| Formula One | |
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 2008 Formula One season |
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| Category | Single seaters |
| Country or region | International |
| Inaugural season | 1950[1] |
| Drivers | 20 |
| Teams | 10 |
| Engine suppliers | BMW, Ferrari, Honda, Mercedes, Renault, Toyota |
| Tyre suppliers |  Bridgestone |
| Drivers' champion |  Kimi Räikkönen |
| Constructors' champion |  Scuderia Ferrari |
| Official website | formula1.com |
| Formula One |
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| Current season summary |
| Related articles |
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History of Formula One |
| Lists |
| Drivers
Constructors
Grands Prix · Circuits
Pointscoring systems |
| Records |
Formula One, abbreviated to F1, is the highest class of open wheeled auto racing defined by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), motorsport's world governing body. Pre-season testing The first multi-team test session started in Jerez on January 14 2008. Open-wheel car (Often single-seater car, in UK English describes cars with the wheels outside the car's main body and in most cases one seat International or internationally most often describes interaction between Nations or encompassing two or more nations constituting a group or association having ( BMW) (Bavarian Motor Works is an independent German automobile manufacturer founded in 1916 Scuderia Ferrari is the name for the Gestione Sportiva the division of the Ferrari automobile company concerned with racing Honda Racing F1 Team is a Formula One team run by Japanese car manufacturer Honda. Mercedes-Benz is a German manufacturer of luxury Automobiles Buses coaches and Trucks It is currently a division of the 1970s and 1980s 1977 Renault first involvement in Formula One was made by the Renault Sport subsidiary ( is a Japanese Rubber conglomerate founded in 1931 by in the city of Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan Kimi-Matias Räikkönen (ˈkimi ˈmɑtiɑs ˈræikkønen born October 17, 1979 in Espoo) is a Finnish Formula One race car driver currently Scuderia Ferrari is the name for the Gestione Sportiva the division of the Ferrari automobile company concerned with racing Pre-season testing The first multi-team test session started in Jerez on January 14 2008. Formula One has its roots in the European Grand Prix motor racing ( q The numerous Formula One regulations made and enforced by the FIA and later the FISA, have changed dramatically since the first Formula One World Championship A modern Formula One car is a single-seat open cockpit open wheel race car with substantial front and rear wings and engine positioned behind the driver Since its inception in 1947 Formula One has used a variety of Engine regulations. A Formula One race takes place over an entire weekend with two free practice sessions on Friday a practice session and a qualifying session on Saturday and the race on The future of Formula One is a much-speculated area of interest in the world of motor sport. This is a complete list of drivers who have entered a FIA World Championship race since 1950. The Formula One World Drivers' Championship (WDC is awarded by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ( FIA) to the most successful Formula One The following is a list of constructors which have competed or plan to compete in the FIA World Championship. By season Here is a list of all runners-up in the Formula One Constructors' World Championship from 1958. Races by country Active and past races See {{CURRENTYEAR}} Formula One season for a schedule of this year's races This is a list of circuits which have hosted a FIA World Championship race from 1950 to 2008. Race Promoters' Trophy By season By Grand Prix By circuit Television Trophy The Television Trophy is awarded to the Pointscoring systems Since its inception in 1947 Formula One has used a variety of Engine regulations. From the beginning of the 20th century until the late 1960s before sponsorship liveries came in use vehicles competing in Formula One, Sports car racing, Formula One sponsorship liveries have been used since the late 1960s replacing the previously used national colours. Racing flags are traditionally used in Auto racing and similar motorsports to communicate important messages to drivers The following people play or have played significant roles in Formula One: Drivers See: List of Formula One drivers Administration This is a List of Formula One broadcasters and 'World Feed' producers By circuit This is a complete list of drivers, currently 65 who have entered a FIA Formula One World Championship race since 1950, yet failed to qualify for the race This is a list of driver records in the FIA World Championships, since 1950. This is a complete list of winners of one or more FIA World Championship races since. Driver records See also List of Formula One driver records Constructor records Races entered and started Total Races Started This is a complete list of winning constructors of one or more FIA World Championship races since. Driver records See also List of Formula One driver records Constructor records Races entered and started Total Races Started Driver records See also List of Formula One driver records Constructor records Races entered and started Total Races Started Auto racing (also known as automobile racing, motor racing or car racing) is a Motorsport involving Racing Cars It The "formula" in the name refers to a set of rules to which all participants and cars must conform. The F1 world championship season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held usually on purpose-built circuits, and in a few cases on closed city streets, the most famous of which is the Monaco Grand Prix in Monte Carlo. Races by country Active and past races See {{CURRENTYEAR}} Formula One season for a schedule of this year's races This is a list of circuits which have hosted a FIA World Championship race from 1950 to 2008. The Monaco Grand Prix (Grand Prix de Monaco is a Formula One race held each year on the Circuit de Monaco. Monte-Carlo ( Occitan: Montcarles, Monégasque: Monte-Carlu) is one of Monaco 's various administrative areas sometimes erroneously The results of each race are combined to determine two annual World Championships, one for drivers and one for constructors. The Formula One World Drivers' Championship (WDC is awarded by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ( FIA) to the most successful Formula One By season
The cars race at high speeds being able to travel at up to 360 km/h (225 mph), and are capable of pulling up to 5g in some corners. g-force (also G-force, g-load) is a measurement of an object's Acceleration expressed in g s The performance of the cars is highly dependent on electronics, aerodynamics, suspension and tyres. Electronics refers to the flow of charge (moving Electrons through Nonmetal conductors (mainly Semiconductors, whereas electrical Suspension is the term given to the system of springs, Shock absorbers and linkages that connects a Vehicle to its Wheels Suspension This article is about tires used on road Vehicles including pneumatic tires and solid tires. The formula has seen many evolutions and changes through the history of the sport.
