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For other uses, see Fortuna (disambiguation).
Fortuna governs the circle of the four stages of life, the Wheel of Fortune, in a manuscript of Carmina Burana
Fortuna governs the circle of the four stages of life, the Wheel of Fortune, in a manuscript of Carmina Burana

In Roman mythology, Fortuna (equivalent to the Greek goddess Tyche) goddess of fortune, was the personification of luck, hopefully of good luck, but she could be represented veiled and blind, as modern depictions of Justice are seen, and came to represent the capriciousness of life. Carmina Burana (ˈkarmɪna buˈraːna also known as the Burana Codex, is a Manuscript collection found in 1803 in the Bavarian monastery of Roman mythology, or more appropriately Latin mythology, refers to the mythological beliefs of the Italic people inhabiting the region of Latium and its Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance In ancient Greek city cults, Tyche (Τύχη meaning "luck" in Greek, Roman equivalent Fortuna) was the presiding Tutelary Personification is an ontological metaphor in which a thing or abstraction is represented as a person Luck (also called fortunity) is a chance happening, or that which happens beyond a person's control. JUSTICE is a Human rights and law reform organisation based in the United Kingdom. She is also a goddess of fate. Destiny refers to a predetermined course of events It may be conceived as a predetermined future whether in general or of an individual Her father was Jupiter, and she had no lovers or children.

Fortuna had a retinue that included Copia among her blessings. COPIA The American Center for Wine Food and the Arts is a cultural Museum and education center dedicated to the discovery understanding and celebration of Wine Under the name Annonaria she protected grain supplies. In the Roman calendar, June 11 was sacred to Fortuna, with a greater festival to Fors Fortuna on the 24th [1]. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes.

Fortuna was propitiated by mothers. Traditionally her cult was said to be introduced to Rome by Servius Tullius. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Servius Tullius was the sixth legendary king of Ancient Rome, and the second king of the Etruscan dynasty Fortuna had a temple in the Forum Boarium, a public sanctuary on the Quirinalis, as the tutelary genius of Roma herself, Fortuna Populi Romani, the "Fortune of the Roman people", and an oracle in Praeneste where the future was chosen by a small boy choosing oak rods with possible futures written on them. The Forum Boarium was the Cattle ''forum venalium'' of Ancient Rome and the oldest forum that Rome possessed The Quirinal Hill (Latin Collis Quirinalis) is one of the Seven Hills of Rome, at the north-east of the city center Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 An oracle is a person or agency considered to be a source of wise counsel or prophetic opinion an Infallible authority usually spiritual in nature Palestrina (ancient Praeneste) is an ancient city and Comune (municipality with a population of about 18000 in Lazio, c The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of about 400 species of Trees and Shrubs in the Genus Quercus (from Latin The temple is called the temple of Fortuna Muliebris.

All over the Roman world, Fortuna was worshipped at a great number of shrines under various titles that were applied to her according to the various circumstances of life in which her influence was hoped to have a positive effect. Fortuna was not always positive: she was doubtful (Fortuna Dubia); she could be "fickle fortune" (Fortuna Brevis), or downright evil luck (Fortuna Mala).

Her name seems to derive from Vortumna, "she who revolves the year", however the earliest reference to the Wheel of Fortune, emblematic of the endless changes in life from prosperity to disaster, occurs in Cicero, In Pisonem, ca. Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman 55 BCE.

In Seneca's tragedy Agamemnon, a chorus addresses Fortuna in terms that would remain almost proverbial, and in a high heroic ranting mode that Renaissance writers would emulate:

"O Fortune, who dost bestow the throne’s high boon with mocking hand, in dangerous and doubtful state thou settest the too exalted. Lucius Annaeus Seneca (often known simply as Seneca, or Seneca the Younger; Σένεκας in Ancient Greek literature (c Never have sceptres obtained calm peace or certain tenure; care on care weighs them down, and ever do fresh storms vex their souls. . . . great kingdoms sink of their own weight, and Fortune gives way ‘neath the burden of herself. Sails swollen with favouring breezes fear blasts too strongly theirs; the tower which rears its head to the very clouds is beaten by rainy Auster. In Greek Mythology, the Anemoi (in Greek, Άνεμοι &mdash " winds " were Wind gods who were each ascribed . . . Whatever Fortune has raised on high, she lifts but to bring low. Modest estate has longer life; then happy he whoe’er, content with the common lot, with safe breeze hugs the shore, and, fearing to trust his skiff to the wider sea, with unambitious oar keeps close to land. "[1]

Contents

Middle Ages

The traumatic humiliation of Emperor Valerian by king Shapur I of Persia (260) passed into European cultural memory as an instance of the reversals of Fortuna. In Hans Holbein's pen-and-ink drawing (1521), the universal lesson is brought home by its contemporary setting.
The traumatic humiliation of Emperor Valerian by king Shapur I of Persia (260) passed into European cultural memory as an instance of the reversals of Fortuna. For other uses see Valerian. Publius Licinius Valerianus (c 200 - after 260 commonly known in English as Valerian Shapur I was the second Sassanid King of the Second Persian Empire. Events By Place Roman Empire Gallienus becomes Emperor Gallienus defends what remains of the empire against barbarians and In Hans Holbein's pen-and-ink drawing (1521), the universal lesson is brought home by its contemporary setting.

