Forza Italia
President	Silvio Berlusconi
Vice Presidents	Giulio Tremonti, Roberto Formigoni
Coordinator	Denis Verdini
Spokesman	Daniele Capezzone
Founded	18 January 1994
Headquarters	Via dell'Umiltà, 36 00187 Rome
Newspaper	none
Membership (2007)	401,014[1]
Ideology	Liberal conservatism[2][3][4][5][6][7][8] with Christian-democratic, liberal and social-democratic factions
Coalition	People of Freedom
International	none
European party	European People's Party
European Parliament Group	European People's Party–European Democrats
Website	www.forzaitalia.it

Forza Italia^[9] (Forward Italy, FI) is a Christian-democratic, liberal and liberal-conservative Italian political party led by Silvio Berlusconi, three time Prime Minister of Italy. (born 29 September 1936 is an Italian politician, Entrepreneur, Real estate and Insurance Tycoon, Bank and Media proprietor Giulio Tremonti (born August 18, 1947) is an Italian politician and economist Roberto Formigoni ( Lecco, 30 March, 1947) is an Italian Politician, and the current Governor of Lombardy Region, Italy Daniele Capezzone ( Rome, September 8, 1972) is an Italian politician Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Liberal conservatism is a variant of Conservatism which combines conservative and liberal values and positions Christian democracy is a political ideology that seeks to apply Christian (and often specifically Catholic) principles to public policy Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left The People of Freedom ( Il Popolo della Libertà, PdL is a liberal-conservative History Premises Following the run-up to the The European People's Party (EPP is a Christian democratic and Liberal conservative European political party. This article is about the current European Parliament Group and its predecessors dating back to 1952 Christian democracy is a political ideology that seeks to apply Christian (and often specifically Catholic) principles to public policy Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal Liberal conservatism is a variant of Conservatism which combines conservative and liberal values and positions Several Political parties operate in Italy, and historically they have been even more than today (born 29 September 1936 is an Italian politician, Entrepreneur, Real estate and Insurance Tycoon, Bank and Media proprietor In Italy, the Prime Minister of Italy (officially the President of the Council of Ministers, Italian Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri) is the country's

The party was founded in December 1993 and won its first election already in March 1994. Events in December Union Day of Romania (1 December World AIDS Day ( December 1) National Day of Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) An early national general election was held in Italy on March 27, 1994 to elect members of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. Events in March American Red Cross Month Fire Prevention month ( The Philippines) Women's History Month ( United Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) It is currently the main member of the House of Freedoms coalition, and is considered (by both itself and outsiders) to be very different from other Italian political parties. Casa delle Libertà ( CDL; Italian for House of Freedoms) was a major Italian Center-right Political alliance led by

Occasionally, Forza Italia has surpassed 30% of votes (as in the 1994 European Parliament election), but presently its base of support consists of about one-quarter of the electorate. The 1994 European Parliamentary Election was a European election held across the 12 European Union member states in June 1994

Contents 1 History 1.1 Foundation (1993–1994) 1.2 A short stint in power (1994–1995) 1.3 Five years of opposition (1996–2001) 1.4 Five years in government (2001–2006) 1.5 Road to a new party (2006–present) 2 Ideology 3 Members 4 Factions 5 Internal structure 6 Distinctive traits 7 Popular support 8 Leadership 9 External links 10 References 11 Bibliography

History

Foundation (1993–1994)

Forza Italia was formed in 1993 by Silvio Berlusconi, a successful businessman and owner of three of the main private television stations in Italy, along with Antonio Martino, Mario Valducci, Antonio Tajani, Marcello Dell'Utri, Cesare Previti and Giuliano Urbani. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) (born 29 September 1936 is an Italian politician, Entrepreneur, Real estate and Insurance Tycoon, Bank and Media proprietor A businessperson (also businessman or businesswoman) is someone who is employed at usually a profit-oriented enterprise, or more specifically someone A television station is a type of broadcast station that broadcasts both audio and Video to Television receivers in a particular area Antonio Martino (born December 22, 1942 in Messina) is an Italian politician who has been Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1994 and Antonio Tajani (born on 4 August 1953 in Rome)is an Italian Politician and is the current European Commissioner for Transport Marcello Dell'Utri (born 11 September 1941 in Palermo, Sicily) is an influential Italian politician and senior advisor to former Prime Cesare Previti (born on October 21, 1934) is a former Italian politician

Italy was shaken by a series of corruption scandals known as Tangentopoli and the subsequent police investigation, called Mani pulite. Tangentopoli ( Italian for bribesville) was the name used to indicate the corruption -based system in politics that had its heyday in Italy Mani pulite ( Italian for clean hands) was a nationwide Italian judicial investigation into Political corruption held in the 1990s following

This led to the disappearance of the five parties which governed Italy from 1947: DC, PSI, PSDI, PLI and PRI (they formed a successful five-party coalition called Pentapartito from 1983 to 1991, and then governed without PRI from 1991 to 1994) and to the end of the so-called First Republic. Christian Democracy ( Democrazia Cristiana, DC the Christian democratic party of Italy, dominated government for nearly half a century until its demise The Italian Socialist Party ( Partito Socialista Italiano, PSI was a democratic socialist / social democratic political party founded in Genoa The Italian Democratic Socialist Party ( Partito Socialista Democratico Italiano, PSDI is a minor social-democratic Italian political party. The Italian Liberal Party ( Partito Liberale Italiano, PLI was a liberal Italian political party. The Italian Republican Party ( Partito Repubblicano Italiano, PRI is a liberal Italian political party. After World War II and the overthrow of Mussolini's fascist regime, Italy's history was dominated by the Democrazia Cristiana (DC - Christian-Democrats

Forza Italia's aim was to attract moderate voters who were "disoriented, politically orphans and which risked to be unrepresented" (as Berlusconi described them), especially if the ex-Communist Democratic Party of the Left was to win the next election and enter in government for the first time since 1947. The Italian Communist Party (Italian Partito Comunista Italiano, or PCI emerged as the Communist Party of Italy ( Partito Comunista d'Italia) The Democratic Party of the Left ( Partito Democratico della Sinistra, PDS was a post- communist democratic-socialist political party in Italy

A short stint in power (1994–1995)

