Second Foundation (1953), 1973 Panther paperback edition with cover art by Chris Foss. Christopher Foss (born 1946 is a British Illustrator and science fiction artist best known for his Science fiction book covers and the illustrations for the original 187 pages

The Foundation Series is an epic science fiction series written over a span of forty-four years by Isaac Asimov. Isaac Asimov (c January 2 1920 &ndash April 6 1992 ˈaɪzək ˈæzɪmʌv originally Исаак Озимов but now transcribed into Russian as, was a Russian It consists of seven volumes that are closely linked to each other, although they can be read separately. The term 'Foundation Series' is often used more generally to include the Robot Series and Empire Series, which are set in the same fictional universe in earlier time periods. Isaac Asimov's Robot Series is a series of books by Isaac Asimov, both collections of Short stories and Novels Short stories The Galactic Empire Series contains three of Isaac Asimov 's earliest Novels and one short story In total, there are fifteen novels and dozens of short stories written by Asimov, and six novels written by other authors after his death. The series is highly acclaimed, winning the one-time Hugo Award for "Best All-Time Series" in 1966^[1]. The Hugo Awards are given every year for the best Science fiction or Fantasy works and achievements of the previous year

The premise of the series is that mathematician Hari Seldon spent his life developing a branch of mathematics known as psychohistory, a concept devised by Asimov and his editor John W. Campbell. Hari Seldon, a fictional character is the intellectual hero of Isaac Asimov 's Foundation Series. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Psychohistory, a fictional science in Isaac Asimov 's ''Foundation'' universe combines History, Sociology, and mathematical Statistics John Wood Campbell Jr (June 8 1910 – July 11 1971 was an important Science fiction editor and writer Using the law of mass action, it can predict the future, but only on a large scale; it is error-prone for anything smaller than a planet or an empire. Mass action in Sociology refers to the situations where large number of people behave simultaneously in similar way but individually and without coordination It works on the principle that the behaviour of a mass of people is predictable and the quantity of this mass tends to be very huge (equal to the population of the galaxy). The larger the mass the more predictable is the future. Using these techniques, Seldon foresees the fall of the Galactic Empire, which encompasses the entire Milky Way, and a dark age lasting thirty thousand years before a second great empire arises. In Isaac Asimov 's Robot / Empire / Foundation series of novels the Galactic Empire is an empire consisting of planets settled by humans across the The Milky Way (a translation of the Latin Via Lactea, in turn derived from the Greek Γαλαξίας (Galaxias sometimes referred to simply This article is about the phrase "Dark Age(s" as a characterization of the Early Middle Ages in Western Europe To shorten the period of barbarism, he creates two Foundations, small secluded havens of art and science, on opposite ends of the galaxy. The focus of the trilogy is on the Foundation of the planet Terminus. Terminus is a fictional Planet at the edge of the Galaxy in Isaac Asimov 's Foundation Series, home of the Foundation The people living there are working on an all-encompassing Encyclopedia, and are unaware of Seldon's real intentions (for if they were, the variables would become too uncontrolled). The Encyclopedia serves to preserve knowledge of the physical sciences after the collapse. The Foundation's location is chosen so that it acts as the focal point for the next empire in another thousand years (rather than the projected thirty thousand).

Publication history

Foundation was originally a series of eight short stories published in Astounding Magazine between May 1942 and January 1950. Foundation is the first book in Isaac Asimov 's Foundation Trilogy (later expanded into The Foundation Series) Analog Science Fiction and Fact is an American Science fiction Magazine. According to Asimov the premise was based on ideas set forth in Edward Gibbon's History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire and was invented spontaneously on his way to meet with editor John W. Campbell, with whom he developed the concept. Edward Gibbon ( April 27, 1737 January 16, 1794) was an English historian and Member of Parliament. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (known popularly as The History) was written by English Historian John Wood Campbell Jr (June 8 1910 – July 11 1971 was an important Science fiction editor and writer ^[2]

