The term found art—more commonly found object (French: objet trouvé) or readymade—describes art created from the undisguised, but often modified, use of objects that are not normally considered art, often because they already have a mundane, utilitarian function. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual Marcel Duchamp was the originator of this in the early 20th-century. Marcel Duchamp (maʀsɛl dyˈʃɑ̃ (28 July 1887 &ndash 2 October 1968 was a French artist whose work is most often associated with the Dadaist and Surrealist
Found art derives significance from the designation placed upon it by the artist. The context into which it is placed (e. g. a gallery or museum) is usually also a highly relevant factor. The idea of dignifying commonplace objects in this way was originally a shocking challenge to the accepted distinction between what was considered art as opposed to not art. Although it is now widely accepted in the art world as a viable practice, it continues to arouse media and public hostility, as with the Tate Gallery's Turner Prize exhibition of Tracey Emin's My Bed, which consisted literally of her unmade and dishevelled bed. Tate is the United Kingdom 's national museum of British and Modern Art and is a network of four art galleries in England: Tate Britain (opened in The Turner Prize, named after the painter JMW Turner, is an annual prize presented to a British visual Artist under 50 Tracey Emin RA (born 3 July, 1963) is an English Artist of Turkish Cypriot origin one of the group known as Britartists My Bed is a work by the British artist
Found art, however, has to have the artist's input, at the very least an idea about it, i. e. the artist's designation of the object as art, which is nearly always reinforced with a title. There is mostly also some degree of modification of the object, although not to the extent that it cannot be recognised. The modification may lead to it being designated a "modified", "interpreted" or "adapted" found object.
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Origin: Duchamp
Marcel Duchamp coined the term readymade in 1915 to describe his found art. The readymades of Marcel Duchamp are ordinary manufactured objects that he selected and modified as an antidote to what he called "retinal art" Marcel Duchamp (maʀsɛl dyˈʃɑ̃ (28 July 1887 &ndash 2 October 1968 was a French artist whose work is most often associated with the Dadaist and Surrealist Duchamp assembled the first readymade, entitled Bicycle Wheel in 1913, the same time as his Nude Descending a Staircase was attracting the attention of critics at the International Exhibition of Modern Art. Bicycle Wheel is a readymade by Marcel Duchamp consisting of a bicycle fork with front wheel mounted upside-down on a wooden stool Nude Descending a Staircase No 2 (French Nu descendant un escalier n° 2) is a 1912 painting by Marcel Duchamp. Many exhibitions have been held in the vast spaces of US National Guard armories, but the Armory Show refers to the International Exhibition His Fountain, a urinal which he signed with the pseudonym "R. Fountain is a 1917 work by Marcel Duchamp. It is one of the pieces which he called readymades (also known as Found art Mutt", shocked the art world in 1917. Bottle Rack is a bottle drying rack signed by Duchamp, and is considered to be the first "pure" readymade. A bottle is a container with a neck that is narrower than the body and a "mouth [1]
Research by Rhonda Roland Shearer indicates that Duchamp may have fabricated his found objects. Rhonda Roland Shearer is a sculptor scholar and journalist who founded the nonprofit organization Art Science Research Laboratory with her late husband Stephen Jay Gould Exhaustive research of mundane items like snow shovels and bottle racks in use at the time failed to reveal identical matches. The urinal, upon close inspection, is non-functional. However, there are accounts of Walter Arensberg and Joseph Stella being with Duchamp when he purchased the original Fountain at J. Walter Conrad Arensberg (April 4 1878 - January 29 1954 was an American art collector critic and poet Joseph Stella ( June 13, 1877 - November 5, 1946) was an Italian-born American Futurist painter L. Mott Iron Works. [2]
Development
The use of found objects was quickly taken up by the Dada movement, being used by Man Ray and Francis Picabia who combined it with traditional art by sticking combs onto a painting to represent hair. For other meanings see Dada (disambiguation DaDa is a Concept album by Alice Cooper, released Man Ray, born Emmanuel Radnitzky ( August 27 1890 &ndash November 18 1976) in Philadelphia PA and raised Francis-Marie Martinez Picabia ( January 22, 1879 - November 30, 1953) was a well-known painter and poet born of a French mother and [1] A well-known work by Man Ray is Gift (1921), [2] which is an iron with nails sticking out from its flat underside, thus rendering it useless.