A few months after its creation, Forza Italia came to national power after the 1994 elections as the head of a political coalition called Pole of Freedoms (Polo delle Libertà), composed of Lega Nord, National Alliance, Christian Democratic Centre and Union of the Centre. An early national general election was held in Italy on March 27, 1994 to elect members of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. A coalition is an alliance among individuals during which they cooperate in joint action, each in their own Self-interest. The Pole of Freedoms ( Polo delle Libertà) was a center-right electoral coalition in Italy, launched by Silvio Berlusconi in 1994 Lega Nord (Northern League LN whose complete name is Lega Nord per l'Indipendenza della Padania (Northern League for Independence of Padania) is an Italian National Alliance ( Alleanza Nazionale, AN is a conservative Italian political party. The Christian Democratic Centre ( Centro Cristiano Democratico, CCD was a christian-democratic party in Italy. The Union of the Centre ( Unione di Centro, UdC was a small Italian political party, founded in 1994 after the disbanding of the Italian Liberal Party

Silvio Berlusconi was sworn in in May 1994 as prime minister of Italy in a government in which the most important cabinet posts were held by fellow FI's members: Antonio Martino was foreign minister, Cesare Previti defence minister, Alfredo Biondi justice minister and Giulio Tremonti (at the time an independent member of Parliament) finance minister. The Berlusconi I Cabinet was the Cabinet of the government of Italy from 10 May 1994 to January 17 1995. Alfredo Biondi (born June 29, 1928) is an Italian politician and lawyer Giulio Tremonti (born August 18, 1947) is an Italian politician and economist

The government had a short life and fell in December, when the Lega Nord left the coalition, after disagreements over pension reform and the first avviso di garanzia for Berlusconi, passed by Milan prosecutors. Forza Italia's leader was replaced as prime minister by Lamberto Dini, an independent politician who had been his tresury minister. (born March 1, 1931) is an Italian politician and economist former Prime Minister and Foreign Minister. No members of Forza Italia joined the new government and the party led was relegated to opposition.

Five years of opposition (1996–2001)

In 1996 the Pole of Freedoms finally lost the elections and began what Berlusconi called "the crossing of desert", something that could have been proven fatal for a young and unstructured party such as Forza Italia. An early national general election was held in Italy on April 21, 1996 to elect members of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate of Between 1996 and 1998, the party started to strengthen its organization, under Claudio Scajola, a former Christian Democrat who was national coordinator of the party from 1996 to 2001. Claudio Scajola (born January 15, 1948 in Imperia) is an Italian politician Christian Democracy ( Democrazia Cristiana, DC the Christian democratic party of Italy, dominated government for nearly half a century until its demise

In 1999 Forza Italia gained full membership of the European People's Party, of which Antonio Tajani, party leader in the European Parliament, is currently Vice President. The European People's Party (EPP is a Christian democratic and Liberal conservative European political party. Antonio Tajani (born on 4 August 1953 in Rome)is an Italian Politician and is the current European Commissioner for Transport The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU In the same year, it scored very well (25. 2%) in the European Parliament election. The European Parliament election of 1999 in Italy was the election of the delegation from Italy to the European Parliament in 1999.

In 2000 regional elections the Pole of Freedoms, with the support of Lega Nord, won in 8 regions (the most popolous ones, except Campania) out of 15 and Forza Italia's members were elected President of Region in Piedmont (Enzo Ghigo, confirmed), Lombardy (Roberto Formigoni, confirmed), Veneto (Giancarlo Galan, confirmed), Liguria (Sandro Biasotti, newly elected), Puglia (Raffaele Fitto, newly elected) and Calabria (Giuseppe Chiaravalloti, newly elected). Campania is a region of Southern Italy in Europe. The region has a population of around 5 Piedmont ( Piemonte; Piedmontese and Occitan: Piemont; French: Piémont) is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. Lombardy (Lombardia Latin: Langobardia, Western Lombard: Lumbardìa, Eastern Lombard: Lombardia) is one of the Roberto Formigoni ( Lecco, 30 March, 1947) is an Italian Politician, and the current Governor of Lombardy Region, Italy Veneto or Venetia ( Vèneto) is one of the 20 regions of Italy. Giancarlo Galan ( Padua, 10 September 1956) is an Venetian politician Liguria is a coastal region of north-western Italy, the third smallest of the Italian regions Apulia ( Italian: Puglia) is a region in southeastern Italy bordering the Adriatic Sea in the east the Ionian Sea Raffaele Fitto (born 28 August 1969) is an italian politician, current Minister for Regional Business in Berlusconi IV Cabinet. Calabria ( Latin: Brutium) is a region in southern Italy, south of Naples, located at the "toe" of

The party regained power in the 2001 elections (29. A national general election was held in Italy on May 13, 2001 to elect members of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate of the Republic 4% along with Giorgio La Malfa's tiny Italian Republican Party), in a new coalition called House of Freedoms (Casa delle Libertà) and composed mainly of National Alliance, Lega Nord, Christian Democratic Centre and United Christian Democrats (the last two parties merged in 2002 forming the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats. Giorgio La Malfa (born October 13 1939) is an Italian politician The Italian Republican Party ( Partito Repubblicano Italiano, PRI is a liberal Italian political party. Casa delle Libertà ( CDL; Italian for House of Freedoms) was a major Italian Center-right Political alliance led by The United Christian Democrats ( Cristiani Democratici Uniti, CDU was a christian-democratic party in Italy. The Union of Christian and Centre Democrats ( Unione dei Democratici Cristiani e di Centro, UDC is a christian-democratic Italian political party.

