing fountains, children of all ages often use them for that purpose. Some fountains are fenced in, or have raised edges as a barricade to keep people out. In other situations, fountains are designed to allow easy access, and feature nonslip surfaces, so that people can safely use them to cool off in on hot summer days.

Splash fountains have zero standing water, to eliminate possible drowning hazards, so that no lifeguards or supervision is required. These splash pads are often located in public pools, public parks, or public playgrounds (known as "spraygrounds").

A jogger cools off in the splash fountain that forms the main centerpiece of a flat open space known as Dundas Square at the heart of downtown Toronto. This fountain was designed and built for waterplay, and undergoes strict water quality testing standards. The water is heated using solar energy picked up by special dark colored nonslip granite slabs.
A jogger cools off in the splash fountain that forms the main centerpiece of a flat open space known as Dundas Square at the heart of downtown Toronto. Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario This fountain was designed and built for waterplay, and undergoes strict water quality testing standards. The water is heated using solar energy picked up by special dark colored nonslip granite slabs.

A recent example of a public splash fountain, intended for waterplay, is the one located in Toronto's Dundas Square. Yonge-Dundas Square (commonly called Dundas Square) is a public square in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It consists of 600 ground nozzles arranged in groups of 30 (3 rows of 10 nozzles). Each group of 30 nozzles is located beneath a stainless steel grille. Twenty such grilles are arranged in two rows of 10, right in the middle of the main walkway through Dundas Square. Both the architects and the designers have confirmed that these were intended for waterplay, and the facility operators have confirmed that the water is treated to pool water quality standards, and that the water quality is tested, by the health department, at least once a day. The entire surface of Dundas Square is made of special nonslip square granite slabs that match the size of the metal grilles. The special texture on the slabs ensures that they are not slippery when wet.

Spray fountains are designed to serve as a play area where children (and sometimes adults) can run around and cool off under a canopy of water. Spray fountains are becoming popular in areas where the construction of public pools is difficult or costly, such as urban areas. However, spray fountains can also be used to enhance a pool's surrounding play area.

Modern, wheelchair-accessible drinking fountains of two different heights.
Modern, wheelchair-accessible drinking fountains of two different heights.

A water fountain or drinking fountain is designed to provide drinking water and has a basin arrangement with either continuously running water or a tap. Modern indoor drinking fountains may incorporate filters to remove impurities from the water and chillers to reduce its temperature. In some regional dialects, water fountains are referred to as bubblers. Bubbler is a trademarked name that refers to a Drinking fountain. Water fountains are usually found in public places, like schools, rest areas and grocery stores. Many jurisdictions require water fountains to be wheelchair accessible (by sticking out horizontally from the wall), and to include an additional unit of a lower height for children and short adults. The design that this replaced often had one spout atop a refrigeration unit.

Design

The fountain of Reutov, Moscow region
The fountain of Reutov, Moscow region

In modern fountains the traditional gravitational pressure from an unseen reservoir at a higher level is not always practical. In many circumstances fountains obtain their water from a closed, recirculating system that must still be filled at the start from the local water supply system and also topped up through its life to offset the effects of evaporation. Evaporation is the process by which Molecules in a Liquid state (e Allowance must also be made to handle overflow in the case of heavy rain.

The pressure that causes water to move through the fountain may be produced instead by a motor-driven (often submersible electric) pump. A submersible, or Bathyscaphe, is a type of Underwater vessel with limited mobility which is typically transported to its area of operation by a surface "Static head" is useful to quantify this pressure.

An ornamental lit fountain photographed at night for about 6 seconds.
An ornamental lit fountain photographed at night for about 6 seconds.

A water filter, typically a media filter, removes particles from the water -- this filter requires its own pump to force water through it and plumbing to remove the water from the pool to the filter and then back to the pool. A media filter is a type of filter utilizing a bed of Sand, crushed Granite or other material to filter Water for drinking Swimming pools The water may need chlorination or anti-algal treatment, or may use biological methods to filter and clean water.

The pumps, filter, electrical switch box and plumbing controls are often housed in a "plant room". For information on Wikipedia project-related discussions see WikipediaVillage pump. Low-voltage lighting, typically 12 volt direct current, is used to minimise electrical hazards. The volt (symbol V) is the SI derived unit of electric Potential difference or Electromotive force. Direct current ( DC) is the unidirectional flow of Electric charge. Lighting is often submerged and must be suitably designed. Floating fountains are also popular for ponds and lakes they consist of a float pump nozzle and water chamber.

Fountains for celebration

The University at Albany hosts an annual "Fountain Day," a day on which the university community comes together to celebrate the arrival of spring and the near-end of the semester. The University at Albany State University of New York, commonly known as the University at Albany is a Public university located in the capital of New Spring is one of the four Temperate Seasons Spring marks the transition from Winter into Summer. Drawing large crowds, the fountain-centered event creates something akin to an urban beach. An urban beach, or urbeach,is defined as a space that includes an intellectually artistically or culturally sophisticated water feature that is also

Initiated by the Human Awareness Program (HAP) in 1979, Fountain Day is a school-sponsored event designed to break down the barriers that separate students and faculty. Fountain Day 2004 drew massive negative media attention when alcohol abuse and overcrowding resulted in multiple student injuries. In response, the University moved the event to a weekend, increased security, and limited fountain area admittance to UAlbany students only. The fountain itself remains at the literal and symbolic center of the University community, and Fountain Day continues to celebrate that centrality annually.