Europe is Formula One's traditional centre, all of the teams are based there and around half the races take place there. In particular the United Kingdom has produced the most number of Drivers' Champions (12), and the vast majority of Constructors' Champions (32). The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Formula One World Drivers' Championship (WDC is awarded by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ( FIA) to the most successful Formula One By season However, its scope has expanded significantly in recent years and Grands Prix are now held all over the world. Events in Europe and the Americas have been dropped in favour of new ones in Bahrain, China, Malaysia and Turkey, with Singapore scheduled to hold the first night race in 2008 and India being added to the schedule starting in 2010. The Kingdom of Bahrain (in مملكة البحرين,, literally Kingdom of the Two Seas) is an Island country in the Persian Gulf Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Singapore India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Of the eighteen races in 2008, nine are outside Europe.
It is a massive television event, with millions of people watching each race worldwide. As the world's most expensive sport, its economic effect is significant, and its financial and political battles are widely observed. Sport is an Activity that is governed by a set of rules or Customs and often engaged in competitively On average about 55 million people all over the world watch Formula one races live. Its high profile and popularity makes it an obvious merchandising environment, which leads to very high investments from sponsors, translating into extremely high budgets for the constructor teams. The following is a list of constructors which have competed or plan to compete in the FIA World Championship. Several teams have gone bankrupt or been bought out by other companies since 2000.
The sport is regulated by the FIA. Formula One's commercial rights are vested in the Formula One Group. The Formula One Group is a group of companies responsible for the promotion of the FIA Formula One World Championship
Contents |
History
- See 2008 Formula One season for details of the 2008 season
The Formula One series has its roots in the European Grand Prix Motor Racing (q. Formula One has its roots in the European Grand Prix motor racing ( q Pre-season testing The first multi-team test session started in Jerez on January 14 2008. Grand Prix motor racing has its roots in organised automobile racing that began in France as far back as 1894 v. for pre-1947 history) of the 1920s and 1930s. The "formula" is a set of rules which all participants and cars must meet. Formula racing is a term that refers to various forms of open wheeled single seater motorsport. Formula One was a new formula agreed after World War II in 1946, with the first non-championship races being held that year. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including A number of Grand Prix racing organisations had laid out rules for a World Championship before the war, but due to the suspension of racing during the conflict, the World Drivers' Championship was not formalised until 1947. The first world championship race was held at Silverstone, United Kingdom in 1950. Silverstone Circuit is a Motor racing circuit in Northamptonshire and Buckinghamshire, named after the village in the former England A championship for constructors followed in 1958. National championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Non-championship Formula One races were held for many years but, due to the rising cost of competition, the last of these occurred in 1983. [2]
The sport's title, Formula One, indicates that it is intended to be the most advanced and most competitive of the FIA's racing formulae. Formula racing is a term that refers to various forms of open wheeled single seater motorsport.
The return of racing (1950–1958)
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The first Formula One World Championship was won by Italian Giuseppe Farina in his Alfa Romeo in 1950, barely defeating his Argentine teammate Juan Manuel Fangio. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Emilio Giuseppe "Nino" Farina ( October 30 1906 - June 30, 1966) was an Italian Racing driver. Alfa Romeo participated in Formula One, as both a constructor and engine supplier from to. Season summary The inaugural World Championship to a formula which specified engine capacity of 1 For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Juan Manuel Fangio ( Balcarce, June 24, 1911 - Buenos Aires, July 17, 1995) nicknamed "El Chueco" ("knock-kneed" However Fangio won the title in 1951, 1954, 1955, 1956 & 1957, his streak interrupted after an injury by two-time champion Alberto Ascari of Ferrari. The 1951 Formula One season included the 2nd running of the FIA Formula One World Championship which commenced on May 27, 1951, and ended on October 28 The 1954 Formula One season included the 5th FIA Formula One World Championship season which commenced on January 17, 1954, and ended on The 1955 Formula One season included the 6th FIA Formula One World Championship season which commenced on January 16, 1955, and ended on The 1956 Formula One season featured the seventh FIA World Championship of Drivers as well as numerous non-championship races for Formula One cars The 1957 Formula One season included the 8th FIA Formula One World Championship season which commenced on January 13, 1957, and ended on Alberto Ascari ( July 13, 1918 &ndash May 26, 1955) was an Italian Racing driver and twice Formula One Scuderia Ferrari is the name for the Gestione Sportiva the division of the Ferrari automobile company concerned with racing Although the UK's Stirling Moss was able to compete regularly, he was never able to win the World Championship, and is now widely considered to be the greatest driver never to have won the title. Sir Stirling Craufurd Moss OBE (born September 17, 1929 in London) is a retired racing driver from England. [3][4] Fangio, however, is remembered for dominating Formula One's first decade and has long been considered the "grand master" of Formula One.
