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Fortifications are military constructions and buildings designed for defense in warfare. War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units Military history is a Humanities discipline within the scope of general historical recording of armed conflict in the history of humanity Prehistoric warfare is War conducted in the era before Writing, and before the establishments of large social entities like States Historical warfare sets Ancient warfare is War as conducted from the beginnings of recorded History to the end of the ancient period Medieval Warfare is the warfare of the Middle Ages. In Europe technological cultural and social developments had forced a dramatic transformation in the character Early Modern warfare is associated with the start of the widespread use of Gunpowder and the development of suitable weapons to use the explosive Industrial warfare is a period in the History of warfare ranging roughly from the start of the Industrial Revolution to the beginning of the Information Age Modern warfare, although present in every Historical period of Military history, is generally used to refer to the concepts, methods and Battlespace is a unified strategy to integrate and combine Armed forces for the Military theatre of operations, including air, information Air power redirects here for electrical and mechanical energy supplied by air movement see Wind power Information warfare is the use and management of information in pursuit of a competitive advantage over an opponent Land warfare, sometimes also called ground combat is the term used to describe military operations eventuating in Combat that take place predominantly on the land surface of Naval warfare is Combat in and on Seas Oceans or any other major bodies of water such as large Lakes and wide Rivers History Space warfare is combat that takes place in Outer space, ie outside the Atmosphere. A weapon is a Tool used either in Hunting, or attack or defence in Combat for the purpose of subduing enemy personnel or to destroy enemy weapons Armoured warfare or tank warfare is the use of Armoured fighting vehicles in Modern warfare. Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine Biological warfare (BW — known as a germ warfare, biological weapons and bioweaponry — is the use of any Pathogen ( Bacterium The Cavalry (from French cavalerie) is the second oldest of the Combat Arms, and as Soldiers or Warriors who fought mounted on Chemical warfare involves using the toxic properties of Chemical substances to kill injure or incapacitate an enemy. Electronic warfare ( EW) is the use of the Electromagnetic spectrum to effectively deny the use of this medium by an adversary while optimizing its use by friendly The Infantry is the oldest and most numerous of the Combat Arms in the Armed forces, and consists A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. The US Department of Defense defines psychological warfare ( PSYWAR) as" The planned use of Propaganda and other Psychological actions Military tactics ( Greek: Taktikē, the art of organizing an army are the techniques for using weapons or military units in combination for engaging and defeating This article is about the military strategy For the Israeli-Egyptian conflict see War of Attrition, for the game theoretical model see War of attrition (game Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc Maneuver warfare, also spelled manoeuvre warfare, is the term used by military theorists for a concept of Warfare that advocates attempting to Total war is a conflict of unlimited scope in which a Belligerent engages in a total mobilization of all available resources at his disposal Trench warfare is a form of warfare where both combatants have fortified positions and fighting lines are static Military strategy is a National defence policy implemented by Military organisations to pursue desired strategic goals Derived from the Greek Economic warfare is the term for economic policies followed as a part of Military operations during Wartime The purpose of economic warfare is to capture Grand strategy is military Strategy at the level of movement and use of an entire Nation state or Empire 's resources A military organization is a way of structuring the armed forces of a State as a need to offer Military capability required by the National defence policy A military organization is a way of structuring the armed forces of a State as a need to offer Military capability required by the National defence policy Military rank is a system of hierarchical relationships in Armed forces or civil institutions organized along military lines A military organization is a way of structuring the armed forces of a State as a need to offer Military capability required by the National defence policy Military Logistics is the art and science of planning and carrying out the movement and maintenance of military forces This article lists military technology items devices and methods Materiel (from the French "matériel" for equipment or hardware related to the word Material) is a term used in English to refer to the Military supply chain management is a cross-functional approach to procuring, producing and delivering products and services The broad This is an index to articles listing Battles. List of battles (alphabetical gives a global list See also Military History Antiquity Albania Agron ( 250 BC - 230 BC) The first king to unite the Illyrian This is a list of missions operations and projects Missions in support of other missions are not listed independently A Siege is a prolonged Military Assault and Blockade on a City or Fortress with the intent of conquering by force or Attrition See also List of military writers. Friedrich von Bernhardi Ivan Bloch John Boyd, inventor of the OODA Loop This is a listing of lists of Wars, sorted by country date region and type of conflict This article lists and summarizes War crimes committed since the Hague Convention of 1907. There is a bewildering array of Weapons far more than would be useful in list form This is a list of military writers, alphabetical by last name A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking In the fields of Architecture and Civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the Building or assembling of Infrastructure In Architecture, Construction, Engineering and real estate development the word building may refer to one of the following Any man-made Defence War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units Humans have constructed defensive works for many thousands of years, in a variety of increasingly complex designs. The term is derived from the Latin fortis ("strong") and facere ("to make"). Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.