Five years in government (2001–2006)

In June 2001, after the huge success in May elections, Sivio Berlusconi was returned head of the Italian government, the longest-serving cabinet in Italian Republican history. The Berlusconi II Cabinet was the Cabinet of the government of Italy from 11 June 2001 to 23 April 2005. Again all ministerial key-posts were given to Forza Italia members: interior (Claudio Scajola 2001-02, Giuseppe Pisanu 2002-06), defence (Antonio Martino 2001-06), finance (Giulio Tremonti, 2001-04 and 2005-06), industry (Antonio Marzano 2001-05, Claudio Scajola 2005-06) and foreign affairs (Franco Frattini, 2002-04). Claudio Scajola (born January 15, 1948 in Imperia) is an Italian politician Giuseppe Pisanu (also called Beppe Pisanu; born January 22, 1937 in Ittiri, Province of Sassari) is an Italian politician Antonio Martino (born December 22, 1942 in Messina) is an Italian politician who has been Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1994 and Giulio Tremonti (born August 18, 1947) is an Italian politician and economist Franco Frattini (born 14 March 1957 in Rome) is an Italian politician currently serving as Italy's Foreign Minister in the Anyway Gianfranco Fini, National Alliance's leader, was appointed vice-president of the government and foreign minister from 2004 to 2006, while Roberto Castelli, senior figure of Lega Nord was justice minister from 2001 to 2006. Gianfranco Fini (born January 3 1952 is an Italian Politician, President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies and current leader of National Alliance National Alliance ( Alleanza Nazionale, AN is a conservative Italian political party. Roberto Castelli (born 12 July 1946) is an Italian politician Lega Nord (Northern League LN whose complete name is Lega Nord per l'Indipendenza della Padania (Northern League for Independence of Padania) is an Italian

Regional elections in April 2005 were a serious blow for the party, which however remained strong in the northern regions, such as Lombardy and Veneto, and somewhere in the South, where Sicily is a stronghold. Lombardy (Lombardia Latin: Langobardia, Western Lombard: Lumbardìa, Eastern Lombard: Lombardia) is one of the Veneto or Venetia ( Vèneto) is one of the 20 regions of Italy. Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. After this disappointing electoral performance the cabinet was reshuffled, due to the insistence of the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats's leaders, and Berlusconi formed his III cabinet (May 2005 - May 2006). The Union of Christian and Centre Democrats ( Unione dei Democratici Cristiani e di Centro, UDC is a christian-democratic Italian political party. The Berlusconi III Cabinet was the Cabinet of the government of Italy from 23 April 2005 to 5 May 2006.

During his five years in office, Berlusconi passed through Parliament passed a pension system reform, a labour-market reform, a judiciary reform and a constitutional reform, then rejected by a referendum in June 2006. In foreign policy he shifted the country's position to more closeness to the United States, while in economic policy he was not able to deliver all the tax-cuts he had openely promised throughout all 2001 electoral campaign. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

Road to a new party (2006–present)

In the April 2006 general election, the party was present with a slightly different logo, with the words "Berlusconi President" (Berlusconi Presidente). In the Italian general election 2006 for the renewal of the two Chambers of the Parliament of Italy held on April 9 and April 10, 2006 It was the only party to use the word "President" in its logo. In the election for the Chamber of Deputies, FI scored 23. The Italian Chamber of Deputies ( Camera dei Deputati) is the Lower house of the Parliament of Italy. 7% and 137 seats, in those for the Senate 24. The Italian Senate ( Italian: Senato della Repubblica, 'Senate of the Republic' is the Upper house of the Parliament of Italy. 0%, without counting Trentino-Alto Adige, whose seats were contested on first-past-the-post basis and which is a left-wing stronghold, due to its alliance with the autonomist South Tyrolean People's Party). Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol ( Italian: Trentino-Alto Adige; German: Trentino-Südtirol; Ladin: Trentin-Adesc Aut   The South Tyrolean People's Party ( Südtiroler Volkspartei, SVP is a regionalist political party active in the Italian Province of Bolzano-Bozen

On 31 July 2007 Berlusconi's protegee and possible successor Michela Vittoria Brambilla registered the name and the logo of the Freedom Party apparently with Berlusconi's backing and the goal of merging various centre-right allies of Berlusconi's into one big party. Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Michela Vittoria Brambilla ( Calolziocorte, October 26 1967 -) is an Italian politician and businesswoman commonly described as a possible successor The People of Freedom ( Il Popolo della Libertà, PdL is a liberal-conservative History Premises Following the run-up to the

On 18 November, after that Forza Italia collected the signatures of more than 7 million Italians (including Umberto Bossi) against the Romano Prodi's government and in order to ask to the President of the Republic Giorgio Napolitano to call a fresh election^[10], Berlusconi announced that Forza Italia would have soon merged or transformed into the People of Freedom party. Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Umberto Bossi (born September 19, 1941) is an Italian politician leader of the Northern League, a party seeking autonomy or The Prodi II Cabinet was the Cabinet of the government of Italy from 17 May 2006 to 8 May 2008. The President of the Italian Republic (Presidente della Repubblica Italiana is the Head of State of Italy, and as such is intended to represent national unity Giorgio Napolitano (born June 29 1925) is an Italian Politician and former lifetime senator, the eleventh and current President of the Italian The People of Freedom ( Il Popolo della Libertà, PdL is a liberal-conservative History Premises Following the run-up to the ^[11][12][13]

After the sudden fall of Prodi II Cabinet on 24 January, the break up of The Union coalition and the subsequent political crisis which lead to a fresh general election, Berlusconi hinted on 25 January that Forza Italia would have probably contested its last election and the new party will be officially founded only after that election. The Prodi II Cabinet was the Cabinet of the government of Italy from 17 May 2006 to 8 May 2008. Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled The Union ( Italian: L'Unione) was an Italian Centre-left Political party coalition led by Romano Prodi, the A snap general election was held in Italy on 13 April and 14 April 2008. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate In an atmosphere of reconciliation with Gianfranco Fini, Berlusconi also stated that the new party could see the participation of other parties. ^[14] Finally, on 8 February, Berlusconi and Fini agreed to form a joint list under the banner of the "Freedom People", allied with Lega Nord. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. ^[15]

Ideology

Forza Italia is a centre-right party, formed mainly by ex-Christian Democrats, ex-Liberals and ex-Socialists. The centre-right is a political term commonly used to describe or denote individuals political parties or organizations (such as Think tanks whose views Christian Democracy ( Democrazia Cristiana, DC the Christian democratic party of Italy, dominated government for nearly half a century until its demise The Italian Liberal Party ( Partito Liberale Italiano, PLI was a liberal Italian political party. The Italian Socialist Party ( Partito Socialista Italiano, PSI was a democratic socialist / social democratic political party founded in Genoa The ideology of the party ranges from Libertarianism to Social democracy, including elements of the Catholic social teaching and of social market economy; the party presents itself as the party of renewal and modernization. Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left Catholic social teaching encompasses aspects of Catholic doctrine relating to matters dealing with the collective welfare of humanity The social market economy was the main economic model used in Western and Northern Europe during the Cold War era It is a member of the European People's Party (EPP). The European People's Party (EPP is a Christian democratic and Liberal conservative European political party. From a comparative perspective the ideology of Forza Italia has been characterized as both "liberal conservative"^{[16][17][18][19][20][21][22]} and "national conservative"^[23].