The period was dominated by teams run by road car manufacturers - Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, Mercedes Benz and Maserati - all of whom had competed before the war. Alfa Romeo Automobiles SpA is an Italian Automaker founded in 1910 Scuderia Ferrari is the name for the Gestione Sportiva the division of the Ferrari automobile company concerned with racing Throughout its long history Mercedes-Benz has been involved in a range of Motorsport activities including Sportscar racing and rallying Maserati is an Italian manufacturer of racing cars and Sports cars established on December 1, 1914, in Bologna. The first seasons were run using pre-war cars like Alfa's 158. The Alfa Romeo 158/159, also known as the Alfetta ( Little Alfa in Italian is one of the most successful racing cars ever produced They were front engined, with narrow treaded tyres and 1. A front-mounted engine describes the placement of an Automobile engine in front of the vehicle passenger compartment 5 litre supercharged or 4. 5 litre naturally aspirated engines. The 1952 and 1953 world championships were run to Formula Two regulations, for smaller, less powerful cars, due to concerns over the number of Formula One cars available. In comparison to previous seasons the 1952 Formula One season consisted of a relatively small number of Formula One races following the FIA's decision to run the World Drivers' As in, the 1953 Formula One season consisted of a small number of Formula One races following the FIA's decision to once again run the World Drivers' Championship to Formula Formula Two, abbreviated to F2, was a type of Formula racing. [5] When a new Formula One, for engines limited to 2. 5 litres, was reinstated to the world championship in 1954, Mercedes-Benz introduced the advanced W196, which featured innovations such as desmodromic valves and fuel injection as well as enclosed streamlined bodywork. The Mercedes-Benz W196 was the Formula 1 entry of Mercedes-Benz in the 1954 Formula One season and 1955 Formula One season, winning 9 of 12 races In general mechanical terms the word desmodromic is used to refer to mechanisms that have different controls for their actuation in different directions Fuel injection is a system for mixing fuel with air in an Internal combustion engine. Mercedes won the drivers championship for two years, before withdrawing from all motorsport in the wake of the 1955 Le Mans disaster. The 1955 Le Mans disaster occurred during the 1955 24 Hours of Le Mans when a racing car involved in an accident flew into the crowd killing the driver ( Pierre Levegh [6]
The 'Garagistes' (1959–1980)
The first major technological development, Cooper's re-introduction of mid-engined cars (following Ferdinand Porsche's pioneering Auto Unions of the 1930s), which evolved from the company's successful Formula 3 designs, occurred in the 1950s. The Cooper Car Company was founded in 1946 by Charles Cooper and his son John Cooper. Prof Dr Ing hc Ferdinand Porsche ( Auto Union was an amalgamation of four German Automobile manufacturers established in 1932 in Zwickau, Saxony, during the Great Depression Formula Three, also called Formula 3 or F3, is a class of open-wheel formula racing. Australian Jack Brabham, World Champion in 1959, 1960 and 1966, soon proved the new design's superiority. Sir John Arthur "Jack" Brabham, AO, OBE (born April 2 1926) is an Australian former racing driver who was Formula One The 1959 Formula One season included the 10th FIA Formula One World Championship season which commenced on May 10, 1959, and ended on December The 1960 Formula One season featured the eleventh FIA World Championship of Drivers, the third International Cup for F1 Manufacturers and numerous non-championship Formula The 1966 Formula One season included the 17th FIA Formula One World Championship season which commenced on May 22, 1966, and ended on October By 1961, all regular competitors had switched to mid-engined cars. Season summary The first year of the 15 litre formula was dominated by a well-prepared Ferrari team [7]
The first British World Champion was Mike Hawthorn, who drove a Ferrari to the title in 1958. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located John Michael Hawthorn ( April 10, 1929 - January 22, 1959) was a racing driver born in Mexborough, Yorkshire, England The 1958 Formula One season included the 9th FIA Formula One World Championship season which commenced on January 19, 1958, and ended on However, when Colin Chapman entered F1 as a chassis designer and later founder of Team Lotus, British racing green came to dominate the field for the next decade. Anthony Colin Bruce Chapman ( 19 May 1928 - 16 December 1982) was an influential British designer inventor and builder in the automotive 1950s Colin Chapman established Lotus Engineering Ltd in 1952 at Hornsey, UK. Between Jim Clark, Jackie Stewart, John Surtees, Jack Brabham, Graham Hill, and Denny Hulme, British teams and Commonwealth drivers won twelve world championships between 1962 and 1973. Jim (or Jimmy) Clark OBE ( 4 March, 1936 &ndash 7 April, 1968) was a Scottish Formula One For other people of this name see Jackie Stewart (disambiguation. Motorcycle racing career Born in Tatsfield, Surrey, Surtees was the son of a south London motorcycle dealer Sir John Arthur "Jack" Brabham, AO, OBE (born April 2 1926) is an Australian former racing driver who was Formula One Norman Graham Hill ( February 15, 1929 – November 29, 1975) was a British racing driver and two-time Formula One World Denis Clive "Denny" Hulme OBE ( 18 June 1936 &ndash 4 October 1992) was a New Zealand car racer the 1967
In 1962, Lotus introduced a car with an aluminium sheet monocoque chassis instead of the traditional spaceframe design. The 1962 Formula One season included the 13th FIA Formula One World Championship season which commenced on May 20, 1962, and ended on December This proved to be the greatest technological breakthrough since the introduction of mid-engined cars. A mid-engine layout describes the placement of an Automobile engine between the rear and front axles In 1968, Lotus painted Imperial Tobacco livery on their cars, thus introducing sponsorship to the sport. The 1968 Formula One season included the 19th FIA Formula One World Championship season which commenced on January 1, 1968, and ended on Imperial Tobacco Group PLC ( is the world's fourth largest international Tobacco company [8]
Aerodynamic downforce slowly gained importance in car design from the appearance of aerofoils in the late 1960s. The term downforce describes the downward pressure created by the aerodynamic characteristics of a Car that allows it to travel faster through a corner by holding An airfoil (in American English) or aerofoil (in British English) is the shape of a Wing or blade (of a Propeller, rotor In the late 1970s Lotus introduced ground effect aerodynamics that provided enormous downforce and greatly increased cornering speeds (though the concept had previously been used on Jim Hall's Chaparral 2J in 1970). For another similarly named effect relating to aircraft see Ground effect in aircraft. Jim Hall (born July 23, 1935 in Abilene Texas) is a former Racecar driver and constructor from the United States. Chaparral Cars was a United States Automotive company which built prototype race cars from the 1960s through the early 1980s So great were the aerodynamic forces pressing the cars to the track, up to 5 g, that extremely stiff springs were needed to maintain a constant ride height, leaving the suspension virtually solid, depending entirely on the tyres for any small amount of cushioning of the car and driver from irregularities in the road surface. Ride height ( ground clearance or simply clearance is the amount of space between the base of an automobile Tire and the underside of the Chassis; or more [9]
Big business (1981–2000)
Beginning in the 1970s, Bernie Ecclestone rearranged the management of Formula One's commercial rights; he is widely credited with transforming the sport into the billion dollar business it is today. Bernard Charles "Bernie" Ecclestone (born 28 October 1930 near Bungay Suffolk, England) is the president and CEO of [10][11] When Ecclestone bought the Brabham team in 1971 he gained a seat on the Formula One Constructors' Association and in 1978 became its President. The Formula One Constructors' Association (FOCA is an organization of the Chassis builders (constructors who design and build the cars that race in the FIA Previously the circuit owners controlled the income of the teams and negotiated with each individually, however Ecclestone persuaded them to "hunt as a pack" through FOCA. [11] He offered Formula One to circuit owners as a package which they could take or leave. In return for the package almost all are required to surrender trackside advertising. [10]
The formation of the Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile (FISA) in 1979 set off the FISA-FOCA war, during which FISA and its president Jean-Marie Balestre clashed repeatedly with FOCA over television revenues and technical regulations. The Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile (FISA was the governing body for Motor racing events The FISA-FOCA war was a political battle contested throughout the early 1980s by the two representative organizations in Formula One motor racing the Fédération Jean-Marie Balestre ( April 9, 1921 &ndash March 27, 2008) was a French auto racing executive who was president of FISA [12] The Guardian said of FOCA that Ecclestone and Max Mosley "used it to wage a guerilla war with a very long-term aim in view. Max Rufus Mosley (born 13 April 1940 is president of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA a non-profit association that represents the interests of " FOCA threatened to set up a rival series, boycotted a Grand Prix and FISA withdrew its sanction from races. [10] The result was the 1981 Concorde Agreement which guaranteed technical stability, as teams were to be given reasonable notice of new regulations. The Concorde Agreement is a contract between the FIA, the Formula One teams and Formula One Administration which dictates the terms by which [13] Although FISA asserted its right to the TV revenues, it handed the administration of those rights to FOCA.
The FIA imposed a ban on ground effect aerodynamics in 1983. For another similarly named effect relating to aircraft see Ground effect in aircraft. The 1983 Formula One season included the 34th FIA Formula One World Championship which commenced on March 13 and ended on October 15 after fifteen races [14] By then, however, turbocharged engines, which Renault had pioneered in 1977, were producing over 700 bhp (520 kW) and were essential to be competitive. A turbocharger, or turbo, is an air Compressor used for forced-induction of an Internal combustion engine. 1970s and 1980s 1977 Renault first involvement in Formula One was made by the Renault Sport subsidiary The 1977 Formula One season included the 28th FIA Formula One World Championship season which commenced on January 9, 1977, and ended on The watt (symbol W) is the SI derived unit of power, equal to one Joule of energy per Second. By 1986 a BMW turbocharged engine achieved a flash reading of 5. The 1986 Formula One season was the 37th FIA Formula One World Championship season 5 bar pressure, estimated to be "over 1300 bhp" (970 kW) in qualifying for the Italian Grand Prix. The bar (symbol bar) decibar (symbol dbar) and the millibar (symbol mbar, also mb are units of Pressure. Results from the 1986 Formula One Italian Grand Prix held at Monza on September 7, 1986. The following year power in race trim reached around 1,100 bhp (820 kW), with boost pressure limited to only 4. 0 bar. [15] These cars were the most powerful open-wheel circuit racing cars ever. Open-wheel car (Often single-seater car, in UK English describes cars with the wheels outside the car's main body and in most cases one seat To reduce engine power output and thus speeds, the FIA limited fuel tank capacity in 1984 and boost pressures in 1988 before banning turbocharged engines completely in 1989. The 1984 Formula One season was the 35th FIA Formula One World Championship season A turbocharger, or turbo, is an air Compressor used for forced-induction of an Internal combustion engine. The 1988 Formula One season was the 39th FIA Formula One World Championship season The 1989 Formula One season was the 40th FIA Formula One World Championship season [16]
The development of electronic driver aids began in the 1980s. Lotus began to develop a system of active suspension which first appeared in 1982 on the F1 Lotus 91 and Lotus Esprit road car. Active suspension is an automotive technology that controls the vertical movement of the wheels via an onboard system rather than the movement being determined entirely by the surface on The Lotus 91 was designed by Colin Chapman, Martin Ogilvie and Tony Rudd for the 1982 Formula One season. Early Esprit (1976–80 S1 The Esprit was launched in October 1975 at the Paris motorshow and went into production in June 1976 replacing the Europa in the By 1987 this system had been perfected and was driven to victory by Ayrton Senna in the Monaco Grand Prix that year. Ayrton Senna da Silva ( pronounced, March 21, 1960 &ndash May 1, 1994) was a Brazilian racing driver and triple The 1987 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on May 31 1987 at the Circuit de Monaco, Monte Carlo. In the early 1990s, other teams followed suit and semi-automatic gearboxes and traction control were a natural progression. A semi-automatic transmission (also known as clutchless manual transmission, automated manual transmission, e-gear, shift-tronic, flappy A traction control system ( TCS) also known as Anti-Slip Regulation ( ASR) on current production Vehicles are typically (but not necessarily The FIA, due to complaints that technology was determining the outcome of races more than driver skill, banned many such aids for 1994. The 1994 Formula One season was the 45th FIA Formula One World Championship season This led to cars that were previously dependant on electronic aids becoming very "twitchy" and difficult to drive (notably the Williams FW16), and many observers felt that the ban on driver aids was a ban in name only as they "have proved difficult to police effectively. The Williams FW16 was a Formula One car used by the Williams team for the 1994 Formula One season. "[17]
The teams signed a second Concorde Agreement in 1992 and a third in 1997, which expired on the last day of 2007. [18]
On the track, the McLaren and Williams teams dominated the 1980s and 1990s, with Brabham also being competitive in the early part of the 1980s, winning two drivers' championships with Nelson Piquet. McLaren, founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren (1937&ndash1970 is a Formula One team based in Woking, Surrey, UK Not to be confused with Frank Williams Racing Cars, formed by Frank Williams 1967 Origins The Brabham team was founded by Jack Brabham and Ron Tauranac, who met in 1951 while both were successfully building and racing cars in their native Nelson Piquet Souto Maior (born August 17, 1952) more commonly known as Nelson Piquet, is a Brazilian former racing driver who was Formula Powered by Porsche, Honda, and Mercedes-Benz, McLaren won sixteen championships (seven constructors', nine drivers') in that period, while Williams used engines from Ford, Honda, and Renault to also win sixteen titles (nine constructors', seven drivers'). Porsche SE or Porsche ( German, ˈpɔɹʃə is a German manufacturer of automobiles which is majority-owned by the Porsche and Piëch Honda Racing F1 Team is a Formula One team run by Japanese car manufacturer Honda. Ford Motor Company is an American Multinational corporation and the world's fourth largest automaker based on Worldwide vehicle sales, following 1970s and 1980s 1977 Renault first involvement in Formula One was made by the Renault Sport subsidiary The rivalry between racing legends Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost became F1's central focus in 1988, and continued until Prost retired at the end of 1993. Ayrton Senna da Silva ( pronounced, March 21, 1960 &ndash May 1, 1994) was a Brazilian racing driver and triple Alain Marie Pascal Prost, OBE (born 24 February 1955 is a French racing driver The 1988 Formula One season was the 39th FIA Formula One World Championship season The 1993 Formula One season was the 44th FIA Formula One World Championship season Tragically, Senna died at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix after crashing into a wall on the exit of the notorious curve Tamburello, having taken over Prost's lead drive at Williams that year. The 1994 San Marino Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on May 1 1994 at the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari in Imola, Italy. The Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari is an auto racing circuit near the Italian town of Imola, east of Bologna and east of the Ferrari factory The FIA worked to improve the sport's safety standards since that weekend, during which Roland Ratzenberger also lost his life in an accident during Saturday qualifying. Roland Ratzenberger ( July 4, 1960 &ndash April 30, 1994) was an Austrian Racing driver who died during qualifying for the No driver has died on the track at the wheel of a Formula One car since, though two track marshals have lost their lives, one at the 2000 Italian Grand Prix,[19] and the other at the 2001 Australian Grand Prix. The 2000 Italian Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on September 10, 2000 at the Autodromo Nazionale Monza near Monza, Italy The 2001 Australian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on March 4, 2001 at the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit. [19]
Since the deaths of Senna, Ratzenberger & Gilles Villeneuve, the FIA has used safety as a reason to impose rule changes which otherwise, under the Concorde Agreement, would have had to be agreed upon by all the teams - most notably the changes introduced for 1998. The 1998 Formula One season was the 49th FIA Formula One World Championship season This so called 'narrow track' era resulted in cars with smaller rear tyres, a narrower track overall and the introduction of 'grooved' tyres to reduce mechanical grip. There would be four grooves, on the front and rear - although initially three on the front tyres in the first year - that ran through the entire circumference of the tyre. The objective was to reduce cornering speeds and to produce racing similar to rain conditions by enforcing a smaller contact patch between tyre and track. Contact patch is the portion of a vehicle's Tire that is in actual contact with the road surface This, according to the FIA, was to promote driver skill and provide a better spectacle.
Results have been mixed as the lack of mechanical grip has resulted in the more ingenious designers clawing back the deficit with aerodynamic grip - pushing more force onto the tyres through wings, aerodynamic devices etc - which in turn has resulted in less overtaking as these devices tend to make the wake behind the car 'dirty' preventing other cars from following closely, due to their dependence on 'clean' air to make the car stick to the track. The grooved tyres also had the unfortunate side effect of initially being of a harder compound, to be able to hold the groove tread blocks, which resulted in spectacular accidents in times of aerodynamic grip failure e. g. rear wing failures, as the harder compound could not grip the track as well.
The more innovative teams have found ways to maximise this dramatic change. In 1997 an F1 Racing photographer noticed that the rear brakes of the McLarens were glowing red in an acceleration zone of the track. F1 Racing is a monthly Magazine focused on Formula One Racing which launched in March 1996 McLaren, founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren (1937&ndash1970 is a Formula One team based in Woking, Surrey, UK The magazine discovered through photos of the inside of the cockpit, that McLaren had installed a second brake pedal, selectable by the driver to act on one of the rear wheels. This allowed the driver to eliminate understeer and reduce wheelspin when exiting slow corners, dubbed "brake steer". Understeer is a term for a Car handling condition in which during cornering the circular path of the Vehicle 's motion is of a greater radius than the circle indicated Ferrari's protestations to the FIA led to the system being banned at the 1998 Brazilian Grand Prix. The 1998 Brazilian Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Interlagos on March 29, 1998. [20]
Drivers from McLaren, Williams, Renault (formerly Benetton) and Ferrari, dubbed the "Big Four", have won every World Championship from 1984 to the present day. Benetton Formula Ltd, commonly referred to simply as Benetton, was a Formula One constructor that participated from 1986 to 2001. The 1984 Formula One season was the 35th FIA Formula One World Championship season Due to the technological advances of the 1990s, the cost of competing in Formula One rose dramatically. This increased financial burden, combined with four teams' dominance (largely funded by big car manufacturers such as Mercedes-Benz), caused the poorer independent teams to struggle not only to remain competitive, but to stay in business. Mercedes-Benz is a German manufacturer of luxury Automobiles Buses coaches and Trucks It is currently a division of the Financial troubles forced several teams to withdraw. Since 1990, twenty-eight teams have pulled out of Formula One. The 1990 Formula One season was the 41st FIA Formula One World Championship season This has prompted former Jordan owner Eddie Jordan to say that the days of competitive privateers are over. Early history Jordan's success in lower formulae inspired the creation of a Formula One programme for the 1991 season. Edmund "Eddie" Jordan (born March 30, 1948) is the founder and former owner of Jordan Grand Prix, a Formula One constructor which [21]
The manufacturers' return (2000–2007)
Michael Schumacher and Ferrari won an unprecedented five consecutive drivers’ championships and six consecutive constructors’ championships between 1999 and 2004. Michael Schumacher (German pronunciation;) (born January 3, 1969, in Hürth-Hermülheim, Germany) is a former Formula Ferrari SpA is an Italian Sports car manufacturer based in Maranello, Italy Schumacher set many new records, including those for Grand Prix wins (91), wins in a season (13 of 18), and most drivers' championships (7). [22] Schumacher's championship streak ended on September 25, 2005 when Renault driver Fernando Alonso became Formula One’s youngest champion. This is about the company for other uses see Renault (disambiguation. Fernando Alonso Díaz (born July 29, 1981 in Oviedo, Spain) is a Spanish Formula One racing driver and a two-time In 2006, Renault and Alonso won both titles again. This is about the company for other uses see Renault (disambiguation. Alonso is the name of Alonso Fernández de Lugo, Spanish military man Alonso Mudarra, Spanish composer and vihuelist Schumacher retired at the end of 2006 after sixteen years in Formula One.
During this period the championship rules were frequently changed by the FIA with the intention of improving the on-track action and cutting costs. [23] Team orders, legal since the championship started in 1950, were banned in 2002 after several incidents in which teams openly manipulated race results, generating negative publicity, most famously by Ferrari at the 2002 Austrian Grand Prix. Team Orders in Motor racing is the practice of one driver allowing another from the same team or manufacturer to gain a higher finish at the direction of the team management The 2002 Austrian Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on May 12, 2002 at the A1-Ring. Other changes included the qualifying format, the points scoring system, the technical regulations and rules specifying how long engines and tyres must last. A 'tyre war' between suppliers Michelin and Bridgestone saw lap times fall, although at the 2005 United States Grand Prix at Indianapolis seven out of ten teams did not race when their Michelin tyres were deemed unsafe for use. Michelin (full name SCA Compagnie Générale des Établissements Michelin) ( based in Clermont-Ferrand in the Auvergne Région ( is a Japanese Rubber conglomerate founded in 1931 by in the city of Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan The 2005 United States Grand Prix was one of the most controversial During 2006, Max Mosley outlined a ‘green’ future for Formula One, in which efficient use of energy would become an important factor. [24] And the tyre war ended, as Bridgestone became the sole tyre supplier to Formula One for the 2007 season.
Since 1983, Formula One had been dominated by specialist race teams like Williams, McLaren and Benetton, using engines supplied by large car manufacturers like Mercedes-Benz, Honda, Renault and Ford. Mercedes-Benz is a German manufacturer of luxury Automobiles Buses coaches and Trucks It is currently a division of the Starting in 2000 with Ford’s creation of the largely unsuccessful Jaguar team, new manufacturer-owned teams entered Formula One for the first time since the departure of Alfa Romeo and Renault at the end of 1985. Complete Formula One results ( key) (results in bold indicate pole position Alfa Romeo participated in Formula One, as both a constructor and engine supplier from to. By 2006, the manufacturer teams – Renault, BMW, Toyota, Honda and Ferrari – dominated the championship, taking five of the first six places in the constructors' championship. BMW Sauber F1 are a Formula One team with bases in Hinwil, Switzerland and Munich, Germany. The sole exception was McLaren, which is part-owned by Mercedes Benz. Through the Grand Prix Manufacturers Association (GPMA) they negotiated a larger share of Formula One’s commercial profit and a greater say in the running of the sport. The Grand Prix Manufacturers Association (GPMA is an alliance of car manufacturers that participate in Formula One formed (like its predecessor GPWC) to act
Outside the World Championship
Currently, the terms "Formula One race" and "World Championship race" are effectively synonymous; since 1984, every Formula One race has counted towards the World Championship, and every World Championship race has been to Formula One regulations. This has not always been the case, and in the earlier history of Formula One many races took place outside the world championship.