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Nomenclature
Many military installations are known as forts, although they are not always fortified. Larger forts may class as fortresses, smaller ones formerly often bore the name of fortalices. The word fortification can also refer to the practice of improving an area's defense with defensive works. City walls are fortifications but not necessarily called fortresses. See also List of cities with defensive walls A defensive wall is a Fortification used to defend a city or settlement from potential aggressors
The art of laying out a military camp or constructing a fortification traditionally classifies as castrametation, since the time of the Roman legions. For other uses see Legion The Roman Legion (from Latin legio "military levy Conscription," The art/science of laying siege to a fortification and of destroying it has the popular name of siegecraft and the formal name of poliorcetics. Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding In some texts this latter term also applies to the art of building a fortification.
Fortification is usually divided into two branches, namely permanent fortification and field fortification. Permanent fortifications are erected at leisure, with all the resources that a state can supply of constructive and mechanical skill, and are built of enduring materials. Mechanical Engineering is an Engineering discipline that involves the application of principles of physics for analysis Design, Manufacturing Field fortifications are extemporized by troops in the field, perhaps assisted by such local labor and tools as may be procurable and with materials that do not require much preparation, such as earth, brushwood and light timber, or sandbags (see sangar). Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel Lumber or timber is Wood in any of its stages from felling through readiness for use as structural Material for Construction, or Sangar is a small temporary fortified position with a breastwork originally of stone now built of sandbags and similar materials There is also an intermediate branch known as semipermanent fortification. This is employed when in the course of a campaign it becomes desirable to protect some locality with the best imitation of permanent defences that can be made in a short time, ample resources and skilled civilian labor being available.
History
Medieval-style fortifications were largely made obsolete by the arrival of cannons on the 14th century battlefield. Amber Fort ( Hindi: अमेर किला also known as Amer Fort) is located in Amber, 11 km from Jaipur, Rajasthan Sub-clans Overall sub-clans of the Kachwaha number around 71 Prominent sub-clans of the Kachhawa clan include Rajawat, Shekhawat, Sheobramhpota Jaipur ( Hindi: जयपुर also popularly known as the Pink City, is the capital of Rajasthan state, India. | NOTE Throughout this article "cannon" is used as BOTH the || singular and plural Fortifications in the age of blackpowder evolved into much lower structures with greater use of ditches and earth ramparts that would absorb and disperse the energy of cannon fire. Gunpowder is a an explosive mixture of Sulfur, Charcoal and Potassium nitrate (also known as saltpetre/saltpeter that burns rapidly producing volumes Earthworks are engineering works created through the moving of massive quantities of Soil or unformed rock. See also List of cities with defensive walls A defensive wall is a Fortification used to defend a city or settlement from potential aggressors Walls exposed to direct cannon fire were very vulnerable, so were sunk into ditches fronted by earth slopes.