Forza Italia claims at the same time to be a fresh-new party, with no ties with the last governments of the so-called First Republic and to be the heir of the best political traditions of Italy: a Christian Democrat as Alcide De Gasperi, a Social Democrat as Giuseppe Saragat, a Liberal as Luigi Einaudi and a Republican as Ugo La Malfa are cited in the preamble of the party's constitution as party icons. Christian Democracy ( Democrazia Cristiana, DC the Christian democratic party of Italy, dominated government for nearly half a century until its demise Alcide De Gasperi ( 3 April 1881 &ndash 19 August 1954) was an Italian Statesman and Politician. The Italian Democratic Socialist Party ( Partito Socialista Democratico Italiano, PSDI is a minor social-democratic Italian political party. Giuseppe Saragat (ˈsaɾagat ( 19 September 1898 - 11 June, 1988) was an Italian politician who was the President of the Italian Republic The Italian Liberal Party ( Partito Liberale Italiano, PLI was a liberal Italian political party. Luigi Einaudi, Cavaliere di Gran Croce decorato di Gran Cordone OMRI ( March 24 1874 - October 30 1961) was an Italian The Italian Republican Party ( Partito Repubblicano Italiano, PRI is a liberal Italian political party. Ugo La Malfa ( 1903-05-16 - 1979-03-26) was an Italian politician and an important leader in the Italian Republican Party, which his son

The "Secular Creed" of the party explains that FI is a party which primarily underlines freedom and the centrality of the individual, as it is considered by liberalism (the proclaimed ideology of the party) and the Catholic social teaching:

We believe in freedom, in all its several and vital forms: in the freedom of though, in the freedom of expression, in religious freedom, of every religion, in the freedom of association. Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal [. . . ] Freedom is not graciously conceded by the State, because it comes before it. It is a natural right, which belongs to us as we are human beings and it itself rather lays the foundations of the State. [. . . ] We believe that the State should be at the service of citizens, and not citizens at the service of the State. We believe that the State should be the servant of the citizen and not the citizen the servant of the State. The citizen is sovereign. ^[24]

The preamble to the party's constitution says that:

Forza Italia is a liberal party although not an elitist one, indeed a popular liberal-democratic party; it is a Catholic party although not a confessional one; it is a secular party, although not an intolerant and secularist one; it is a national party, although not a centralist one. ^[25][26]

The party has also non-Catholic members, but they are a minority, a smaller one compared to the proportion of secular members in the German Christian Democratic Union (in which there are also prominent Jews) or the Dutch Christian Democratic Appeal. Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands) is the largest Political party in Germany. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Christian Democratic Appeal ( CDA) (Christen Democratisch Appèl is a Dutch Christian-democratic Political party. The party usually gives to its members freedom of conscience on moral matters (and hence a free vote), as in the case of the referendum on stem-cell research, but Silvio Berlusconi, Giulio Tremonti and Marcello Pera (who is himself non-Catholic, although friend of Pope Benedict XVI) spoke in favour of "abstention" (as asked by the Catholic Church, in order to not surpass the 50% of turnout needed for making the referendum legally binding). A conscience vote or free vote is a type of vote in a legislative body where legislators are each expected to vote according to their own personal conscience rather Stem cells are cells found in most if not all multi-cellular Organisms. (born 29 September 1936 is an Italian politician, Entrepreneur, Real estate and Insurance Tycoon, Bank and Media proprietor Giulio Tremonti (born August 18, 1947) is an Italian politician and economist Marcello Pera (born January 28, 1943) is an Italian philosopher and Politician. Pope Benedict XVI ( Latin: Benedictus PP XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger While Pera campaigned hard for the success of the boycott alongside with most FI members, both Berlusconi and Tremonti explicitly said that "abstention" was their personal opinion, not the official one of the party.

Members

See also List of Forza Italia leading members by political origin

Most members of the party are former Christian Democrats (DC): Giuseppe Pisanu (former member of the leftist faction of DC and Minister of Interior), Roberto Formigoni (President of Lombardy), Claudio Scajola (former Minister of the Interior and of Industry), Enrico La Loggia, Renato Schifani, Guido Crosetto, Raffaele Fitto, Giuseppe Gargani, Alfredo Antoniozzi, Giorgio Carollo, Giuseppe Castiglione, Francesco Giro, Luigi Grillo, Maurizio Lupi, Mario Mantovani, Mario Mauro, Osvaldo Napoli, Antonio Palmieri, Angelo Sanza, Riccardo Ventre and Marcello Vernola are only some remarkable examples. This is a list of various exponents of Forza Italia (current and former deputies, senators, ministers, MEPs, regional presidents, Christian Democracy ( Democrazia Cristiana, DC the Christian democratic party of Italy, dominated government for nearly half a century until its demise Giuseppe Pisanu (also called Beppe Pisanu; born January 22, 1937 in Ittiri, Province of Sassari) is an Italian politician Roberto Formigoni ( Lecco, 30 March, 1947) is an Italian Politician, and the current Governor of Lombardy Region, Italy Lombardy (Lombardia Latin: Langobardia, Western Lombard: Lumbardìa, Eastern Lombard: Lombardia) is one of the Claudio Scajola (born January 15, 1948 in Imperia) is an Italian politician Renato Schifani (born 11 May 1950) is an Italian politician and a prominent member of the centre-right People of Freedom. Raffaele Fitto (born 28 August 1969) is an italian politician, current Minister for Regional Business in Berlusconi IV Cabinet. Giuseppe Gargani (born April 23, 1935 in Morra De Sanctis) is an Italian politician currently Member of the European Parliament, Alfredo Antoniozzi (born on 18 March 1956 in Cosenza)is an Italian Politician and Member of the European Parliament for Giorgio Carollo ( Vicenza, 30 March 1944)is an Italian Politician. Giuseppe Castiglione (born on 5 October 1963 in Bronte Sicily)is an Italian Politician and Member of the European Parliament Mario Mantovani (born on 28 July 1950 in Arconate)is an Italian Politician and Member of the European Parliament for Mario Mauro (born July 24, 1961 in San Giovanni Rotondo) is an Italian Member of the European Parliament and a teacher of History Riccardo Ventre (born on 20 June 1944 in Formicola) is an Italian Politician and Member of the European Parliament for Marcello Vernola (born on 4 March 1961 in Bari)is an Italian Politician and Member of the European Parliament for Southern