The first four stories were collected, along with a new story taking place before the others, in a single volume published by Gnome Press in 1951 as Foundation. Foundation is the first book in Isaac Asimov 's Foundation Trilogy (later expanded into The Foundation Series) The remainder of the stories were published in pairs as Foundation and Empire (1952) and Second Foundation (1953), resulting in the "Foundation Trilogy", as the series was known for decades. Foundation and Empire is a novel written by Isaac Asimov that was published by Gnome Press in 1952. Second Foundation is the third novel published of the Foundation series by Isaac Asimov, and the fifth in the in-universe chronology In 1981, after the series had long been considered the most important work of modern science fiction, Asimov was convinced by his publishers to write a fourth book, which was Foundation's Edge (1982). Foundation's Edge is a novel by Isaac Asimov, the fourth book in the Foundation Series. ^[3] He followed this with a sequel, Foundation and Earth (1983) and five years later prequels Prelude to Foundation and Forward the Foundation. Foundation and Earth is a Science fiction novel by Isaac Asimov, the fifth novel of the Foundation series and chronologically the last in Prelude to Foundation is a 1988 novel written by Isaac Asimov. Forward the Foundation ( 1993) is a novel written by Isaac Asimov. During the lapse between sequels and prequels Asimov tied in his Foundation series with his various other series, creating a single unified universe of his most known works.

The trilogy

The early stories were inspired by Edward Gibbon's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Asimov said he did "a little bit of cribbin' from the works of Edward Gibbon" when describing the influence of that work on the Trilogy). Edward Gibbon ( April 27, 1737 January 16, 1794) was an English historian and Member of Parliament. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (known popularly as The History) was written by English Historian

However, while the plot is superficially derived from the fall of Rome, it draws on a much deeper level from later historical events. The Foundation's story closely follows the 19th century narrative of Manifest Destiny, while stories of the Mule in Foundation and Empire draw on Europe's experience with Hitler and Nazism. Manifest Destiny was the belief that the United States was destined to expand from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean. The Foundation series is not obviously "about" Manifest Destiny or Nazism, but much of the stories' thematic resonance has its source in those events.

In many ways, the Foundation series is unique as a science fiction novel. The focus of the books is certainly the trends through which a civilization might progress, specifically seeking to analyze how they might progress over time using history as a precedent. Although many science fiction novels such as Nineteen Eighty-Four or Fahrenheit 451 do this, their focus is upon how current trends in society might come to fruition, and act as a moral allegory on the modern world. Nineteen Eighty-Four (also titled 1984) by George Orwell (the pen name of Eric Arthur Blair) is a 1949 English Novel Fahrenheit 451 is a Dystopian Soft science fiction Novel authored by Ray Bradbury and first published in 1953 The Foundation series, on the other hand, looks at the trends in a wider scope, not necessarily looking at what the societies change into, but how they change and adapt. Furthermore, the concept of psychohistory, which gives the events in the story a sense of rational fatalism, leaves little room for moralization, as events are often treated as inevitable and necessary rather than deviations from the greater good. For example, the Foundation slides gradually into oligarchy and dictatorship prior to the appearance of the galactic conqueror, known as the Mule who was able to succeed through an empathic/telepathic ability, but, for the most part, the book treats that change as being necessary in Hari Seldon's plan, rather than mulling over whether it is on the whole positive or negative. The Mule is a Fictional character from Isaac Asimov 's Foundation Series. The Seldon Plan is the central theme of Isaac Asimov 's Foundation Series of stories and Novels Psychohistory Hari Seldon

The book also wrestles with the idea of individualism. Hari Seldon's plan is often treated as an inevitable mechanism of society, a vast mindless mob mentality of quadrillions of humans across the galaxy, and many in the series struggle against it only to fail. However, the plan itself is reliant upon cunning individuals like Salvor Hardin and Hober Mallow to make wise decisions, and capitalize on the trends. Salvor Hardin was the first mayor of Terminus, the capital planet of the Foundation in Isaac Asimov 's Foundation series. Hober Mallow is a fictional character in Isaac Asimov 's Foundation Series. The Mule, a single individual with remarkable powers, topples the Foundation and nearly destroys the Seldon plan with his special, unforeseen abilities. In order to repair the damage the Mule inflicts, the Second Foundation deploys a plan which also turns upon individual reactions. Second Foundation is the third novel published of the Foundation series by Isaac Asimov, and the fifth in the in-universe chronology Hari Seldon himself hopes that his Plan will "reduce 30,000 years of Dark Ages and barbarism to a single millennium. " Psychohistory is based on group trends, and cannot predict with sufficient accuracy the effects of these individuals, and the Second Foundation's true purpose was to counter this flaw.