This placed a heavy emphasis on the geometry of the fortification to allow defensive cannonry interlocking fields of fire to cover all approaches to the lower and thus more vulnerable walls. Bourtange ( is a Star fort and village in the Westerwolde region of the Dutch province of Groningen. A star fort or trace italienne is a Fortification in the style that evolved during the age of Black powder, when cannons came Groningen is the northeasternmost province of the Netherlands. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Fortifications also extended in depth, with protected batteries for defensive cannonry, to allow them to engage attacking cannon to keep them at a distance and prevent them bearing directly on the vulnerable walls. The result was star shaped fortifications with tier upon tier of hornworks and bastions, of which Bourtange illustrated to the left is an excellent example. A star fort or trace italienne is a Fortification in the style that evolved during the age of Black powder, when cannons came A bastion is a structure projecting outward from the main enclosure of a Fortification, situated in both corners of a straight wall (termed curtain with the shape Bourtange ( is a Star fort and village in the Westerwolde region of the Dutch province of Groningen. There are also extensive fortifications from this era in the Nordic states and in Britain, the fortifications of Berwick-upon-Tweed being a fine example. Northern Europe is a term for the northern part of Europe. The United Nations defines Northern Europe as (Finland See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands Berwick-upon-Tweed ( ˈbɛrɪk- ( Scots: Berwick or historically South Berwick) situated in the county of Northumberland, is the northernmost
The arrival of explosive shells in the nineteenth century led to yet another stage in the evolution of fortification. Star forts of the cannon era did not fare well against the effects of high explosive and the intricate arrangements of bastions, flanking batteries and the carefully constructed lines of fire for the defending cannon could be rapidly disrupted by explosive shells. Worse, the large open ditches surrounding forts of this type were an integral part of the defensive scheme, as was the covered way at the edge of the counter scarp. The ditch was extremely vulnerable to bombardment with explosive shells.
In response, military engineers evolved the polygonal style of fortification. A polygonal fort is a Fortification in the style that evolved around the middle of the Nineteenth century, in response to the development of powerful explosive The ditch became deep and vertically sided, cut directly into the native rock or soil, laid out as a series of straight lines creating the central fortified area that gives this style of fortification its name.
Wide enough to be an impassable barrier for attacking troops, but narrow enough to be a difficult target for enemy shellfire, the ditch was swept by fire from defensive blockhouses set in the ditch as well as firing positions cut into the outer face of the ditch itself.
The profile of the fort became very low indeed, surrounded outside the ditch by a gently sloping open area so as to eliminate possible cover for enemy forces, while the fort itself provided a minimal target for enemy fire. The entrypoint became a sunken gatehouse in the inner face of the ditch, reached by a curving ramp that gave access to the gate via a rolling bridge that could be withdrawn into the gatehouse.
Much of the fort moved underground, with deep passages to connect the blockhouses and firing points in the ditch to the fort proper, with magazines and machine rooms deep under the surface.
The guns however, were often mounted in open emplacements and protected only by a parapet - both in order to keep a lower profile and also because experience with guns in closed casemates had seen them put out of action by rubble as their own casemates were collapsed around them. A parapet is a wall-like barrier at the edge of a Roof or structure. A casemate, sometimes rendered casement, is a fortified gun emplacement or armored structure from which guns are fired originally a vaulted chamber in a Fortress.