Many members are former Socialists (PSI), as Giulio Tremonti (Vice President of the party and former Minister of Economy), Franco Frattini (Vice President of the European Commission), Fabrizio Cicchitto (national deputy-coordinator of the party), Renato Brunetta, Francesco Musotto, Amalia Sartori, Paolo Guzzanti and Margherita Boniver. The Italian Socialist Party ( Partito Socialista Italiano, PSI was a democratic socialist / social democratic political party founded in Genoa Giulio Tremonti (born August 18, 1947) is an Italian politician and economist Franco Frattini (born 14 March 1957 in Rome) is an Italian politician currently serving as Italy's Foreign Minister in the The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive branch of the European Union. Fabrizio Cicchitto ( Rome, October 26, 1940) is an Italian politician Renato Brunetta ( Venice, May 26 1950) is an Italian economist and politician and as from May 2008 a minister in the Berlusconi government Francesco Musotto (born on 1 February 1947 in Palermo) is an Italian Politician and Member of the European Parliament for Amalia Sartori (born 2 August 1947 in Valdastico) is an Italian Politician. Paolo Guzzanti ( August 1 1940) is an Italian journalist and politician Margherita Boniver (marge'rita boni'vɛr born in Rome, March 11 1938) is an Italian Politician. Berlusconi himself was a close friend of Bettino Craxi, leader of PSI, in spite of his Christian Democratic and Liberal background (he was a DC's activist in 1948 elections). Benedetto (Bettino Craxi ( February 24, 1934 – January 19, 2000) was an Italian politician head of the Italian Socialist Party The Italian elections of 1948 were the second democratic elections with Universal suffrage ever held in Italy after the 1946 elections to the "Assemblea

Many are former Liberals (PLI), Republicans (PRI) and Social Democrats (PSDI): Alfredo Biondi (President of Forza Italia's National Council) and Raffaele Costa, both former PLI leaders, and former PSDI leader Carlo Vizzini are now MPs for Forza Italia. The Italian Liberal Party ( Partito Liberale Italiano, PLI was a liberal Italian political party. The Italian Republican Party ( Partito Repubblicano Italiano, PRI is a liberal Italian political party. The Italian Democratic Socialist Party ( Partito Socialista Democratico Italiano, PSDI is a minor social-democratic Italian political party. Alfredo Biondi (born June 29, 1928) is an Italian politician and lawyer Raffaele Costa (born 8 September 1936 in Mondovì) is an Italian Politician. Carlo Vizzini (born April 28, 1947, in Palermo) is an Italian politician Also Antonio Martino and Giancarlo Galan are formers Liberals, Jas Gawronski was a leading Republican, while Marcello Pera has a Socialist and Radical background. Antonio Martino (born December 22, 1942 in Messina) is an Italian politician who has been Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1994 and Giancarlo Galan ( Padua, 10 September 1956) is an Venetian politician Jas Gawronski (born on 7 February 1936) is an Italian journalist and Politician. Marcello Pera (born January 28, 1943) is an Italian philosopher and Politician. See Italian Radicals (disambiguation. The Radical Party ( Partito Radicale) was an Italian political party.

Even some former Communists are leading members of the party, such as national party coordinator Sandro Bondi. The Italian Communist Party (Italian Partito Comunista Italiano, or PCI emerged as the Communist Party of Italy ( Partito Comunista d'Italia) Sandro Bondi? The first time I heard him speak I had a shock It was at a Forza Italia meeting and Berlusconi's arrival was not expected

Factions

Members of Forza Italia are divided in factions, which are sometimes mutable and formed over the most important political issues, despite previous party allegiances. However it is possible to distinguish some patterns. The party is divided basically over ethical (between social-conservatives and progressives), economic (between social-democrats and some Christian-democrats on one side and liberals on the other one) and institutional issues.

Regarding the latter issue, generally speaking, northern party members are staunch proposers of political, fiscal federalism and autonomy for the Regions (in some parts of Veneto and Lombardy, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish a member of FI from a leghista), while those coming from the South are more cold on the issue. Political federalism is a Political philosophy in which a group of members are bound together (Latin foedus, covenant) with a governing Fiscal federalism is a system of Transfer payments or grants by which a federal government shares its Revenues with lower levels of government Autonomy ( Greek: Auto- Nomos - nomos meaning "law" one who gives oneself his/her own Law) is the right to Self-government Veneto or Venetia ( Vèneto) is one of the 20 regions of Italy. Lombardy (Lombardia Latin: Langobardia, Western Lombard: Lumbardìa, Eastern Lombard: Lombardia) is one of the Lega Nord (Northern League LN whose complete name is Lega Nord per l'Indipendenza della Padania (Northern League for Independence of Padania) is an Italian Also some former Liberals, due to their role of unifiers of Italy in the XIX Century, are more centralist. The Italian Liberal Party ( Partito Liberale Italiano, PLI was a liberal Italian political party.