The combination of several found objects is a type of readymade sometimes known as an assemblage. Another such example is Marcel Duchamp's Why Not Sneeze Rrose Sélavy?, consisting of a small birdcage containing a thermometer, cuttlebone, and 151 marble cubes resembling sugar cubes. Why not Sneeze Rrose Sélavy? is a 1921 " readymade " sculpture by Marcel Duchamp.
By the time of the Surrealist Exhibition of Objects in 1936 a whole range of sub-classifications had been devised—most of which are now only of historical interest—including found objects, readymade objects, perturbed objects, mathematical objects, natural objects, interpreted natural objects, incorporated natural objects, Oceanic objects, American objects and Surrealist objects. Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members At this time Surrealist leader, André Breton, defined readymades as "manufactured objects raised to the dignity of works of art through the choice of the artist. André Breton (in French ɑ̃dʀe bʀəˈtɔ̃ ( February 19, 1896 &ndash September 28, 1966) was a French Writer, "
Pablo Picasso used found objects as the basis for Baboon and Young, and joined a bicycle saddle with handle bars to make a bull's head. Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973
In the 1960s found objects were present in both the Fluxus movement and in Pop art. Fluxus —a name taken from a Latin word meaning "to flow"—is an international network of artists composers and designers noted for blending different artistic media Pop Art is a visual Art movement that emerged in the mid 1950s in Britain and in parallel in the late 1950s in the United States. Joseph Beuys exhibited modified found objects, such as rocks with a hole in them stuffed with fur and fat, a van with sledges trailing behind it, and a rusty girder. Joseph Beuys (ˈjoːzɛf ˈbɔʏs May 12, 1921 – January 23,
Commodity sculpture
In the 1980s, a variation of found art emerged called commodity sculpture where commercially mass-produced items would be arranged in the art gallery as sculpture. The focus of this variety of sculpture was on the marketing, display of products. These artists included Jeff Koons, Haim Steinbach, and Ashley Bickerton (who later moved on to do other kinds of work). Jeff Koons (born January 21 1955) is an American artist whose work incorporates Kitsch imagery using painting sculpture and other forms Ashley Bickerton (born Barbados, 1959 is a Contemporary artist living in Bali.
One of Jeff Koons' early signature works was Two Ball 50/50 Tank, 1985, which consisted of two basketballs floating in water, which half-fills a glass tank (an influence on Damien Hirst). Jeff Koons (born January 21 1955) is an American artist whose work incorporates Kitsch imagery using painting sculpture and other forms Damien Hirst (born 7 June 1965 is an English artist and the most prominent of the group that has been dubbed " Young British Artists " (or YBAs
Trash art
A specific sub-genre of found art is known as trash art or junk art. Oak Street Beach is located on North Lake Shore Drive in Chicago, Illinois, on the shore of Lake Michigan. These works are primarily comprised from components that have been discarded. Often they come quite literally from the trash. Many organizations sponsor junk art competitions.
Contemporary
Throughout the 1990s, the Young British Artists (YBAs) made extensive use of found "objects", often with very strong press reaction. Young British Artists or YBAs (also Damien Hirst exhibited a shark preserved in formaldehyde in a glass tank and called it The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living. He has taken this to extremes by presenting in the same way a cow and calf cut into sections, and, in A Thousand Years, a rotting cow's head, maggots and flies. Tracey Emin exhibited a tent covered with appliquéd names, and then her own unmade bed with sweat-stained sheets, surrounded by items such as her slippers, period-stained underwear and drink bottles. Tracey Emin RA (born 3 July, 1963) is an English Artist of Turkish Cypriot origin one of the group known as Britartists Sarah Lucas enlarged to a giant size a lurid tabloid press cutting; she also exhibited a mattress with two melons, a bucket and a cucumber, representing female and male genitalia. Sarah Lucas (born 1962 is a British artist She is part of the generation of Young British Artists who emerged during the 1990s
Found art can also occur on the internet, where an image found on the internet can become the core component of a larger artwork made by modifying the image through basic computer graphic tools.