Steel-and-concrete fortifications were common during the 19th and early 20th centuries, however the advances in modern warfare since World War I have made large-scale fortifications obsolete in most situations. Shibam (شبام is a town in Hadramawt, Yemen with about 7000 inhabitants Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 Concrete is a construction material composed of Cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as Fly ash and Slag World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Only underground bunkers are still able to provide some protection in modern wars. A military bunker is a hardened shelter often buried partly or fully underground designed to protect the inhabitants from falling bombs or other attacks Many historical fortifications were demolished during the modern age, but a considerable number survive as popular tourist destinations and prominent local landmarks today. Originally a landmark literally meant a Geographic Feature used by explorers and
The downfall of permanent fortifications had three causes. Mehrangarh Fort, located in Jodhpur city in Rajasthan state is one of the largest forts in India Jodhpur (जोधपुर is the second largest City in the Indian State of Rajasthan. Rājasthān ( Devanāgarī: राजस्थान raːdʒəst̪ʰaːn is the largest state of the Republic of India in terms of area The ever escalating power of artillery and air power meant that almost any target that could be located could be destroyed, if sufficient force was massed against it. As such, the more resources a defender devoted to reinforcing a fortification, the more combat power that fortification justified being devoted to destroying it, if the fortification's destruction was demanded by an attacker's strategy. The second weakness of permanent fortification was its very permanency. Because of this it was often easier to go around a fortification, and with the rise of mobile warfare in the beginning of World War II this became a viable offensive choice. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including When a defensive line was too extensive to be entirely bypassed, massive offensive might could be massed against one part of the line allowing a breakthrough, after which the rest of the line could be bypassed. Such was the fate of the many defensive lines built before and during World War II, such as the Maginot Line, the Siegfried Line, the Stalin Line and the Atlantic Wall. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Maginot Line (IPA, Ligne Maginot named after French Minister of Defense André Maginot, was a line of concrete Fortifications tank obstacles artillery The original Siegfried line ( Siegfriedstellung) was a line of defensive forts and tank defenses built by Germany as a section of the Hindenburg Line 1916-1917 The Stalin Line was a line of Fortifications along the western border of the Soviet Union. The Atlantikwall ( English: Atlantic wall) was an extensive system of coastal fortifications built by the German Third Reich (In the case of the Atlantic Wall, the purpose of the fortification was to delay an invasion to allow reinforcement. ) The third weakness is that modern firepower has progressed far beyond the strength of permanent fortifications, as a simple artillery or bombing barrage can easily destroy the most complex modern fortification. It is also much easier and cheaper to produce those modern siege weapons than to build any kind of fortification.
Instead field fortification rose to dominate defensive action. Unlike the trench warfare which dominated World War I these defenses were more temporary in nature. Trench warfare is a form of warfare where both combatants have fortified positions and fighting lines are static World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All This was an advantage because since it was less extensive it formed a less obvious target for enemy force to be directed against. If sufficient power was massed against one point to penetrate it, the forces based there could be withdrawn and the line could be re-established relatively quickly. Instead of a supposedly impenetrable defensive line, such fortifications emphasized defense in depth, so that as defenders were forced to pull back or were over-run, the lines of defenders behind them could take over the defense.
Because the mobile offensives practiced by both sides usually focused on avoiding the strongest points of a defensive line, these defenses were usually relatively thin and spread along the length of a line. The Castillo de San Marcos is a Spanish built Fort located in the city of St St Augustine is the County seat of St Johns County, Florida, in the United States. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the The defense was usually not equally strong throughout however. The strength of the defensive line in an area varied according to how rapidly an attacking force could progress in the terrain that was being defended--both the terrain the defensive line was built on and the ground behind it that an attacker might hope to break out into. This was both for reasons of the strategic value of the ground, and its defensive value.
This was possible because while offensive tactics were focused on mobility, so were defensive tactics. The dug in defenses consisted primarily of infantry and antitank guns. Defending tanks and tank destroyers would be concentrated in mobile "fire brigades" behind the defensive line. If a major offensive was launched against a point in the line, mobile reinforcements would be sent to reinforce that part of the line that was in danger of failing. Thus the defensive line could be relatively thin because the bulk of the fighting power of the defenders was not concentrated in the line itself but rather in the mobile reserves. A notable exception to this rule was seen in the defensive lines at the Battle of Kursk during World War II, where German forces deliberately attacked into the strongest part of the Soviet defenses seeking to crush them utterly. The Battle of Kursk (Курская битва refers to a series of German and Soviet operations on the Eastern Front of World War II World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia.