Sequels

Asimov unsuccessfully tried to end the series at the end of Second Foundation. Second Foundation is the third novel published of the Foundation series by Isaac Asimov, and the fifth in the in-universe chronology But, because of the predicted thousand years until the rise of the next Empire (of which only a few hundred had elapsed), the series lacked a sense of closure. For decades, fans pressured him to write a sequel.

Foundation and Earth

In 1982, following a thirty-year hiatus, Asimov gave in and wrote what was at the time a fourth volume: Foundation's Edge. Foundation and Earth is a Science fiction novel by Isaac Asimov, the fifth novel of the Foundation series and chronologically the last in Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) Foundation's Edge is a novel by Isaac Asimov, the fourth book in the Foundation Series. This was followed shortly thereafter by Foundation and Earth. Foundation and Earth is a Science fiction novel by Isaac Asimov, the fifth novel of the Foundation series and chronologically the last in Foundation and Earth (which takes place some 500 years after Seldon) ties up all the loose ends, but opens a brand new line of thought in the last dozen pages. As a result, some fans (wanting a tidy end to the series) consider this finale to be a failure. According to his widow Janet Asimov (in her biography of him, It's Been a Good Life), he had no idea how to continue after Foundation and Earth, so he started writing the prequels. Janet Asimov (maiden name Janet Opal Jeppson) (born August 6 1926 in Ashland, Pennsylvania) is an American Science fiction Author It's Been a Good Life ( 2002) is a book edited by Janet Asimov.

Merging with other series

The series is set in the same universe as Asimov's first published novel, Pebble in the Sky, although Foundation takes place approximately ten thousand years later. Pebble in the Sky is a Science fiction Novel by Isaac Asimov, published in 1950. Pebble in the Sky became the basis for the Empire Series. The Galactic Empire Series contains three of Isaac Asimov 's earliest Novels and one short story Then, at some unknown date (prior to writing Foundation's Edge) Asimov decided to merge the Foundation/Empire series with his Robot series. Isaac Asimov's Robot Series is a series of books by Isaac Asimov, both collections of Short stories and Novels Short stories Thus, all three series are set in the same universe, giving them a combined length of 15 novels and a total of about 1,500,000 words. The merge also created a time span of the series of approximately 20,000 years.

Timeline inconsistencies

Early on during Asimov's original world-building of the Foundation universe, he established within the first published stories a chronology placing the tales approximately some 50,000 years into the future from the time they were written (circa AD 1940). Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This precept was maintained in the pages of his later novel Pebble in the Sky, wherein Imperial archaeologist Bel Arvardan refers to ancient human strata discovered in the Sirius sector dating back "some 50,000 years. Pebble in the Sky is a Science fiction Novel by Isaac Asimov, published in 1950. Bel Arvardan is a fictional character in Pebble in the Sky, a part of Isaac Asimov 's Foundation Series of stories and novels " However, when Asimov decided decades later to retroactively integrate the universe of his Foundation and Galactic Empire novels with that of his Robot stories, a number of changes and minor discrepancies surfaced — the character R. Daneel Olivaw was established as having existed for some 20,000 years, with the original Robot novels featuring the character occurring not more than a couple of millennia after the early-21st Century Susan Calvin short stories. R Daneel Olivaw is a fictional Robot created by Isaac Asimov. Dr Susan Calvin is a Fictional character from Isaac Asimov 's Robot Series. Also, in Foundation's Edge, mankind was referred to as having possessed interstellar space travel for only 22,000 years, a far cry from the fifty millennia of earlier works. Foundation's Edge is a novel by Isaac Asimov, the fourth book in the Foundation Series.

In the spring of 1955, Asimov published an early timeline in the pages of Thrilling Wonder Stories magazine based upon his thought processes concerning the Foundation universe's history at that point in his life, which vastly differs from its modern-era counterpart in terms of included stories — many would later be jettisoned from the later chronology, or would experience temporal relocation by the author — and in terms of the aforementioned lengthier scope of time. Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) (For example, in the original 1950s timeline, humanity does not discover the hyperspatial drive until approximately the year AD 5000, whereas in the reincorporated Robot universe chronology, the first interstellar jump occurs in AD 2029, during the events of I, Robot. 5000 may refer to The last year of the 5th millennium. 5000 (number 2029 ( MMXXIX) will be a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. I Robot is a collection of nine Science fiction Short stories by Isaac Asimov, first published by Gnome Press in 1950 in an )[1]