A scheme of the internal factions within Forza Italia could be this:

• Liberals. Supporters of free-market, deregulation, economic freedoms, civil rights and, in general, personal responsibility and freedom. Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal A free market is a Market in which property rights are voluntarily exchanged at a price arranged completely by the mutual consent of sellers and buyers Deregulation, a term which gained widespread currency in the period 1970-2000 can be seen as a process by which governments remove reduce or simplify Restrictions on Business This group is basically formed by two wings: classical liberals (former members of the Italian Liberal Party, most of them organized in Popular Liberalism, as Alfredo Biondi, Raffaele Costa, Egidio Sterpa and Enrico Nan); former Socialists, as Renato Brunetta and Paolo Guzzanti; others like Stefania Prestigiacomo and Simone Baldelli) and liberatarians, as Antonio Martino (ex-PLI), Dario Rivolta, Benedetto Della Vedova (ex-Radical) and his Liberal Reformers. Classical liberalism (also known as traditional liberalism, Laissez-faire liberalism, Market liberalism or in much of the world The Italian Liberal Party ( Partito Liberale Italiano, PLI was a liberal Italian political party. Popular Liberalism ( Liberalismo Popolare) is a faction within the Forza Italia political party which wants to combine liberal and christian-democratic Alfredo Biondi (born June 29, 1928) is an Italian politician and lawyer Raffaele Costa (born 8 September 1936 in Mondovì) is an Italian Politician. The Italian Socialist Party ( Partito Socialista Italiano, PSI was a democratic socialist / social democratic political party founded in Genoa Renato Brunetta ( Venice, May 26 1950) is an Italian economist and politician and as from May 2008 a minister in the Berlusconi government Paolo Guzzanti ( August 1 1940) is an Italian journalist and politician Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the Antonio Martino (born December 22, 1942 in Messina) is an Italian politician who has been Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1994 and Benedetto Della Vedova ( Sondrio, April 3, 1962) is an Italian Politician, the leader of Liberal Reformers, a minor Italian Radicals ( Radicali Italiani) is an Italian political party which describes itself as a liberale, liberista e libertario Liberal Reformers ( Riformatori Liberali, RL is a minor Libertarian political party in Italy. The latter are more staunchly pro-United States than the first and support the idea of transforming Italy into a federal State. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
• Liberal-centrists. They are more moderate than Martino and Della Vedova on economic issues, and more social-conservative on ethical issues, although not being totally sided with the Catholic Church. Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal In Politics, centrism usually refers to the political ideal of promoting Moderate policies which land in the middle ground between different political extremes To this broad group belong people of various origin: former Socialists (as Giulio Tremonti, Franco Frattini, Giampiero Cantoni, Amalia Sartori and Jole Santelli), former Republicans (as Luigi Casero, Denis Verdini and Donato Bruno), former Liberals (as Giancarlo Galan, Giuseppe Vegas and Paolo Romani), some former liberal Christian Democrats (Giuseppe Cossiga and Basilio Germanà) and many others (as Giorgio Jannone, Antonio Leone, Gianfranco Micciché and Aldo Brancher). Giulio Tremonti (born August 18, 1947) is an Italian politician and economist Franco Frattini (born 14 March 1957 in Rome) is an Italian politician currently serving as Italy's Foreign Minister in the Amalia Sartori (born 2 August 1947 in Valdastico) is an Italian Politician. The Italian Republican Party ( Partito Repubblicano Italiano, PRI is a liberal Italian political party. Giancarlo Galan ( Padua, 10 September 1956) is an Venetian politician Christian Democracy ( Democrazia Cristiana, DC the Christian democratic party of Italy, dominated government for nearly half a century until its demise They are strong in Northern Italy and strong supporters of political and fiscal federalism.
• Christian-democrats. They believe in the social market economy model and are supporters of Catholic stances over ethical issues. Christian democracy is a political ideology that seeks to apply Christian (and often specifically Catholic) principles to public policy The social market economy was the main economic model used in Western and Northern Europe during the Cold War era Most former members of Christian Democracy are identifiable with this tendency (from Roberto Formigoni to Giuseppe Pisanu, from Claudio Scajola to Enrico La Loggia, from Guido Crosetto to Angelo Sanza, from Maurizio Lupi to Giuseppe Gargani, from Antonio Palmieri to Mario Mantovani), but also two ex-Communists as Sandro Bondi and Ferdinando Adornato fit the category, along with former Liberals, as Isabella Bertolini. Christian Democracy ( Democrazia Cristiana, DC the Christian democratic party of Italy, dominated government for nearly half a century until its demise Roberto Formigoni ( Lecco, 30 March, 1947) is an Italian Politician, and the current Governor of Lombardy Region, Italy Giuseppe Pisanu (also called Beppe Pisanu; born January 22, 1937 in Ittiri, Province of Sassari) is an Italian politician Claudio Scajola (born January 15, 1948 in Imperia) is an Italian politician Giuseppe Gargani (born April 23, 1935 in Morra De Sanctis) is an Italian politician currently Member of the European Parliament, Mario Mantovani (born on 28 July 1950 in Arconate)is an Italian Politician and Member of the European Parliament for The Italian Communist Party (Italian Partito Comunista Italiano, or PCI emerged as the Communist Party of Italy ( Partito Comunista d'Italia) Sandro Bondi? The first time I heard him speak I had a shock It was at a Forza Italia meeting and Berlusconi's arrival was not expected Some are more socially conservative than others (for example Formigoni and theoconservatives, like Marcello Pera) and many of them are close to Giulio Tremonti, indeed this group and that described before are very close on most political issues, so that the two factions are often undistinguishable. Theoconservatism is a political philosophy commonly associated within the United States with the Christian Right. Marcello Pera (born January 28, 1943) is an Italian philosopher and Politician. They are probably the most europeanist wing of the party, along with former Socialists, but many of them are also the most atlanticists within it, as Ferdinando Adornato and Marcello Pera. Europeanism refers to the concept of or assertion that the people of Europe have a distinct collective Cultural identity within the larger context of Western For the belief in the legendary island civilization see Atlantis. Recently Adornato, Pisanu and Formigoni launched a faction named Liberal-Popular Union, but, after the exit of Adornato and Sanza from the party to join UDC, the future of it is unclear. The Liberal-Popular Union ( Unione Liberal-Popolare) was a short-lived christian-democratic faction within Forza Italia. Formigoni has also his own group, Network Italy, mainly composed of Catholics active in Communion and Liberation, to which group both Crosetto and Fitto showed closeness. Network Italy ( Rete Italia) is a christian-democratic faction within Forza Italia, composed of followers of Roberto Formigoni, a political heavyweight Communion and Liberation, or CL is a lay ecclesial movement within the Catholic Church.
• Social-democrats. The most progressive wing of the party, especially about ethical issues. Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left They are basically former Socialists, as Fabrizio Cicchitto, Francesco Colucci, Maurizio Sacconi, Margherita Boniver, Giorgio Stracqudanio, Chiara Moroni and Stefania Craxi, or former Social Democrats, as Carlo Vizzini, Nicola Cosentino and Paolo Russo. Fabrizio Cicchitto ( Rome, October 26, 1940) is an Italian politician Margherita Boniver (marge'rita boni'vɛr born in Rome, March 11 1938) is an Italian Politician. Chiara Moroni ( Iseo, BS, 23 October 1974) is an Italian politician daughter of Sergio Moroni, a Socialist politician who The Italian Democratic Socialist Party ( Partito Socialista Democratico Italiano, PSDI is a minor social-democratic Italian political party. Carlo Vizzini (born April 28, 1947, in Palermo) is an Italian politician They consider themselves the true heirs of Pietro Nenni, Giuseppe Saragat and Bettino Craxi, continue to declare themselves 'Socialists' and are sided with Silvio Berlusconi's centre-right because they see the centre-left as too much hegemonized by the Democrats of the Left, heir of the Italian Communist Party, which was the harshest rival of the Italian Socialists from the Fifties to the Nineties. Pietro Sandro Nenni ( February 9, 1891 &mdash January 1, 1980) was an Italian socialist Politician, the Giuseppe Saragat (ˈsaɾagat ( 19 September 1898 - 11 June, 1988) was an Italian politician who was the President of the Italian Republic Benedetto (Bettino Craxi ( February 24, 1934 – January 19, 2000) was an Italian politician head of the Italian Socialist Party (born 29 September 1936 is an Italian politician, Entrepreneur, Real estate and Insurance Tycoon, Bank and Media proprietor The Democrats of the Left ( Democratici di Sinistra, DS was a left-wing Italian political party and part of the Olive Tree electoral coalition The Italian Communist Party (Italian Partito Comunista Italiano, or PCI emerged as the Communist Party of Italy ( Partito Comunista d'Italia) These Forza Italia's social-democrats are organized in four sub-factions: We Blue Reformers, Free Foundation, Young Italy and Circles of Reformist Initiative. We Blue Reformers ( Noi Riformatori Azzurri) is a social-democratic faction within Forza Italia, an Italian political party. The Free Foundation ( Free Foundation, FREE is a political party faction and Think tank within Forza Italia, a Centre-right political Young Italy is a social-democratic faction within Forza Italia, led by Stefania Craxi (daughter of Bettino) The Circles of Reformist Initiative ( Circoli di Iniziativa Riformista) is a social-democratic political party faction, along with We Blue Reformers