The terrain that was being defended was of primary importance because open terrain that tanks could move over quickly made possible rapid advances into the defenders' rear areas that were very dangerous to the defenders. Thus such terrain had to be defended at all cost. In addition, since in theory the defensive line only had to hold out long enough for mobile reserves to reinforce it, terrain that did not permit rapid advance could be held more weakly because the enemy's advance into it would be slower, giving the defenders more time to reinforce that point in the line. For example the battle of the Hurtgen Forest in Germany during the closing stages of World War II is an excellent example of how impassable terrain could be used to the defenders' advantage. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
Modern usage
Forts in modern usage often refer to space set aside by governments for a permanent military facility; these often do not have any actual fortifications, and can have specializations (military barracks, administration, medical facilities, or intelligence). In the United States usage, forts specifically refer to Army installations; Marine Corps installations are referred to as camps. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the An army (from Latin Armata "act of arming" via Old French armée) in the broadest sense is the land-based Armed forces Marines (from the English adjective marine, meaning of the sea, from Latin language mare, meaning sea via French adjective A military camp or bivouac is a semi-permanent facility for the lodging of an Army.
See also
Fort components
- Abatis
- Banquette
- Barbed wire, Razor wire, Wire entanglement, and Wire obstacle
- Bastion
- Berm
- Caponier
- Casemate
- Curtain
- Czech hedgehog
- Defensive fighting position
- Ditch
- Embrasure
- Glacis
- Gun turret
- Parapet
- Pillbox
- Postern
- Ravelin
- Revetment
- Sandbag
- Scarp and Counterscarp
- Traverse
- Turret
Types of forts and fortification
- Bastion fortress
- Blockhouse
- Bunker
- Castle
- City wall
- Chinese city wall
- Compound
- Flak tower
- Grad, a Slavic wooden fortified settlement
- Hill fort
- Land battery
- Martello tower
- Keep
- Medieval fortification
- Pā a 19th-century Māori fortification
- Peel tower
- Polygonal fort
- Promontory fort
- Redoubt
- Stockade
- Star fort
Historical Fortresses
- Chittorgarh Fort
- Atlantic Wall
- Bastle house
- Beaumaris Castle
- Fort Knox, Maine
- Great Wall of China
- Krak des Chevaliers
- Kremlin
- Lahore Fort
- Rohtas Fort
- Lines of Torres Vedras
- Maginot Line
- Massada
- Raigad Fort
- Norwegian Fortresses
- Eastbourne Redoubt
- Fort Drum (El Fraile Island)
- Mannerheim Line
- Réduit
Fortification and siege warfare
Famous experts
- Mozi
- Fritz Todt
- Henri Alexis Brialmont
- James of St. George
- Menno van Coehoorn
- César Cui
- Diades of Pella
- Vauban
External links
- Fort 4a in Poznan - Poland
- 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica on Fortifications and siegecraft
- Information on Australian World War 2 Fortifications
- A Military History of Malta (Fortifications)
- Fortress Cologne
- Bunker Pictures: Pictures, locations, information about bunkers from WW2 and The Atlantikwall
- Royal Engineers Museum Coastal Defence
- Aerial photography: Fortress - Komárom - Hungary
- Petrovaradin - Greatest XVIII century fortress in Europe
- Redoubt Fortress Museum
- Eastbourne Redoubt
- Photos of Austrian, French and English castles
- Photos and History of the Peter and Paul (St Peterburg) Fortress
- Maginot Line at War
- WW2 Fortifications in Greece
- 20th century Fortifications in Switzerland
References
This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. See also List of cities with defensive walls A defensive wall is a Fortification used to defend a city or settlement from potential aggressors This is a list of fortifications past and present a Fortification being a major physical defensive structure often composed of a more or less Wall -connected series This is a list for articles on notable historic Forts which may or may not be under current active use by a military The Latin word castra, with its singular castrum, was used by the ancient Romans to mean buildings or plots of land reserved to or constructed for use as a military Abatis, abattis, or abbattis (a French word meaning a heap of material thrown is a term in field Fortification for an obstacle formed of the In Fortification, a banquette is a little foot path or elevated step along the inside of a Rampart or Parapet, by which the musketeers get up to view the Barbed wire, also known as barb wire (and frequently in dialect form spelled bob