Ultimately, the revised, retconned historical timeline implemented by Asimov during the 1980s is considered to be the canonical one, with the previous references serving as quaint anachronistic gaffes by the characters (perhaps due to in-universe reasons, such as the inevitable distortion of accurate historical recordkeeping over the gulf of tens of thousands of years). Retroactive continuity is the deliberate changing of previously established facts in a work of serial fiction

Prequels

Forward the Foundation, the last novel Asimov wrote, continues the story of Hari Seldon and his family

The prequels, written last in the series but chronologically first, tell the life story of Hari Seldon and (simultaneously) the development of Psychohistory. Forward the Foundation ( 1993) is a novel written by Isaac Asimov. Isaac Asimov (c January 2 1920 &ndash April 6 1992 ˈaɪzək ˈæzɪmʌv originally Исаак Озимов but now transcribed into Russian as, was a Russian Hari Seldon, a fictional character is the intellectual hero of Isaac Asimov 's Foundation Series. The first prequel, Prelude to Foundation, starts with a young Hari Seldon presenting a paper outlining the possibility of psychohistory, and ends with circumstances leading him to research and make psychohistory a reality. Prelude to Foundation is a 1988 novel written by Isaac Asimov. When he presents the paper, psychohistory for him is just something that is theoretically possible but practically impossible. In this novel he ultimately starts believing in the practicality of his work and starts to work on it. The second novel, Forward the Foundation, takes place at intervals starting about ten years after Prelude to Foundation. Forward the Foundation ( 1993) is a novel written by Isaac Asimov. It tells how psychohistory becomes functional, all while Hari loses loved ones and the Galactic Empire continues to break apart. Forward the Foundation ends just as Hari finishes recording the messages to be played throughout the original trilogy. Forward the Foundation was the last Foundation novel Asimov completed before his death.

Other authors

Asimov's novels covered only 500 of the expected 1,000 years it would take for the Foundation to become a galactic empire. After his death, the Asimov estate at the request of Janet Asimov approached Gregory Benford and asked him to write another Foundation story. Gregory Benford (born January 30, 1941 in Mobile Alabama) is an American science fiction author and Astrophysicist who is on the He agreed, and at that same time suggested that it should form part of a trilogy with Greg Bear and David Brin writing the other two books, which they agreed to do. Gregory Dale Bear (born August 20, 1951) is an American Science fiction and mainstream author Glen David Brin, PhD (born October 6, 1950) is an American scientist and award-winning author of Science fiction. Foundation's Fear takes place chronologically between the first two chapters of Asimov's second prequel novel, Forward the Foundation; Foundation and Chaos is set at the same time as the first chapter of Foundation, filling in background; Foundation's Triumph covers ground following the recording of the holographic messages to the Foundation, and ties together a number of loose ends. These three books are now known collectively as the Second Foundation Trilogy. Many fans, eager for the second trilogy to fill in the gap, were disappointed.

Also, shortly before his death in 1992, Asimov approved an outline for three novels, known as the Caliban Trilogy by Roger MacBride Allen, set between Robots and Empire and the Empire Series. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Roger MacBride Allen is a US Science fiction author He was born on September 26, 1957 in Bridgeport Connecticut. Robots and Empire is a 1985 Science fiction Novel written by Isaac Asimov. The Caliban Trilogy describes the terraforming of the Spacer world Inferno, a planet where an ecological crisis forces the Spacers to abandon many long-cherished parts of their culture. In Isaac Asimov 's Foundation / Empire / Robot series the Spacers were the first Humans to emigrate to space Allen's novels echo the uncertainties that Asimov's later books express about the Three Laws of Robotics, and in particular the way that a thoroughly roboticized culture can degrade human initiative. In Science fiction, the Three Laws of Robotics are a set of three rules written by Isaac Asimov, which almost all positronic robots appearing in his fiction

Science Fiction authors such as Orson Scott Card paid tribute to the Foundation series in the collection of short stories Foundation's Friends