Christian-democrats and liberal-centrists are undoubtedly the strongest factions within the party, but all four are main-stream for a special issue: for example liberals and liberal-centrists are highly influential over economic policy, Christian-democrats lead the party over ethical issues (although there is a substantial minority promoting a more progressive outlook), while social-democrats have their say in defining the party's policy over labour market reform and, moreover, it is thanks to this group (and to those around Tremonti, he himself a former Socialist) that constitutional reform is at the top of Forza Italia's political agenda. It is difficult to say to what faction Berlusconi is closer, what is sure is that his political record is a synthesis of all the political tendencies within the party.

Internal structure

Forza Italia has a President (currently Silvio Berlusconi), a Vice-President (Giulio Tremonti), a Presidential Committee (presided by Claudio Scajola) and a National Council, (presided by Alfredo Biondi). (born 29 September 1936 is an Italian politician, Entrepreneur, Real estate and Insurance Tycoon, Bank and Media proprietor Giulio Tremonti (born August 18, 1947) is an Italian politician and economist Claudio Scajola (born January 15, 1948 in Imperia) is an Italian politician Alfredo Biondi (born June 29, 1928) is an Italian politician and lawyer

As the President is the leader of the party, a national coordinator (currently Sandro Bondi) is in charge of internal organization and day-to-day political activity, similarly to the secretary general in many European parties. Sandro Bondi? The first time I heard him speak I had a shock It was at a Forza Italia meeting and Berlusconi's arrival was not expected Moreover the party has thematic departments and regional, provincial or metropolitan coordination boards plus a lot of affiliate clubs (Club Azzurro) all over Italy.

It is claimed that Forza Italia has no internal democracy, because it is thought that there is no way of changing the leader of the party from below (although the party's constitution makes it possible). Key posts in the party structure are appointed by Berlusconi or by his delegates. Forza Italia's organization is based on the idea of a "party of the elected people", giving more imortance to the whole electorate than to party's members.

Party national-level conventions normally do not have elections to choose the party leadership (although the National Congress elects some members of the National Council), and they seem to be more like events arranged for propaganda purposes. However, Berlusconi is highly popular among his party fellows, and it is unlikely he could be overthrown if such an election were to occur.

Some changes to party's structure will be decided soon, as many in FI think (from Senators Paolo Guzzanti and Marcello Dell'Utri, who was previously ostile to changes, which, in his mind, would have dramatically subverted FI's original soul as a fresh-new party ^[27], Claudio Scajola and most former Christian Democrats to Sandro Bondi himself) that it needs a more capillarly-based organization, in order to make partecipate as much people as possible, and a more collegial, partecipative and democratic decision-making. Paolo Guzzanti ( August 1 1940) is an Italian journalist and politician Marcello Dell'Utri (born 11 September 1941 in Palermo, Sicily) is an influential Italian politician and senior advisor to former Prime Claudio Scajola (born January 15, 1948 in Imperia) is an Italian politician Christian Democracy ( Democrazia Cristiana, DC the Christian democratic party of Italy, dominated government for nearly half a century until its demise

Distinctive traits

Since birth, Forza Italia has been using means unconventional for European politics (indeed, they resemble the American model more), such as stickering, sms messaging and mass mailing of propaganda material, including the biography of its leader Berlusconi, "An Italian story" (Una storia italiana).

It is heavily dependent on Berlusconi's image, the party's anthem is sung in karaoke fashion at American-style conventions, there is nominally no internal opposition (althrough some critical voices are raising up, as those of Senators Paolo Guzzanti and Raffaele Iannuzzi), and it used TV advertising extensively, although this has been slightly restricted since 2000 by a law passed by the then centre-left majority. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar.