Fortuna did not disappear from the popular imagination with the ascendancy of Christianity by any means (illustration, left). In the 6th century, the Consolation of Philosophy, by statesman and philosopher Boethius, written while he faced execution, reflected the Christian theology of casus, that the apparently random and often ruinous turns of Fortune's Wheel are in fact both inevitable and providential, that even the most coincidental events are part of God's hidden plan which one should not resist or try to change. Consolation of Philosophy ( Consolatio Philosophiae) is a philosophical work by Boethius, written in about the year AD 524. Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius (480&ndash524 or 525 was a Christian philosopher of the 6th century Events, individual decisions, the influence of the stars were all merely vehicles of Divine Will. Astrology (from Greek grc ἄστρον astron, "constellation star" and grc -λογία -logia) is a group of Systems Fortune crept back in to popular acceptance. In succeeding generations Consolation was required reading for scholars and students.

Albrecht Dürer's engraving of Fortuna, ca 1502
Albrecht Dürer's engraving of Fortuna, ca 1502

The ubiquitous image of the Wheel of Fortune found throughout the Middle Ages and beyond was a direct legacy of the second book of Boethius's Consolation. Albrecht Dürer (ˈalbʀɛçt ˈdyʀɐ ( May 21, 1471 &ndash April 6, 1528) was a German painter, Printmaker The Wheel appears in many renditions from tiny miniatures in manuscripts to huge stained glass windows in cathedrals, such as at Amiens. An illuminated manuscript is a Manuscript in which the text is supplemented by the addition of decoration such as decorated Initials borders and Amiens (amjɛ̃ is a city and commune in northern France, 120 km north of Paris. Lady Fortune is usually represented as larger than life to underscore her importance. The wheel characteristically has four shelves, or stages of life, with four human figures, usually labeled on the left regnabo (I shall reign), on the top regno (I reign) and is usually crowned, descending on the right regnavi (I have reigned) and the lowly figure on the bottom is marked sum sine regno (I have no kingdom). Medieval representations of Fortune emphasize her duality and instability, such as two faces side by side like Janus; one face smiling the other frowning; half the face white the other black; she may be blindfolded but without scales, blind to justice. In Roman mythology, Janus (or Ianus was the god of Gates Doors doorways beginnings and endings Occasionally her vivid clothing and bold demeanor suggest the prostitute. Prostitution is the act of performing Sexual activity in exchange for Money. She was associated with the cornucopia, ship's rudder, the ball and the wheel. The cornucopia ( Latin: Cornu Copiae) is a symbol of food and abundance dating back to the 5th century BC, also referred to as horn 'o' plenty The cornucopia is where plenty flows from, the Helmsman's rudder steers fate, the globe symbolizes chance (who gets good or bad luck), and the wheel symbolizes that luck, good or bad, never lasts.

Fortune would have many influences in cultural works throughout the Middle Ages. In Le Roman de la Rose, Fortune frustrates the hopes of a lover who has been helped by a personified character "Reason". The Roman de la rose is a medieval French poem styled as an allegorical dream vision In Dante's Inferno, in the seventh canto, Virgil explains the nature of Fortune. The Divine Comedy Publius Vergilius Maro ( October 15, 70 BCE &ndash September 21, 19 BCE later called Virgilius, and known in English as Virgil or Boccaccio's De Casibus Virorum Illustrium ("The Fortunes of Famous Men"), used by John Lydgate to compose his Fall of Princes, tells of many where the turn of Fortune's wheel brought those most high to disaster. John Lydgate of Bury (c 1370 – c 1451 was a Monk and Poet, born in Lidgate Suffolk, England. Fortune makes her appearance in Carmina Burana (see image). Carmina Burana (ˈkarmɪna buˈraːna also known as the Burana Codex, is a Manuscript collection found in 1803 in the Bavarian monastery of Lady Fortune appears in chapter 25 of Machiavelli's The Prince, in which he says Fortune only rules one half of men's fate, the other half being of their own will. Il Principe ( The Prince) is a political Treatise by the Florentine public servant and political theorist Machiavelli reminds the reader that Fortune is a woman, that she favours a strong, or even violent hand, and the she favours the more aggressive and bold young man than a timid elder. Even Shakespeare was no stranger to Lady Fortune:

When in disgrace with Fortune and men's eyes
I all alone beweep my outcast state . William Shakespeare ( baptised . . — Sonnet 29