Fountains that are musical instruments

Hydraulophone with 45 finger-embouchure holes
Hydraulophone with 45 finger-embouchure holes

A hydraulophone is a fountain that can be played as a musical instrument. These fountains are like woodwind instruments, but using water instead of air. The embouchure of the instrument occurs at the finger holes (referred to as "mouths"). The embouchure is the use of facial muscles and the shaping of the lips to the Mouthpiece of a Wind instrument. Hydraulophones often have multiple "mouths", so that a player can put each finger into a different mouth at the same time, in order to play chords, while independently manipulating each finger for separate and individual control of the embouchure of each note in a chord. A skilled hydraulist can slightly "bend" each note in order to play just intonation in any desired key, or to gently and fluidly vary intonation or temperament as a piece of music changes from one key to another.

Water quality issues

A fountain in the Swiss Alps used as a drinking source.
A fountain in the Swiss Alps used as a drinking source. The Swiss Alps (Schweizer Alpen Alpes suisses Alpi svizzere Alps svizras are the central portion of the Alps Mountain range that lies within

There is a need for good water quality in contemporary fountains, regardless of their avowed intended use. Regardless of the fact that some fountains are designed and built not as bathing fountains, but are rather used simply as architectural decor, people will often drink from, bathe or wash their hands in any fountain. Additionally, fountain spray can contain legionella bacteria and has been linked to legionnaires' disease outbreaks. Therefore, minimum water quality standards are necessary, regardless of intended use. Guidelines have been developed for control of legionella in ornamental fountains. (Legionella Risk Management-Guidelines)

In theory, a free-standing water feature should not have a bather load, and consequently, many builders would not choose to install filters or sanitation devices. Bather load refers to the capacity of a municipal Swimming pool, a Water fountain, or similar Facility. In reality, however, people will interact with ornamental water fountains in the most surprising ways. In Disneyland, for example, people have been reported to change their babies' diapers and then wash their hands in the water fountain (thus adding unexpected bacteria and organics into the water). (Pool and Spa News Online)

U. S. legal liability

In July 1997, an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis was connected to an ornamental fountain at the Minnesota Zoo, which did not have proper filtration and water treatment. Cryptosporidiosis is a Parasitic disease caused by Cryptosporidium, a Protozoan Parasite in the phylum Apicomplexa. The Minnesota Zoo (formerly Minnesota Zoological Gardens) is an AZA -accredited Zoo in Apple Valley Minnesota. Children played in fountains and swallowed water, and spurted the water out of their mouths to mimic the way nozzles in the fountain spurted the water. It was therefore necessary to put a fence around the fountain to keep people away.

In the United States fountain operators and owners are legally liable for failure to either fence-in fountains, or to properly filter, chlorinate or otherwise treat the water, if the fountains are not fenced in. If the water is unsafe, fences must be designed to keep people far enough away, so that they cannot touch the water, otherwise children get water on their hands, and put their fingers into their mouths, and end up getting sick, thus subjecting owners and operators to legal liability.

Fountains not using water

Mercury fountain

Main article: Mercury fountain

For the Barcelona exhibition of 1937, Alexander Calder created a memorial fountain in remembrance of the miners who were killed at the mercury mines at Almadén, which uses mercury instead of water. A mercury fountain is a Fountain constructed for use with mercury rather than Water. Alexander Calder (22 July 1898 – 11 November 1976 also known as Sandy Calder, was an American sculptor and Artist most famous for inventing Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum (Today it is enclosed behind glass. )

Gin fountain

During New York City's first drought emergency in modern times, Gene Moore, window designer for Tiffany's, created sparkling fountains hung with diamonds. Gene Moore (1910 &ndash November 23, 1998) was a leading Window dresser of the 20th century Tiffany & Co ( is a US jewelry and silverware company founded by Charles Lewis Tiffany and Teddy Young in New York City On a Tiffany card in a corner was a note explaining: "This is not New York's precious water. This is gin. "

Famous traditional fountains

Some modern fountains

King Fahd's Fountain, World tallest fountain
King Fahd's Fountain, World tallest fountain

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Ahmad Y Hassan. Lake Burley Griffin is an artificial lake in the centre of Canberra, Australia's federal Capital city. Lake Burley Griffin is an artificial lake in the centre of Canberra, Australia's federal Capital city. Canberra ( is the capital city of Australia With a population of over 340000 it is Australia's largest inland City. In the field of Photovoltaics, a photovoltaic module is a packaged interconnected assembly of photovoltaic cells also known as Solar cells An installation of A submersible, or Bathyscaphe, is a type of Underwater vessel with limited mobility which is typically transported to its area of operation by a surface For information on Wikipedia project-related discussions see WikipediaVillage pump. In Landscape architecture and Garden design, a water feature is any of a full range of Fountains pools Ponds Cascades Waterfalls Ahmad Y Hassan أحمد يوسف الحسن(born 1925 is a chevalier of the Légion d'honneur and a historian of Arabic and Islamic science and technology The Crank-Connecting Rod System in a Continuously Rotating Machine.

External links

Gallery

Dictionary

fountain

-noun

  1. (originally) A spring, natural source of water.
  2. An articicial, usally ornamental, water feature (usually in a garden or public place) consisting of one or more streams of water originating from a statue or other structure.
  3. The structure from which an artificial fountain issues
  4. A reservoir from which liquid can be drawn.
  5. A source, origin of a flow (e.g. of favors, of knowledge).

-verb

  1. To flow or gush as if from a fountain.
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic