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Fossil fuels or mineral fuels are fossil source fuels, that is, hydrocarbons found within the top layer of the Earth’s crust. Fuel is any material that is burned or altered in order to obtain energy In Organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an Organic compound consisting entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon. In Geology, a crust is the outermost solid shell of a planet or moon

They range from volatile materials with low carbon:hydrogen ratios like methane, to liquid petroleum to nonvolatile materials composed of almost pure carbon, like anthracite coal. Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Methane is a Chemical compound with the molecular formula. It is the simplest Alkane, and the principal component of Natural gas. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Anthracite ( Greek Ανθρακίτης literally "a type of coal" from Anthrax, coal is a hard compact variety of mineral Coal that has a high Methane can be found in hydrocarbon fields, alone, associated with oil, or in the form of methane clathrates. Methane clathrate, also called methane hydrate or methane ice, is a solid form of water that contains a large amount of Methane within its Crystal It is generally accepted that they formed from the fossilized remains of dead plants and animals[1] by exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years. FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. [2] This is known as the biogenic theory and was first introduced by Georg Agricola in 1556 and later by Mikhail Lomonosov in 1757. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Georgius Agricola ( March 24, 1494 – November 21, 1555) was a German scholar and scientist Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (Михаи́л Васи́льевич Ломоно́сов () was a Russian Polymath, scientist There is an opposing more modern theory that the more volatile hydrocarbons, especially natural gas, are formed by abiogenic processes, that is no living material was involved in their formation. Natural gas is a Gaseous Fossil fuel consisting primarily of Methane but including significant quantities of Ethane, Propane, The hypothesis of abiogenic petroleum origin is an alternative hypothesis to the biological origin theory which was popular in Russia and Ukraine between

It was estimated by the Energy Information Administration that in 2005, 86% of primary energy production in the world came from burning fossil fuels, with the remaining non-fossil sources being hydroelectric 6. The United States Energy Information Administration (EIA created by Congress in 1977, is the independent statistical agency within the U Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by Hydropower, ie the production of power through use of the gravitational force of falling water 3%, nuclear 6. Nuclear power is any Nuclear technology designed to extract usable Energy from atomic nuclei via controlled Nuclear reactions 0%, and other (geothermal, solar, wind, and wood and waste) 0. Geothermal power (from the Greek roots geo, meaning earth and therme, meaning heat is energy generated by heat stored in the earth or the collection Solar energy is the Light and radiant heat from the Sun that powers Earth 's Climate and Weather and sustains Life Wind Power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form such as electricity using Wind turbines At the end of 2007 worldwide capacity of wind-powered generators was Waste-to-energy (WtE or energy-from-waste (EfW refers to any waste treatment that creates energy in the form of Electricity or Heat 9 percent. [3]

Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources because they take millions of years to form, and reserves are being depleted much faster than new ones are being formed. Concern about fossil fuel supplies is one of the causes of regional and global conflicts. The production and use of fossil fuels raise environmental concerns. A global movement toward the generation of renewable energy is therefore under way to help meet increased energy needs. Renewable energy is Energy generated from Natural resources mdashsuch as Sunlight, Wind, Rain, tides and geothermal

The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21. 3 billion tonnes (= 21. This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton. 3 gigatons) of carbon dioxide per year, but it is estimated that natural processes can only absorb about half of that amount, so there is a net increase of 10. This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single 65 billion tonnes of atmospheric carbon dioxide per year (one tonne of atmospheric carbon is equivalent to 44/12 or 3. 7 tonnes of carbon dioxide). [4] Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases that enhances radiative forcing and contributes to global warming, causing the average surface temperature of the Earth to rise in response, which climate scientists agree will cause major adverse effects, including reduced biodiversity and, over time, cause sea level rise. Greenhouse gases are gaseous constituents of the atmosphere bothnatural and anthropogenic that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared In Climate science radiative forcing is (loosely defined as the change in net Irradiance at the Tropopause. Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the See also Temperature record. The instrumental temperature record shows the fluctuations of the Temperature of the atmosphere and the oceans as National and international science academies and professional societies have assessed the current scientific opinion on climate change, in particular recent Global warming. effects of Global warming on the environment and human life are numerous varied accelerating and taking scientists studying global warming by surprise Biodiversity is the variation of Life forms within a given Ecosystem, Biome or for the entire Earth. Sea-level rise is an increase in Sea level. Multiple complex factors may influence this change

Contents

Origin

According to the biogenic theory, petroleum is formed from the preserved remains of prehistoric zooplankton and algae which have settled to the sea (or lake) bottom in large quantities under anoxic conditions. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Stone Age Paleolithic See also Paleolithic, Recent African Origin, Early Homo sapiens, Early human migrations "Paleolithic" Zooplankton are the Heterotrophic (sometimes detritivorous) type of Plankton. Algae ( sing. alga are a large and diverse group of simple typically Autotrophic organisms ranging from Unicellular to Multicellular forms Anoxic sea water is sea water depleted of Oxygen. It is generally found in areas with restricted water exchange Over geological time, this organic matter, mixed with mud, is buried under heavy layers of sediment. The geologic time scale is a chronologic schema (or idealized Model) relating Stratigraphy to time that is used by Geologists and other An organic compound is any member of a large class of Chemical compounds whose Molecules contain Carbon. Matter is commonly defined as being anything that has mass and that takes up space. In computer gaming, a MUD ( Multi-User Dungeon, Domain or Dimension) is a multi-player computer game that combines elements of The resulting high levels of heat and pressure cause the organic matter to chemically change during diagenesis, first into a waxy material known as kerogen which is found in various oil shales around the world, and then with more heat into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons in a process known as catagenesis. In Physics, heat, symbolized by Q, is Energy transferred from one body or system to another due to a difference in Temperature Pressure (symbol 'p' is the force per unit Area applied to an object in a direction perpendicular to the surface In Geology and Oceanography, diagenesis is any chemical physical or biological change undergone by a Sediment after its initial deposition and during Kerogen is a mixture of organic Chemical compounds that make up a portion of the organic matter in Sedimentary rocks It is insoluble in normal organic See Catagenesis (biology for usage in the field of biology where it refers to retrogressive evolution

Terrestrial plants, on the other hand, tend to form coal. A terrestrial plant is one that grows on land Other types of plants are aquatic (living in water Epiphytic (living on trees but not Parasitic) Many of the coal fields date to the carboniferous period. The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Devonian period about 359

Comparative figures:

Importance

Fossil fuels are of great importance because they can be burned (oxidized to carbon dioxide and water), producing significant amounts of energy. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single The use of coal as a fuel predates recorded history. Semi-solid hydrocarbons from seeps were also burned in ancient times,[6] but these materials were mostly used for waterproofing and embalming. Embalming, in most modern Cultures is the Art and Science of temporarily preserving human remains to forestall Decomposition [7] Commercial exploitation of petroleum, largely as a replacement for oils from animal sources (notably whale oil) for use in oil lamps began in the nineteenth century. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Whale oil is the oil obtained from the Blubber of various species of Whales particularly the three species of Right Whale ( Eubalaena japonica [8] Natural gas, once flared-off as an un-needed byproduct of petroleum production, is now considered a very valuable resource. [9]

Heavy crude oil, which is very much more viscous than conventional crude oil, and tar sands, where bitumen is found mixed with sand and clay, are becoming more important as sources of fossil fuel. Heavy crude oil or Extra Heavy oil is any type of Crude oil which does not flow easily Bitumen is a mixture of organic Liquids that are highly Viscous, black sticky entirely soluble in Carbon disulfide, and composed primarily [10] Oil shale and similar materials are sedimentary rocks containing kerogen, a complex mixture of high-molecular weight organic compounds, which yield synthetic crude oil when heated (pyrolyzed). Sedimentary rock is one of the three main rock types (the others being igneous and Metamorphic rock) Kerogen is a mixture of organic Chemical compounds that make up a portion of the organic matter in Sedimentary rocks It is insoluble in normal organic Synthetic fuel or synfuel is any Liquid fuel obtained from Coal, Natural gas, or Biomass. Pyrolysis is the Chemical decomposition of organic materials by heating in the absence of Oxygen or any other reagents except possibly Steam These materials have yet to be exploited commercially. [11]

Prior to the latter half of the eighteenth century, windmills or watermills provided the energy needed for industry such as milling flour, sawing wood or pumping water, and burning wood or peat provided domestic heat. A windmill is a machine that is powered by the energy of the wind This article is about a type of structure For other locational uses see Milldam. Flour is a powder made of Cereal grains It is the key ingredient of Bread, which is a staple food in many countries and therefore the availability A sawmill is a facility where logs are cut into boards Sawmill process A sawmill's basic operation is much like those of 100 years ago a log enters Peat is an accumulation of partially Decayed Vegetation matter. The wide-scale use of fossil fuels, coal at first and petroleum later, to fire steam engines, enabled the Industrial Revolution. A steam engine is a Heat engine that performs Mechanical work using Steam as its Working fluid. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the At the same time, gas lights using natural gas or coal gas were coming into wide use. Gas lighting refers to a technology used to produce light from gas usually methane but also including hydrogen and ethylene The invention of the internal combustion engine and its use in automobiles and trucks greatly increased the demand for gasoline and diesel oil, both made from fossil fuels. The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the Combustion of Fuel and an Oxidizer (typically air occurs in a confined space called a Diesel or Diesel fuel (ˈdiːzəl in general is any Fuel used in Diesel engines The most common is a specific fractional distillate of petroleum Other forms of transportation, railways and aircraft also required fossil fuels. "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation. The other major use for fossil fuels is in generating electricity.

Fossil fuels are also the main source of raw materials for the petrochemical industry. Petrochemicals are chemical products made from raw materials of Petroleum or other Hydrocarbon origin

Limits and alternatives

Main articles: Peak oil and Hubbert peak theory
Global fossil carbon emission by fuel type, 1800-2004 AD.
Global fossil carbon emission by fuel type, 1800-2004 AD. Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6

The principle of supply and demand suggests that as hydrocarbon supplies diminish, prices will rise. Supply and demand is an Economic model describing effects on price and quantity in a Market. Therefore higher prices will lead to increased alternative, renewable energy supplies as previously uneconomic sources become sufficiently economical to exploit. Renewable energy is Energy generated from Natural resources mdashsuch as Sunlight, Wind, Rain, tides and geothermal Artificial gasolines and other renewable energy sources currently require more expensive production and processing technologies than conventional petroleum reserves, but may become economically viable in the near future. Renewable energy is Energy generated from Natural resources mdashsuch as Sunlight, Wind, Rain, tides and geothermal See Energy development. Energy development is the ongoing effort to provide sufficient Primary energy sources and secondary Energy forms to meet civilization's needs Different alternative sources of energy include alcohols, hydrogen, nuclear, hydroelectric, solar, wind, and geothermal. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Nuclear power is any Nuclear technology designed to extract usable Energy from atomic nuclei via controlled Nuclear reactions Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by Hydropower, ie the production of power through use of the gravitational force of falling water Geothermal power (from the Greek roots geo, meaning earth and therme, meaning heat is energy generated by heat stored in the earth or the collection

Levels and flows

Main article: Peak oil

Levels of primary energy sources are the reserves in the ground. Flows are production. The most important part of primary energy sources are the carbon based fossil energy sources. Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Oil, coal, and gas stood for 79. An oil is a substance that is in a viscous Liquid state ( "oily") at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer and is 6% of primary energy production during 2002 (in million tonnes of oil equivalent (mtoe)) (34. 9+23. 5+21. 2).

Levels (reserves) (EIA oil, gas, coal estimates, EIA oil, gas estimates)

Flows (daily production) during 2002 (7. 9 is a ratio to convert tonnes of oil equivalent to barrels of oil equivalent)

Years of production left in the ground with the most optimistic reserve estimates (Oil & Gas Journal, World Oil)

Note that this calculation assumes that the product could be produced at a constant level for that number of years and that all of the reserves could be recovered. In reality, consumption of all three resources has been increasing. While this suggests that the resource will be used up more quickly, in reality, the production curve is much more akin to a bell curve. At some point in time, the production of each resource within an area, country, or globally will reach a maximum value, after which, the production will decline until it reaches a point where is no longer economically feasible or physically possible to produce. See Hubbert peak theory for detail on this decline curve with regard to petroleum.