The Foundation universe was once again revisited in Foundation's Friends, a collection of short stories written by many prominent science fiction authors of today. Orson Scott Card (born August 24, 1951) is a bestselling American Author, Critic, political writer and speaker. Foundation's Friends Stories in Honor of Isaac Asimov is a 1989 Festschrift honoring Science fiction author Isaac Asimov, in Foundation's Friends Stories in Honor of Isaac Asimov is a 1989 Festschrift honoring Science fiction author Isaac Asimov, in Orson Scott Card's "The Originist" clarifies the founding of the Second Foundation shortly after Seldon's death; Harry Turtledove's "Trantor Falls" tells of the efforts by the Second Foundation to survive during the sacking of Trantor; and George Zebrowski's "Foundation's Conscience" is about the efforts of a historian to document Seldon's work following the rise of the second Galactic empire. Orson Scott Card (born August 24, 1951) is a bestselling American Author, Critic, political writer and speaker. Second Foundation is the third novel published of the Foundation series by Isaac Asimov, and the fifth in the in-universe chronology Harry Norman Turtledove (born June 14 1949) is an American historian and novelist who has written Historical fiction, Fantasy, and Trantor is a Fictional Planet in Isaac Asimov 's Foundation series and Empire series of Science fiction Novels George Zebrowski (born December 28, 1945 in Villach / Austria is a Science fiction author who has written a number of books including

Most recently, the Asimov Estate authorized publication of another trilogy of robot mysteries by Mark W. Tiedemann. Mark W Tiedemann is an American author Born in 1954, he was raised an only child in St These novels, which take place several years before Asimov's Robots and Empire, are Mirage (2000), Chimera (2001) and Aurora (2002). 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. These were followed by yet another robot mystery, Alexander C. Irvine's Have Robot, Will Travel (2004), set five years after the Tiedemann trilogy. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "

There are novels by various authors (Asimov's Robot City series, Isaac Asimov's Robots and Aliens series, and Isaac Asimov's Robots in Time series) loosely connected to the Robot Series, but they contain many inconsistencies with Asimov's books, and are not generally considered part of the Foundation Series. Isaac Asimov's Robot City is a series of Novels written by various authors and loosely connected to Isaac Asimov 's Robot Series. Robots and Aliens is a series of Novels written by various authors and loosely connected to Isaac Asimov 's Robot Series. Isaac Asimov's Robots in Time is a series of six Science fiction Novels featuring Isaac Asimov 's Three Laws of Robotics.

Cultural impact

An eight-part radio adaptation of the original trilogy, with sound design by the BBC Radiophonic Workshop, was broadcast on BBC Radio 3 in 1973 — one of the first BBC radio drama serials to be made in stereo. Isaac Asimov 's The Foundation Trilogy was adapted in eight hour-long episodes by the BBC, first broadcast in 1973 and repeated in 1977 and 2002 Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Stereophonic sound, commonly called stereo, is the reproduction of Sound, using two or more independent audio channels through a Symmetrical A BBC 7 rerun commenced in July 2003. A rerun or repeat is a re-airing of an episode of a Radio or Television broadcast. July 2003: January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August -

In 1965, the Foundation Trilogy beat several other science fiction and fantasy series (including The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien) to receive a special Hugo Award for "Best All-Time Series. Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. The Lord of the Rings is an epic The Hugo Awards are given every year for the best Science fiction or Fantasy works and achievements of the previous year " It is still the only series so honored. Asimov himself wrote that he assumed the one-time award had been created in order to honor The Lord of the Rings, and he was amazed when his work won.

Satirical parodies, such as Douglas Adams' The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy and Harry Harrison's Bill, the Galactic Hero, often display clear Foundation influences. Douglas Noël Adams (11 March 1952 &ndash 11 May 2001 was an English author comic Radio dramatist The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy is a science fiction comedy series For the radio personality see Harry Harrison (radio. Harry Harrison (born Henry Maxwell Dempsey, March 12 1925 Bill the Galactic Hero is a Satirical Science fiction novel by Harry Harrison, first published in 1965. For instance The Guide of the former is spoof of the Encyclopedia Galactica and the series actually mentions the encyclopedia by name, remarking that it is rather dry and consequently sells less copies than the guide; the latter also features the ultra-urbanized Imperial planet Helior, often parodying the logistics such a planet-city would require, but that Asimov's novel downplays. The Encyclopedia Galactica is a fictional or hypothetical Encyclopedia of a future Galaxy -spanning Civilization, containing all the Knowledge

Shoko Asahara the founder of the Aum Shinrikyo cult was influenced by Asimov's Foundation Trilogy, especially the concept of an elite group of scientists dedicated to preserving world knowledge across a dark ages span. is a founder of Japan 's controversial Buddhist religious group Aum Shinrikyo (now known as Aleph) and identified himself as and his children as in his Aum Shinrikyo, now known as Aleph, is a Japanese new religious movement organization This article is about the phrase "Dark Age(s" as a characterization of the Early Middle Ages in Western Europe But rather than preserve core knowledge in order to speed up the recovery of civilization, Shoko's cult advocated attempts to encourage and speed civilizations downfall with deadly terrorist attacks on Tokyo subways in 1993.