Historical precedents
Gold, when used in art, as in Medieval altar pieces, is present for its own innate quality, and is therefore a found object, as are precious jewels used in artworks. The essential difference is that these materials were already considered precious, whereas modern art's use of found objects has mostly been of mundane items, which are then deemed to be elevated into a special status.
An exception in 2003 was the Chapman Brothers use of a set of Francisco Goya prints, The Disasters of War, which they "adapted" by collaging clown and puppy faces onto the figures. Jake Chapman (born 1966 and Dinos Chapman (born 1962 are brothers and English Conceptual artists who work almost exclusively in collaboration with The prints were valuable already in their own right as art. [3]
Damien Hirst has suggested that a painting can be considered an adapted found object (the object being paint), i. e. the whole history of art is based on the found objects.
In the 19th century, the French writer Comte de Lautréamont had drawn attention to the possibilities of transforming the otherwise mundane object the now famous phrase, "Beautiful as the chance encounter of a sewing machine and an umbrella on a dissecting table. Comte de Lautréamont (lotʁeaˈmɔ̃ in French was the Pen name of Isidore Lucien Ducasse ( April 4 "
Criticism
The modern use of found objects aroused hostility from the start, when Duchamp's urinal, titled Fountain, was rejected by the "unjuried" 1917 Society of Independent Artists on the basis that it was not art. Fountain is a 1917 work by Marcel Duchamp. It is one of the pieces which he called readymades (also known as Found art Society of Independent Artists was an association of American artists founded in 1916 and based in New York.
The found object in art has been a subject of polarised debate in Britain throughout the 1990s due to the use of it by the YBAs. It has been rejected by the general public and journalists, and supported by public museums and art critics. In his 2000 Dimbleby lecture, Who's afraid of modern art, Sir Nicholas Serota advocated such kinds of "difficult" art, while quoting opposition such as the Daily Mail headline "For 1,000 years art has been one of our great civilising forces. Sir Nicholas Andrew Serota (born 27 April 1946) is a British art Curator. The Daily Mail is a British newspaper currently published in a tabloid format Today, pickled sheep and soiled beds threaten to make barbarians of us all". A more unexpected rejection in 1999 came from artists—some of whom had previously worked with found objects—who founded the Stuckists group and issued a manifesto denouncing such work in favour of a return to painting with the statement "Ready-made art is a polemic of materialism". Stuckism is an Art movement that was founded in 1999 in Britain by Billy Childish and Charles Thomson to promote figurative painting [4]
Other art forms
Found Magazine, based in Ann Arbor, Michigan, collects and catalogs found notes, photos, and other interesting items. Found Magazine, created by Davy Rothbart and Jason Bitner and based in Ann Arbor Michigan and New York City, collects and catalogs found notes Ann Arbor is a city in the US state of Michigan and the county seat of Washtenaw County. Music composers use found sound in their compositions. Examples include John Cage, Nicolas Collins, Art of Noise and The Books. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> John Milton Cage Jr Nicolas Collins (born March 26, 1954 in New York City) is an Composer of mostly Electronic music and former student of Alvin Art of Noise were an Avant-garde Synthpop group formed in 1983 by producer Trevor Horn, music journalist Paul Morley, and session The Books are a band founded by and consisting of American Nick Zammuto and Dutchman Paul de Jong in New York City in 2000 In British experimental music, Christopher Hobbs was the foremost proponent of the 'musical readymade', a concept named by John White. Christopher Hobbs (September 1950 – Hillingdon, nr London is an English experimental Composer, best known as a pioneer of British John White (born in Berlin, 5 April 1936) is an English Composer and musical performer [3] Hobbs used chance operations, systems and other 'dislocating procedures'[4] on works by Tchaikovsky, John Bull, Bach, and others to create new pieces, including using a readymade or 'found' system (a knitting pattern for an Aran sweater) to create Aran (1972). Systems music is a type of Minimalist