The above discussion emphasizes worldwide energy balance. It is also valuable to understand the ratio of reserves to annual consumption (R/C) by region or country. For example, energy policy of the United Kingdom recognizes that Europe's R/C value is 3. For energy use in practice see Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom The current Energy Policy of the United Kingdom is set 0, very low by world standards, and exposes that region to energy vulnerability. Specific alternatives to fossil fuels are a subject of intense debate worldwide.

Environmental effects

Main article: Global Warming

In the United States, more than 90% of greenhouse gas emissions come from the combustion of fossil fuels. Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the Greenhouse gases are gaseous constituents of the atmosphere bothnatural and anthropogenic that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared [12] Combustion of fossil fuels also produces other air pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, volatile organic compounds and heavy metals. The term nitrogen oxide typically refers to any Binary compound of Oxygen and Nitrogen, or to a mixture of such compounds Nitric This article describes a highly specialized aspect of its subject in the "Terminology and legal definitions" section

According to Environment Canada:

"The electricity sector is unique among industrial sectors in its very large contribution to emissions associated with nearly all air issues. Electricity generation produces a large share of Canadian nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide emissions, which contribute to smog and acid rain and the formation of fine particulate matter. It is the largest uncontrolled industrial source of mercury emissions in Canada. Fossil fuel-fired electric power plants also emit carbon dioxide, which may contribute to climate change. In addition, the sector has significant impacts on water and habitat and species. In particular, hydro dams and transmission lines have significant effects on water and biodiversity. "[13]

Combustion of fossil fuels generates sulfuric, carbonic, and nitric acids, which fall to Earth as acid rain, impacting both natural areas and the built environment. Nitric acid ( H[[nitrate NO3]] also known as Aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosive and Acid rain is Rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually Acidic It has harmful effects on plants aquatic animals and infastructure Monuments and sculptures made from marble and limestone are particularly vulnerable, as the acids dissolve calcium carbonate. Marble is a nonfoliated Metamorphic rock resulting from the Metamorphism of Limestone, composed mostly of Calcite (a crystalline form of Calcium carbonate is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula Ca[[Carbon C]] O 3

Fossil fuels also contain radioactive materials, mainly uranium and thorium, that are released into the atmosphere. Uranium (jʊˈreɪniəm is a silvery-gray Metallic Chemical element in the Thorium (ˈθɔːriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Th and Atomic number 90 In 2000, about 12,000 metric tons of thorium and 5,000 metric tons of uranium were released worldwide from burning coal. This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton. [14] It is estimated that during 1982, US coal burning released 155 times as much radioactivity into the atmosphere as the Three Mile Island incident. Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station is a civilian Nuclear power plant located on an island (Three Mile Island in the Susquehanna River near Harrisburg [15] However, this radioactivity from coal burning is minuscule at each source and has not shown to have any adverse effect on human physiology.

Burning coal also generates large amounts of bottom ash and fly ash. Bottom ash refers to the non- Combustible constituents of Coal with traces of combustibles embedded in forming clinkers and sticking to hot side walls of furnace during Fly ash is one of the residues generated in the Combustion of Coal. These materials are used in a wide variety of applications, utilizing, for example, about 40% of the US production. Fly ash is one of the residues generated in the Combustion of Coal. [16]

Harvesting, processing, and distributing fossil fuels can also create environmental concerns. Coal mining methods, particularly mountaintop removal and strip mining, have negative environmental impacts, and offshore oil drilling poses a hazard to aquatic organisms. Coal mining is the extraction or removal of Coal from the Earth by Mining. Oil refineries also have negative environmental impacts, including air and water pollution. An oil refinery is an industrial Process plant where Crude oil is processed and refined into more useful Petroleum products, such as Gasoline Transportation of coal requires the use of diesel-powered locomotives, while crude oil is typically transported by tanker ships, each of which requires the combustion of additional fossil fuels.

Environmental regulation uses a variety of approaches to limit these emissions, such as command-and-control (which mandates the amount of pollution or the technology used), economic incentives, or voluntary programs. Environmental law is a complex and interlocking body of Statutes, Common law, Treaties, conventions Regulations and policies which very

An example of such regulation in the USA is the "EPA is implementing policies to reduce airborne mercury emissions. Under regulations issued in 2005, coal-fired power plants will need to reduce their emissions by 70 percent by 2018. "[17].