In the Star Wars universe, Coruscant — the urban-covered Imperial capital world — is a direct borrowing of Asimov's Trantor. Star Wars is an epic Space opera franchise initially conceived by George Lucas during the 1970s and significantly expanded Etymology and naming The word itself originates in the late 15th century from the Latin coruscant- 'vibrating glittering' from the verb coruscare. Trantor is a Fictional Planet in Isaac Asimov 's Foundation series and Empire series of Science fiction Novels (Visually, they are not exactly similar: Trantor is covered in domed cities, while Coruscant's buildings are open to the air. The domed city is a kind of Urban complex or Space habitat that appears repeatedly in Science fiction. )

In 1995, Donald Kingsbury wrote "Historical Crisis", which he later expanded into a novel, Psychohistorical Crisis. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Donald MacDonald Kingsbury (born 12 February 1929 in San Francisco California) is an American &ndash Canadian Science fiction Psychohistorical Crisis is a Science fiction Novel by Donald Kingsbury, published by Tor Books in 2001 It is not set in the same fictional universe as the Foundation series, but the universe described in it is very much similar to that of the Foundation series, being a clear and conscious borrowing. The novel explores the ideas of psycho-history into a number of new directions, inspired by more recent developments in mathematics and computer science, as well as by new ideas in science fiction itself. Computer science (or computing science) is the study and the Science of the theoretical foundations of Information and Computation and their

The oboe-like holophonor in Matt Groening's animated television series Futurama is based directly upon the "Visi-Sonor" which Magnifico plays in Foundation and Empire. "Hautbois" redirects here for the strawberry variety see Hautbois strawberry. Matthew Abram Groening (ˈɡreɪnɪŋ GRAY-ning) (born February 15 1954 is an American Cartoonist, television producer and writer from Portland Futurama is an Emmy Award -winning animated American sitcom created by Matt Groening, and developed by Groening and The Mule is a Fictional character from Isaac Asimov 's Foundation Series. (See the DVD commentary for the series' final episode, "The Devil's Hands are Idle Playthings". DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is "The Devil’s Hands Are Idle Playthings" was the original Series finale of the animated television series Futurama. ) The "Visi-Sonor" is also mirrored in an episode of Special Unit 2 where a child's television character plays an instrument that induces mind control over children.

There is a quick lyrical reference to "The Foundation Series" in the song "And You and I" by English Progressive rock band Yes. " And You and I " is the second track from Progressive rock band Yes 's album Close to the Edge. Yes are an English Progressive rock band that formed in London in 1968. The lyric reads, "As the Foundation left to create the spiral aim. "

In Neil Gaiman's novel, Neverwhere, the Marquis de Carabas repeats Salvor Hardin's maxim that "violence is the last refuge of the incompetent. Neverwhere is an Urban fantasy Television series by Neil Gaiman that first aired in 1996 on BBC Two. "

Deep Purple's 1971 song "The Mule" (from the "'Fireball" album), with its lyrics about being "just another slave for the Mule", seems inspired by the telepathic enslaver character The Mule, from "Foundation and Empire". Deep Purple are an English rock band formed in Hertfordshire in 1968 Fireball is a Hard rock album by English rock band Deep Purple, released in 1971 Foundation and Empire is a novel written by Isaac Asimov that was published by Gnome Press in 1952.

William Shatner in the Preserver Series of Novels (Co-written with Judy and Garfield Reeves-Stevens) also mentions Psychohistory as a mean of predicting the future and there is mention of Asimov.

The Imperium of Man in the Warhammer 40,000 continuity borrows heavily from the Foundation series, albeit with a "darker" outlook. Warhammer 40000 (informally known as Warhammer 40K or just 40K) is a tabletop miniature wargame in a Science

The sun and spaceship emblem of the galactic empire has seen many variations in science fiction.