music particular to British Experimental music, in which 'the note-to-note procedure' is determined numerically (as defined by Writers Brion Gysin and William Burroughs pioneered "cut ups", which was the random assembling of cut-up pre-existing text. Brion Gysin ( January 19, 1916 - July 13, 1986) was a painter, Writer, Sound poet, and Performance William Seward Burroughs II ( – ˈbʌroʊz was an American Novelist, Essayist, Social critic, painter and Spoken word This has also been employed by David Bowie, Kurt Cobain, Ted Milton and Thom Yorke for lyric writing. David Bowie (ˈboʊiː born David Robert Jones on 8 January 1947 is an English Musician, actor producer, and arranger. Kurt Donald Cobain (February 20 1967 – c April 5 1994 was an American musician who served as lead singer, Guitarist, and songwriter for the Seattle Ted Milton (born 1943 grew up in Africa, Canada and Great Britain. Thomas Edward Yorke (born 7 October 1968 is a Grammy -winning English Musician, best known as the lead singer and principal songwriter of the Poets, too, create art out of non-literary writing, such as vocabulary books, adverts or newspaper articles. Adrian Henri made the poem On the Late Late Massachers Stillbirths and Deformed Children a Smoother Lovelier Skin Job (and the title) by combining found text from John Milton's "Sonnet XVIII", the TV Times and a CND leaflet. Adrian Henri ( 10 April 1932 Cordelia McGuire turned a funeral home classified advertisement into a poem entitled Embalmer by adding line breaks. Found art features in Jean-Pierre Jeunet's film Amélie and the 2001 independent comedy, Ghost World. Jean-Pierre Jeunet (born 3 September 1953) is a French Film director. Amélie is a 2001 French film directed by Jean-Pierre Jeunet and starring Audrey Tautou. An independent film, or indie film, is a film that is produced outside of the Hollywood Studio system, a series of oligopolistic practices by several Ghost World is a 2001 Film by Terry Zwigoff, based on a Graphic novel by Daniel Clowes.
Artists
Many modern artists have used found objects in their art. These include:
- Gustavo Aguerre
- Arman
- Joseph Beuys
- Guillaume Bijl
- Jake and Dinos Chapman
- Joseph Cornell
- Tony Cragg
- Salvador Dalí
- Mark Divo
- Marcel Duchamp
- Tracey Emin
- Tom Friedman
- Damien Hirst
- Matthieu Laurette
- Sarah Lucas
- David Mach
- Rodney McMillian
- Giuseppe Penone
- Francis Picabia
- Pablo Picasso
- Robert Rauschenberg
- Man Ray
- Leo Sewell
- Daniel Spoerri
- Kurt Schwitters
- Tolleck Winner
- Isaiah Zagar
See also
- List of found art
- Assemblage
- Appropriation (art)
- Art intervention
- Classificatory disputes about art
- Collage
- Cut-up technique
- Found object
- Found poetry
- Found footage
- Found Footage Festival
- Art car
- Plunderphonics
- Pop art
- Punk fashion and punk ideology
- Modernism
References
- ^ Tomkins, Calvin: Duchamp: A Biography, pages 181-186. Gustavo Aguerre, born 1953 in Buenos Aires, Argentina Artist, photographer Curator, writer theatre designer Arman ( November 17, 1928 &ndash October 22, 2005) was a French -born American Artist. Joseph Beuys (ˈjoːzɛf ˈbɔʏs May 12, 1921 – January 23, Guillaume Bijl, born in Antwerp in 1946 is a Belgian Installation artist Bijl's first installation was a driving school set in a gallery-space in Jake Chapman (born 1966 and Dinos Chapman (born 1962 are brothers and English Conceptual artists who work almost exclusively in collaboration with Joseph Cornell ( December 24, 1903 &ndash December 29, 1972) was an American artist and sculptor one of the pioneers and most celebrated Tony Cragg (born 1949 is a British -born sculptor. Cragg was born in Liverpool; following a period of work as a Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech 1st Marquis of Púbol (May 11 1904 &ndash January 23 1989 was a Spanish Catalan Surrealist Mark Divo (born 1966 is a Luxemburgeois Conceptual artist and Curator who organises large scale Interactive art projects incorporating the work Marcel Duchamp (maʀsɛl dyˈʃɑ̃ (28 July 1887 &ndash 2 October 1968 was a French artist whose work is most often associated with the Dadaist and Surrealist Tracey Emin RA (born 3 July, 1963) is an English Artist of Turkish Cypriot origin one of the group known as Britartists Tom Friedman may refer to Tom Friedman (artist, American sculptor Thomas Friedman, journalist and author See Damien Hirst (born 7 June 1965 is an English artist and the most prominent of the group that has been dubbed " Young British Artists " (or