In economic terms, pollution from fossil fuels is regarded as a negative externality. In Economics, an externality is an impact on any party not directly involved in an economic decision Taxation is considered one way to make societal costs explicit, in order to 'internalize' the cost of pollution. This aims to make fossil fuels more expensive, thereby reducing their use and the amount of pollution associated with them, along with raising the funds necessary to counteract these factors. Although European nations impose some pollution taxes, they also give billions of subsidies to the fossil fuel industry, offsetting the taxes.

Former CIA Director James Woolsey recently outlined the national security arguments in favor of moving away from fossil fuels. [18]

See also

References

  1. ^ Dr. The hypothesis of abiogenic petroleum origin is an alternative hypothesis to the biological origin theory which was popular in Russia and Ukraine between See also Nuclear energy policy Energy policy is the manner in which a given entity (often governmental has decided to address issues of Energy development Flue gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion refers to the Combustion product gas resulting from the burning of Fossil fuels. Energy development is the ongoing effort to provide sufficient Primary energy sources and secondary Energy forms to meet civilization's needs Climate change is any long-term significant change in the “average weather” that a given region experiences Clinker is a general name given to waste from industrial processes - particularly those that involve Smelting metals burning Fossil fuels and using a Blacksmith Greenhouse gases are gaseous constituents of the atmosphere bothnatural and anthropogenic that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the A Low-Carbon Economy (LCE or Low Fossil Fuel Economy (LFFEis a popular term that refers to an Economy which has a minimal output of Greenhouse Gas (GHG emissions into the Oil reserves are the estimated quantities of Crude oil that are claimed to be recoverable under existing Economic and operating conditions Over-consumption is a concept related to Overpopulation, referring to situations where Per capita Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit In Climate science radiative forcing is (loosely defined as the change in net Irradiance at the Tropopause. Renewable energy is Energy generated from Natural resources mdashsuch as Sunlight, Wind, Rain, tides and geothermal This is a list of energy topics which identifies articles and categories that relate to energy in general Irene Novaczek. Canada's Fossil Fuel Dependency. Elements. Retrieved on 2007-01-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor
  2. ^ Fossil fuel. EPA. Retrieved on 2007-01-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor
  3. ^ International Energy Annual 2005. Retrieved on 2007-09-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian
  4. ^ US Department of Energy on greenhouse gases. Retrieved on 2007-09-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian
  5. ^ a b Quirks and Quarks, CBC science show. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
  6. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica, use of oil seeps in accient times. Retrieved on 2007-09-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian
  7. ^ Bilkadi, Zayn (1994), BULLS FROM THE SEA : Ancient Oil Industries, Aramco World, <http://www.gr8dubai.com/oil2.htm>. Retrieved on 9 September 2007 
  8. ^ Ball, Max W. ; Douglas Ball, Daniel S. Turner (1965). This Fascinating Oil Business. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill. ISBN 0-672-50829-X.  
  9. ^ Kaldany,, Rashad, Director Oil, Gas, Mining and Chemicals Dept, World Bank (13). "Global Gas Flaring Reduction: A Time for Action!" in Global Forum on Flaring & Gas Utilization. . Retrieved on 2007-09-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian  
  10. ^ Oil Sands Global Market Potential 2007. Retrieved on 2007-09-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian
  11. ^ US Department of Energy plans for oil shale development. Retrieved on 2007-09-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian
  12. ^ US EPA. 2000. Inventory of U. S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-1998, Rep. EPA 236-R-00-01. US EPA, Washington, DC, http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming
  13. ^ Electricity Generation. Retrieved on 2007-03-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow.
  14. ^ Coal Combustion: Nuclear Resource or Danger - Alex Gabbard
  15. ^ Nuclear proliferation through coal burning - Gordon J. Aubrecht, II, Ohio State University
  16. ^ American Coal Ash Association. "CCP Production and Use Survey".
  17. ^ Frequently Asked Questions, Information on Proper Disposal of Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs). Retrieved on 2007-03-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China.
  18. ^ Video of Woolsey speech

External links

Debate

Dictionary

fossil fuel

-noun

  1. any fuel derived from hydrocarbon deposits such as coal, petroleum, natural gas and, to some extent, peat; these fuels are irreplaceable, and their burning generates the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide
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