FASA's board game "Battletech", which first appeared in 1984, features a galaxy-wide Star-League crumbling into barbarism and dividing itself into regions called the Inner Sphere and the Periphery, centuries of civil wars, lost technology and middle age-like social interactions in which centuries old weapons are prized and irreplaceable possessions. This article is about a city in Iran. See FASA for the roleplaying game company or the Federated Ambulatory Surgery Association, a trade group representing BattleTech is a Wargaming and Science fiction franchise launched by FASA Corporation and currently owned by WizKids. The World of BattleTech spans many worlds cities and locations All reminiscent of Asimov's universe. In Battletech, the Inner Sphere is eventually invaded by an external force from the edge of the galaxy composed of the heirs of an elite which had been cut out from the Star League just before its crumbling.

In 1998, New Line Cinema had spent $1. New Line Cinema, founded in 1967 is one of the major American Film studios Though it initially began as an independent film studio it became a 5 million developing a film version of The Foundation Trilogy. The failure to develop a new franchise was partly a reason the studio signed on to produce The Lord of the Rings film trilogy. The Lord of the Rings film trilogy consists of three Live action Fantasy Epic films The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ^[4]

List of books

Prelude to Foundation contains Asimov's suggested reading order/chronology for his science fiction books in the introduction. Prelude to Foundation is a 1988 novel written by Isaac Asimov. [2] An expanded and corrected strictly chronological reading order for the books is listed below. Another alternative is to read the books in their original order of publication, since reading the Foundation prequels prior to reading the Foundation Trilogy fundamentally alters the original narrative structure of the Trilogy by spoiling what were originally presented as plot surprises.

Tangential books

While not mentioned in the above list, some consider the books The End of Eternity (1955) and Nemesis (1989) part of the series. The End of Eternity by Isaac Asimov is a Science fiction novel with mystery and thriller elements on the subjects of Time Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Nemesis is a Science fiction Novel by Isaac Asimov. One of his later science fiction novels it was published in 1989, only three Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar)

The End of Eternity is vaguely referenced in Foundation's Edge, where a character mentions the Eternals, whose "task it was to choose a reality that would be most suitable to Humanity". Reality, in everyday usage means "the state of things as they actually exist" (The End of Eternity also refers to a "Foundation" within its story. ) In Forward the Foundation Hari Seldon refers to a twenty-thousand-year-old story of "a young woman that could communicate with an entire planet that circled a sun named Nemesis," an obvious reference to Nemesis. In Foundation and Earth there is also a reference to a tale about a sun that approached the Earth, possibly referring to Nemesis as well. In Nemesis, the main colony is one of the Fifty Settlements, a collection of orbital colonies that form a state. It is possible that the Fifty Settlements were the basis for the fifty Spacer worlds in the Robot stories. The implication at the end of Nemesis that the inhabitants of the off-Earth colonies are splitting off from Earthbound humans could also be connected to a similar implication about the Spacers in Mark W. Tiedemann's Robot books. Mark W Tiedemann is an American author Born in 1954, he was raised an only child in St

On the other hand, these references might be just jokes by Asimov, and the stories mentioned could be just those really written by himself (as seen in The Robots of Dawn where Fastolfe makes a reference to Asimov's Liar!). Furthermore, Asimov himself did not mention The End of Eternity in the series listing from Prelude to Foundation. As for Nemesis, it was written after Prelude to Foundation, but in the author's note Asimov explicitly states that the book is not part of the Foundation series, but that some day he might tie it to the others.

Nemesis also touches on a pair of short stories published in Asimov's collection, Gold, dealing with the Fifty Settlements.