Popular support

The electoral results of Forza Italia in the 10 most populated Regions of Italy are shown in the table below. These are ranked lists of the regions of Italy. Population figures are from 2001

	1994 general	1995 regional	1996 general	1999 European	2000 regional	2001 general	2004 European	2005 regional	2006 general
Piedmont	26. 5	26. 7	21. 7	28. 8	30. 8	32. 0	22. 2	22. 4	23. 5
Lombardy	26. 0	29. 2	23. 6	30. 5	33. 9	32. 3	25. 7	26. 0	27. 1
Veneto	23. 7	24. 0	17. 1	26. 0	30. 4	32. 0	24. 6	22. 7	24. 5
Emilia-Romagna	16. 5	18. 2	15. 1	20. 4	21. 2	23. 8	19. 8	18. 2	18. 6
Tuscany	16. 4	19. 1	14. 3	19. 5	20. 3	21. 7	17. 8	17. 2	16. 9
Lazio	20. 5	18. 9	16. 1	20. 6	21. 5	26. 4	17. 5	15. 4	21. 4
Campania	19. 9	18. 9	23. 4	25. 2	20. 9	33. 8	19. 5	11. 9	27. 2
Apulia	-[28]	20. 7	24. 6	28. 0	28. 7	30. 1	20. 4	26. 8[29]	27. 3
Calabria	19. 0	19. 7	18. 3	21. 4	18. 3	25. 7	13. 0	10. 0	20. 7
Sicily	33. 6	17. 1 (1996)	32. 2	26. 8	25. 1 (2001)	36. 7	21. 5	19. 2 (2006)	29. 1
ITALY	21. 0	-	20. 4	25. 2	-	29. 4	21. 0	-	23. 7

Leadership

• President: Silvio Berlusconi (1994−. (born 29 September 1936 is an Italian politician, Entrepreneur, Real estate and Insurance Tycoon, Bank and Media proprietor . . )

• Vice President: Giulio Tremonti (2004−. Giulio Tremonti (born August 18, 1947) is an Italian politician and economist . . ), Roberto Formigoni (2008−. Roberto Formigoni ( Lecco, 30 March, 1947) is an Italian Politician, and the current Governor of Lombardy Region, Italy . . )
• Spokesperson: Antonio Tajani (1994−1996), Paolo Bonaiuti (1996−2001), Sandro Bondi (2001−2004), Elisabetta Gardini (2004−2008), Daniele Capezzone (2008−. Antonio Tajani (born on 4 August 1953 in Rome)is an Italian Politician and is the current European Commissioner for Transport Sandro Bondi? The first time I heard him speak I had a shock It was at a Forza Italia meeting and Berlusconi's arrival was not expected Daniele Capezzone ( Rome, September 8, 1972) is an Italian politician . . )

• President of the President's Committee: Claudio Scajola (2004−. Claudio Scajola (born January 15, 1948 in Imperia) is an Italian politician . . )

• Vice President of the President's Committee: Carlo Vizzini (2005−. Carlo Vizzini (born April 28, 1947, in Palermo) is an Italian politician . . )

• President of the National Council: Alfredo Biondi (2004−)
• Coordinator: Domenico Mennitti (1994), Luigi Caligaris (1994), Cesare Previti (1994−1996), Claudio Scajola (1996−2001), Roberto Antonione (2001−2003), Claudio Scajola (2003), Sandro Bondi (2003−2008), Denis Verdini (2008−. Alfredo Biondi (born June 29, 1928) is an Italian politician and lawyer Cesare Previti (born on October 21, 1934) is a former Italian politician Claudio Scajola (born January 15, 1948 in Imperia) is an Italian politician Claudio Scajola (born January 15, 1948 in Imperia) is an Italian politician Sandro Bondi? The first time I heard him speak I had a shock It was at a Forza Italia meeting and Berlusconi's arrival was not expected . . )

• Deputy-Coordinator: Giuliano Urbani / Mario Valducci (1995–1996), Fabrizio Cicchitto (2003–. Fabrizio Cicchitto ( Rome, October 26, 1940) is an Italian politician . . ), Gianfranco Miccichè (2004–. . . ), Renato Brunetta (2007–. Renato Brunetta ( Venice, May 26 1950) is an Italian economist and politician and as from May 2008 a minister in the Berlusconi government . . ), Gian Carlo Abelli (2008–. Gian Carlo Abelli (born 1941 in Broni) is an Italian politician . . )

• Treasurer: Mario Valducci (1994−1995), Domenico Lo Jucco (1995−1997), Giovanni Dell’Elce (1997−2003), Rocco Crimi (2003−. . . )

• Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies: Raffaele Della Valle (1994), Vittorio Dotti (1994−1996), Giuseppe Pisanu (1996−2001), Elio Vito (2001−2008), Fabrizio Cicchitto (leader of PdL's group, 2008–. The Italian Chamber of Deputies ( Camera dei Deputati) is the Lower house of the Parliament of Italy. Giuseppe Pisanu (also called Beppe Pisanu; born January 22, 1937 in Ittiri, Province of Sassari) is an Italian politician Fabrizio Cicchitto ( Rome, October 26, 1940) is an Italian politician The People of Freedom ( Il Popolo della Libertà, PdL is a liberal-conservative History Premises Following the run-up to the . . )
• Party Leader in the Senate: Enrico La Loggia (1994−2001), Renato Schifani (2001−2008), Gaetano Quagliariello (leader of PdL's group, 2008–. The Italian Senate ( Italian: Senato della Repubblica, 'Senate of the Republic' is the Upper house of the Parliament of Italy. Renato Schifani (born 11 May 1950) is an Italian politician and a prominent member of the centre-right People of Freedom. The People of Freedom ( Il Popolo della Libertà, PdL is a liberal-conservative History Premises Following the run-up to the . . )
• Party Leader in the European Parliament: Giancarlo Ligabue (1994−1997), Claudio Azzolini (1997−1999), Antonio Tajani (1999−. The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU Antonio Tajani (born on 4 August 1953 in Rome)is an Italian Politician and is the current European Commissioner for Transport . . )

External links

• Official website
• Chart of Values
• Chart of Values - Key Ideas
• Secular Creed of Forza Italia

References

Bibliography

• Paolucci, Caterina (August 2006). "The nature of Forza Italia and the Italian transition". Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans 8 (2): 163-178.  

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