or bobbed) is a type of fencing Wire constructed Barbed tape or Razor Wire is a mesh of metal strips with sharp edges whose purpose is to prevent passage by humans In the Military science of Fortification, wire obstacles are defensive obstacles made from Barbed wire, Barbed tape or Concertina wire In the Military science of Fortification, wire obstacles are defensive obstacles made from Barbed wire, Barbed tape or Concertina wire A bastion is a structure projecting outward from the main enclosure of a Fortification, situated in both corners of a straight wall (termed curtain with the shape A berm is a level space shelf or raised barrier separating two areas A Caponier is a type of Fortification structure The word originates from the French word "caponnière" - which strictly means Capon -cote i A casemate, sometimes rendered casement, is a fortified gun emplacement or armored structure from which guns are fired originally a vaulted chamber in a Fortress. Castle walls were an Evolutionary defense structure over a period of thousands of Years They served to protect the Inhabitants of strategic Military The Czech hedgehog (rozsocháč was a static Tank obstacle defence made of angled Iron (that is lengths with an L- or H- shaped cross section deployed during A ditch is usually defined as a small to moderate depression created to channel Water. The term embrasure, in Military architecture, refers to the opening in a Crenellation or Battlement between the two raised solid portions or Merlons A glacis ( or) in Military Engineering is an artificial slope of earth used in late European fortresses so constructed as to keep any potential assailant A gun turret is a device that protects the crew or mechanism of a projectile firing weapon and at the same time lets the weapon be aimed and fired in many directions A parapet is a wall-like barrier at the edge of a Roof or structure. British hardened field defences of World War II were small fortified structures constructed as a part of British anti-invasion preparations. A postern is a secondary Door or Gate, particularly in a Fortification such as a City wall or Castle Curtain wall. A ravelin is a triangular Fortification or detached Outwork in front of the Bastions of a fortress Revetments, or revêtements (following the original French spelling are structures placed on banks or cliffs in such a way as to absorb the energy of incoming water A sandbag (floodbag is a sack made of burlap, polypropylene or other materials that is filled with Sand or Soil and used for such purposes as flood A scarp and a counterscarp are the inner and outer sides of a ditch used in fortifications In Architecture, a turret (from Italian: torretta, little tower Latin: turris, tower is a small Tower that A star fort or trace italienne is a Fortification in the style that evolved during the age of Black powder, when cannons came In Military science, a blockhouse is a small isolated Fort in the form of a single building A military bunker is a hardened shelter often buried partly or fully underground designed to protect the inhabitants from falling bombs or other attacks A castle is a defensive structure seen as one of the main symbols of the Middle Ages. See also List of cities with defensive walls A defensive wall is a Fortification used to defend a city or settlement from potential aggressors Chinese city walls ( refer to civic defensive systems used to protect towns and Cities in China in pre-modern times In Military science, a compound is a type of Fortification made up of walls or fences surrounding several buildings in the center of a large piece of land Flak towers ( German: Flaktürme) were large anti-aircraft gun blockhouses used by the Luftwaffe to prevent overflights of key areas in certain Grad or gorod (Cyrillic град город or gord is a Slavic word for town or city A hill fort is a fortified refuge or defended settlement A Land battery is a special type of gun emplacement or anti-shipping naval interdiction Fortification used in coastal defense to protect areas such as anchorages Martello towers (or simply Martellos) are small defensive forts built in several countries of the British Empire during the 19th century from the time A keep is a strong central Tower which is used as a dungeon or a fortress Medieval fortification is the military aspect of Medieval technology that covers the development of Fortification construction and use in Europe The word pā (pronounced pah refers to a Māori Village, generally one from the 19th century or earlier that was fortified for defence Peel towers (also spelt pele) are small fortified keeps or Tower houses built along the