Pars Fortuna also referred as Fortuna

An indication to the significance of Pars Fortuna or Fortuna is attributed to classical mythology of the Greek Goddess of destiny – Fortuna. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία She was the first born of Jupiter. King Servius Tullius is said to have introduced the worship of Fortuna at a famous shrine ar Praeneste. Tullius was a Roman Nomen. The feminine form was Tullia; and Tully is often seen especially as another name for Cicero Palestrina (ancient Praeneste) is an ancient city and Comune (municipality with a population of about 18000 in Lazio, c It is said that oracles were obtained by a child drawing from a bag of wooden tokens, each inscribed with a cryptic message. Fortuna was also credited as the harbinger of fertility. Fortuna’s Greek counterpart was Tyche, (from the Greek teuchein 'to cause'), originally a philosophical concept rather than a goddess, the 'pure chance' which brings either good or evil fortune. In ancient Greek city cults, Tyche (Τύχη meaning "luck" in Greek, Roman equivalent Fortuna) was the presiding Tutelary The later worship of Agathe Tyche, 'Good Fortune', may owe something to the cult of Fortuna. Agde is the commune in the Hérault department in southern France that is the Mediterranean port of the Canal du Midi [2]

In Astrology however, the term ‘Pars Fortuna’ represents a mathematical point in the zodiac derived by the longitudinal positions of the Sun, Moon and Ascendant (Rising sign) in the birth chart of an individual. Astrology (from Greek grc ἄστρον astron, "constellation star" and grc -λογία -logia) is a group of Systems Zodiac denotes an annual cycle of twelve stations along the Ecliptic, the apparent path of the sun across the heavens through the Constellations that divide the ecliptic The Sun (Sol is the Star at the center of the Solar System. The ascendant ( or As) or rising sign, is the zodiacal sign and degree that was ascending on the eastern horizon at the specific time and location of an It represents an especially beneficial point in the horoscopic chart. In Arabic Astrology, this point is called Arabian Parts. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Astrology (from Greek grc ἄστρον astron, "constellation star" and grc -λογία -logia) is a group of Systems In Astrology, the Arabian/Arabic parts or lots are constructed points based on mathematical calculations of three horoscopic entities such as [3] and[4]

The procedure followed for fixing One’s Pars Fortuna in ancient and traditional astrology depended on the time of birth, viz. , during daylight or night time (whether the Sun was above or below the horizon). The horizon ( Ancient Greek ὁ ὁρίζων, /ho horídzôn/ from ὁρίζειν, "to limit" is the apparent line that separates But in modern western astrology day time formula only was used for many years but with propagation of knowledge, the two calculation method is stated to be now in use. Western astrology is the system of Astrology most popular in Western countries

The formula for calculating the day time Part of Fortune (PF) is (using the 360 degree positions for each point):

PF = Ascendant + Moon - Sun

The formula for the night time Part of Fortune is:

PF = Ascendant + Sun - Moon

Each of the above calculation method results in completely different zodiac positions for the Part of Fortune. The Sun (Sol is the Star at the center of the Solar System. Zodiac denotes an annual cycle of twelve stations along the Ecliptic, the apparent path of the sun across the heavens through the Constellations that divide the ecliptic [5] and [6]

Al Biruni - Abu Arrayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni (973 – 1048) - a mathematician, astronomer and scholar, who lived in the 11th century was the greatest proponents of this system of prediction He listed a total of 97 Arabic Parts, which at the time were widely used for astrological consultations. Paul Vachier has prepared an Arabic Parts Calculator for all the Arabic Parts. [7]


Aspects of Fortuna

Lady Fortune in a Boccaccio manuscript
Lady Fortune in a Boccaccio manuscript

See also

References

  1. ^ translation by Frank Justus Miller, on-line text.
  2. ^ (http://www.skyscript.co.uk/fortune.html- Fortune, Spirit & the Lunation cycle by David Plant)
  3. ^ (http://www.cafeastrology.com/partoffortune.html -Part of Fortune)
  4. ^ (http://www.skyscript.co.uk/fortune.html- Fortune, Spirit & the Lunation cycle by David Plant
  5. ^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Parts)
  6. ^ (http://www.skyscript.co.uk/fortune.html -Fortune, Spirit & the Lunation cycle by David Plant)
  7. ^ http://www.noendpress.com/pvachier/arabicparts/index.php -(Arabic Parts)

1. Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written early in the Fortune favours the bold, Fortune favours the brave, Fortune helps the brave, and Fortune favours the strong Carmina Burana is a scenic Cantata composed by Carl Orff between 1935 and 1936 http://www.skyscript.co.uk/fortune.html- Fortune, Spirit & the Lunation cycle by David Plant)

2. http://www.cafeastrology.com/partoffortune.html -Part of Fortune

3. http://www.skyscript.co.uk/fortune.html- Fortune, Spirit & the Lunation cycle by David Plant

4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Parts

5. http://www.skyscript.co.uk/fortune.html -Fortune, Spirit & the Lunation cycle by David Plant

6. http://www.noendpress.com/pvachier/arabicparts/index.php -(Arabic Parts)

External links


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