YBAs Matthieu Laurette (born 1970 in Villeneuve Saint Georges, France) is a media and conceptual contemporary French artist Sarah Lucas (born 1962 is a British artist She is part of the generation of Young British Artists who emerged during the 1990s David Mach (born 20 March 1956) is a Scottish sculptor and installation artist Rodney McMillian (born 1969 Columbia South Carolina) is an artist based in Los Angeles Giuseppe Penone (born April 3 1947, Garessio, Italy) is one of the most important Italian Artists. Francis-Marie Martinez Picabia ( January 22, 1879 - November 30, 1953) was a well-known painter and poet born of a French mother and Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 Man Ray, born Emmanuel Radnitzky ( August 27 1890 &ndash November 18 1976) in Philadelphia PA and raised Leo Sewell is a Philadelphia found object artist He is notable for his sculptures produced over forty years which are collected by people worldwide including Sylvester Stallone Daniel Spoerri is a Swiss artist and writer born in Romania in 1930 who has been called “the central figure of European post-war art” and “one of the most renown of the 20th century Kurt Hermann Eduard Karl Julius Schwitters ( 20 June 1887 - 8 January 1948) was a German painter who was born in Tolleck Winner is a UK -based Sculptor. Born 30 July 1959 in the former Soviet Union, he has lived and worked in the United Kingdom Isaiah Zagar (born 1940) is a Philadelphia Mosaic artist He is notable for his murals which are primarily in or around Philadelphia's South Street. Below is a list of pieces by artist which are or include Found objects, followed by the objects Assemblage is an artistic process in which a three-dimensional artistic composition is made from putting together found objects To appropriate something involves taking possession of it In the Visual arts, the term appropriation often refers to the use of borrowed An art intervention is an interaction with a previously existing artwork audience or venue/space Art historians and philosophers of art have long had classificatory disputes about art regarding whether a particular cultural form or piece of work should be classified A collage (From the coller to glue is a work of formal art primarily in the Visual arts, made from an assemblage of different forms thus creating a new whole The cut-up technique, also known as fishbowling, is an Aleatory Literary technique or genre in which a text is cut up at Random A found object, in an artistic sense indicates the use of an object which has not been designed for an artistic purpose but which exists for another purpose already Found poetry is created by taking Words Phrases and sometimes whole Passages from other sources and reframing them as poetry by making changes in spacing Found footage is a filmmaking term which describes a method of compiling films partly or entirely of Footage which has not been created by the filmmaker and changing its meaning Started in 2004 the Found Footage Festival is a live Comedy event and screening featuring odd and hilarious clips from VHS Videotapes gathered from An art car is a Vehicle that has its appearance modified as an act of personal artistic expression Plunderphonics is a term coined by composer John Oswald in 1985 in an Essay entitled Plunderphonics or Audio Piracy as a Compositional Prerogative Pop Art is a visual Art movement that emerged in the mid 1950s in Britain and in parallel in the late 1950s in the United States. Punk fashion is the styles of Clothing, Hairstyles, Cosmetics, Jewelry, and Body modifications of the Punk subculture. Punk ideologies are a group of varied social and political beliefs associated with the Punk subculture. Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century Henry Holt and Company, Inc. , 1996. ISBN 0-8050-5789-7
- ^ Shearer, Rhonda Roland: "Marcel Duchamp's Impossible Bed and Other 'Not' Readymade Objects: A Possible Route of Influence From Art To Science", 1997.
- ^ Michael Nyman, Experimental Music: Cage and Beyond (London: Studio Vista, 1974), pp. 141-2.
- ^ Ibid.
External links
- Betacourt, Michael: "The Richard Mutt Case: Looking for Marcel Duchamp's Fountain"
- Thompson, Charles: "A Stuckist on Stuckism" (See section "The medium modifies the message")
- Iverson, Margaret: "Readymade, found object, photograph" - An extended examination of the subject
[5] Cultural ReUse Research Collaborative, Found Object Project
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