English and Scottish Borders, intended as watch towers where A polygonal fort is a Fortification in the style that evolved around the middle of the Nineteenth century, in response to the development of powerful explosive A promontory fort is a defensive structure located above a steep cliff often only connected to the mainland by a small neck of land thus utilizing the topography to reduce A redoubt is a Fort or fort system usually consisting of an enclosed defensive emplacement outside a larger fort usually relying on earthworks though others A stockade is an enclosure of Palisades and tall walls made of logs placed side by side vertically with the tops sharpened to provide security A star fort or trace italienne is a Fortification in the style that evolved during the age of Black powder, when cannons came Chittorgarh Fort is the biggest fort in Asia Situated on a hilltop near Chittorgarh town in the Indian state of Rajasthan, it is one of the most historically The Atlantikwall ( English: Atlantic wall) was an extensive system of coastal fortifications built by the German Third Reich Bastle houses are found along the Anglo - Scottish border in the areas formerly plagued by Border Reivers. Fort Knox, now Fort Knox State Park, in Maine was built from 1844-1869 The Great Wall of China ( or ( is a series of stone and earthen Fortifications in China, built rebuilt and maintained between the 6th century BC and the 16th Krak des Chevaliers (kʁak de ʃəval'je transliterated Crac des Chevaliers, is a Crusader fortress in Syria and one of the most important preserved medieval military View01jpg|thumb|right|250px|Remains of the Kolomna Kremlin]] Kremlin (Кремль Kreml) is the Russian word for "fortress" "citadel" or "castle" The Lahore Fort, locally referred to as Shahi Qila ( Urdu: شاهی قلعہ) is Citadel of the city of Lahore, Punjab Rohtas Fort (قلعہ روہتاس Qila Rohtas) is a garrison fort built by the great Afghan king Sher Shah Suri. The Lines of Torres Vedras were lines of forts built in secrecy to defend Lisbon during the Peninsular War. The Maginot Line (IPA, Ligne Maginot named after French Minister of Defense André Maginot, was a line of concrete Fortifications tank obstacles artillery Masada ( Hebrew מצדה pronounced Metzada, from מצודה metzuda, "fortress" is the name for a site of ancient Palaces and Norwegian Fortresses or Fortifications have been constructed from some of the earliest recorded periods down through the 20th century Eastbourne Redoubt is a fort on what is now Royal Parade Eastbourne, East Sussex, England. FortDrum_Afterjpg|thumb|220px|Fort Drum]] Fort Drum (El Fraile Island also known as the “concrete battleship” is a heavily fortified island fortress situated at the mouth of The Mannerheim Line ( Mannerheim-linja) was a defensive fortification line on the Karelian Isthmus built by Finland against the Soviet Union. Military history is a Humanities discipline within the scope of general historical recording of armed conflict in the history of humanity A military engineer is primarily responsible for the design and construction of offensive defensive and logistical structures for Warfare Other duties include the Medieval Warfare is the warfare of the Middle Ages. In Europe technological cultural and social developments had forced a dramatic transformation in the character A siege engine is a device that is designed to Break or circumvent City walls and other Fortifications in Siege warfare. Mozi ( Lat as Micius, ca 470 BCE&ndashca 391 BCE was a Philosopher who lived in China during the Hundred Schools of Thought Fritz Todt (4 September 1891 – 8 February 1942 was a German engineer and senior Nazi figure the founder of Organisation Todt. Henri Alexis Brialmont ( May 25, 1821 &ndash June 21, 1903) was a Dutch -born Belgian Military engineer. Menno baron van Coehoorn (1641 &ndash March 17, 1704) was a Dutch soldier and Military engineer of Swedish extraction César Antonovich Cui ( Цезарь Антонович Кюи, Tsezar' Antonovič Kjui) ( - March 13, 1918) was a Russian of French Diades of Pella ( Greek:Διάδης Πελλαίος ( ο Πολιορκητής the Besieger) was a Thessalian inventor of many Siege Sébastien Le Prestre Seigneur de Vauban and later Marquis de Vauban ( May 15, 1633 – March 30, 1707) commonly referred to The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
Dictionary
fortification
-noun
- The act of fortifying; the art or science of fortifying places in order to defend them against an enemy.
- That which fortifies; especially, a work or works erected to defend a place against attack; a fortified place; a fortress; a fort; a castle.
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