Major characters

• Hari Seldon, leader of the Psychohistorical movement which creates the Foundation and the Seldon Plan; first First Speaker of the Second Foundation (traditional)
• R. Giskard Reventlov, the first robot able to alter human minds (of the 'diaspora' era, see I, Robot story "Liar!")
• R. Daneel Olivaw, a humanoid robot who organizes the creation of both the Seldon Plan and Gaia and Galaxia. Hari Seldon, a fictional character is the intellectual hero of Isaac Asimov 's Foundation Series. R Giskard Reventlov is a fictional character in the Science fiction works of Isaac Asimov included in The Robots of Dawn and I Robot is a collection of nine Science fiction Short stories by Isaac Asimov, first published by Gnome Press in 1950 in an R Daneel Olivaw is a fictional Robot created by Isaac Asimov. He also assumes the names Chetter Hummin and Eto Demerzel.
• The Mule, (originally from Gaia), a mutant who was extremely adept at altering human minds
• Dors Venabili, Seldon's wife and protector, known as the "Tiger Woman" for her physical prowess and swiftness to action
• Yugo Amaryl, Seldon's colleague, a heatsinker from the Dahl Sector of Trantor
• Emperor Cleon I, Entun Dynasty, Emperor during the first part of Hari Seldon's stay on Trantor
• Salvor Hardin, First Mayor of Terminus, first Foundationer to realize the 'farce' of the Encyclopedia Galactica
• Gaal Dornick, One of the last Psychohistorians to join the Project
• Hober Mallow, a "Trader Prince" during the Foundation's 'Trader' days
• Bel Riose, General of the Galactic Empire
• Golan Trevize, Councilman of Terminus who discovers the secret location of Earth
• Janov Pelorat, Historian, Accompanies Trevize
• Arkady Darell, granddaughter of Bayta Darrell who theorizes a location of the Second Foundation
• Blissenobiarella (Bliss), a human element of the superorganism Gaia
• Bayta Darrell, grandmother of Arkady Darell; Bayta was instrumental in the defeat of the Mule
• Raych Seldon, Hari Seldon's adopted son from the Dahl Sector of Trantor
• Wanda Seldon, Raych Seldon's eldest daughter who later becomes a Psychohistorian and second First Speaker of the Second Foundation
• Preem Palver, a very successful First Speaker of the Second Foundation
• Ebling Mis, Thought to be first person to discover the location of the Second Foundation. The Mule is a Fictional character from Isaac Asimov 's Foundation Series. In Isaac Asimov 's Foundation Series, Dors Venabili is a good friend protector and later wife of Hari Seldon, the primary character of Prelude Yugo Amaryl is a fictional character in Isaac Asimov 's Foundation series. An emperor (from the Latin " Imperator " is a (male Monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an Empire or another type of In the fictional universe of The Foundation Series, Cleon I (11988 GE - 12038 GE was the last Emperor of the Entun dynasty Salvor Hardin was the first mayor of Terminus, the capital planet of the Foundation in Isaac Asimov 's Foundation series. Gaal Dornick is a Fictional character in Isaac Asimov 's Foundation Series. Hober Mallow is a fictional character in Isaac Asimov 's Foundation Series. In Isaac Asimov 's Foundation series, the Golan Trevize is a fictional character a major figure in two books in Isaac Asimov 's Foundation Series: Foundation's Edge and Foundation Terminus is a fictional Planet at the edge of the Galaxy in Isaac Asimov 's Foundation Series, home of the Foundation Janov Pelorat is a character in the ''Foundation'' Series of books by Isaac Asimov. Arcadia “Arkady” Darell (11 5 362FE—1 7 443FE is a Fictional character, part of Isaac Asimov 's Foundation Series. Blissenobiarella, known informally as Bliss, is a character in Isaac Asimov 's Foundation series. A superorganism is an Organism consisting of many organisms This is usually meant to be a Social unit of eusocial animals where Division of labour Gaia is a Fictional planet described in the book Foundation's Edge ( 1982) and referred to in Foundation and Earth ( Bor Alurin Bor Alurin Foundation The sole member of the Second Foundation to be present amongst the initial members of the First Foundation Raych Seldon is a Fictional character in Isaac Asimov 's Foundation Series. Wanda Seldon is a fictional character in Isaac Asimov 's Science fiction Foundation series. Preem Palver is a fictional character part of Isaac Asimov 's Foundation Series. Second Foundation is the third novel published of the Foundation series by Isaac Asimov, and the fifth in the in-universe chronology Ebling Mis is a Fictional character from Isaac Asimov 's Foundation Series.

References

See also

• List of Foundation planets
• Timeline of Asimov's Foundation Series

External links

• Early Timeline for Asimov's Foundation Universe
• books.guardian.co.uk: Terrorism and the Foundation series
• The Isaac Asimov Wiki for the Foundation Universe
• 15-Book Reading Order as Suggested by Asimov From "Author's Note" of Prelude to Foundation Doubleday (1988 hardcover edition)
• Johnny Pez's Complete chronological listing of all stories in the series