European non-championship racing
In the early years of Formula One, before the world championship was established, there were around twenty races held from late Spring to early Autumn (Fall) in Europe, although not all of these were considered significant. Most competitive cars came from Italy, particularly Alfa Romeo. After the start of the world championship these non-championship races continued. In the 1950s and 1960s, there were many Formula One races which did not count for the World Championship (e. g. , in 1950, a total of twenty-two Formula One races were held, of which only six counted towards the World Championship). In 1952 and 1953, when the world championship was run for Formula Two cars, a full season of non-championship Formula One racing took place. Formula Two, abbreviated to F2, was a type of Formula racing. Some races, particularly in the UK, including the Race of Champions, Oulton Park International Gold Cup and International Trophy, were attended by the majority of the world championship contenders. See also Race of Champions, International Race of Champions The Race of Champions was a non-championship Formula One motor race held at the The International Gold Cup is a prize awarded annually to the winner of a motor race held at the Oulton Park circuit Cheshire, England, The International Trophy is a prize awarded annually by the British Racing Drivers' Club to the winner of a motor race held at the Silverstone Circuit, These became less common through the 1970s and 1983 saw the last non-championship Formula One race: The 1983 Race of Champions at Brands Hatch, won by reigning World Champion Keke Rosberg in a Williams Cosworth in a close fight with American Danny Sullivan. Daniel John "Danny" Sullivan III (Born March 9, 1950 in Louisville Kentucky) is a former racing driver from the United States. [2]
South African Formula One championship
South Africa's flourishing domestic Formula One championship ran from 1960 through to 1975. The South African Formula One Championship, was a Formula One motor racing championship held in South Africa between 1960 and 1975 The frontrunning cars in the series were recently retired from the world championship although there was also a healthy selection of locally built or modified machines. Frontrunning drivers from the series usually contested their local World Championship Grand Prix, as well as occasional European events, although they had little success at that level.
British Formula One Series
The old fashioned DFV helped make the UK domestic Formula One series possible between 1978 and 1980. The British Formula One Series, often abbreviated to British F1, was a Formula One motor racing championship held in the United Kingdom. As in South Africa a generation before, second hand cars from manufacturers like Lotus and Fittipaldi Automotive were the order of the day, although some, such as the March 781, were built specifically for the series. In 1980 the series saw South African Desiré Wilson become the only woman to win a Formula One race when she triumphed at Brands Hatch in a Wolf WR3. Desiré Randall Wilson (born November 26, 1953 in Brakpan) is a former racing driver from South Africa, one of only five women to compete in Walter Wolf Racing was a Formula One constructor from 1976 to 1980. [25]
Racing and strategy
A Formula One Grand Prix event spans an entire weekend, beginning with two free practice sessions on Friday (except in Monaco, where Friday practices are moved to Thursday), and one free practice on Saturday. A Formula One race takes place over an entire weekend with two free practice sessions on Friday a practice session and a qualifying session on Saturday and the race on The numerous Formula One regulations made and enforced by the FIA and later the FISA, have changed dramatically since the first Formula One World Championship A Formula One race takes place over an entire weekend with two free practice sessions on Friday a practice session and a qualifying session on Saturday and the race on Third drivers are allowed to run on Fridays, but only two cars may be used per team, requiring a race driver to give up their seat. A third driver is a type of Formula One driver Third drivers do not compete in Grands Prix but are used by teams as a kind of test driver normally to help the race drivers After these practice sessions, a qualifying session is held.
The format of this qualifying session has been through several iterations since 2003. Drivers and constructors The following teams and drivers competed in the 2003 FIA Formula One World Championship Attempts were made to reinvigorate interest in the qualifying session by using a "one-shot" system in which each driver would take turns on an empty track to set their one and only time.
For the 2006 season a knockout qualifying system was introduced, which has continued unchanged for the 2007 season. The FIA revised the 2006 procedures starting with Round 11, the 2006 French Grand Prix. The French Grand Prix ( Grand Prix de France) is a race held as part of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile 's annual Formula One automobile [26] In the first phase, all twenty-two cars are permitted on the track for a fifteen minute qualification session. Only their fastest time will count and drivers may complete as many laps as they wish. In the original format, the clocks were stopped immediately at the end of the session, which meant that drivers on a timed lap did not have their time registered once the fifteen minutes were up. From Round 11, any car running a timed lap at the time of the chequered flag is entitled to complete the lap. The slowest six cars can take no further part in qualifying, these cars will make up the last six grid positions in the order of their times.
The times for the sixteen remaining cars are reset for the next fifteen minute session. In the original format, the clocks were stopped immediately at the end of the session. From Round 11, cars running timed laps at the chequered flag are allowed to complete the lap. The slowest six cars will make up the grid in positions 11 to 16 in the order of their times.
The times for the ten remaining cars will be reset for the next session. The shoot-out session lasted twenty minutes under the original regulations, changed to fifteen minutes from Round 11. For the final period, the cars will be arranged on the grid in positions one to ten in the order of their times. In the first two fifteen minute sessions, cars may run any fuel load and drivers knocked out after those sessions may refuel ahead of the race. However, the top-ten drivers must begin the final fifteen minute session with the fuel load on which they plan to start the race. They will be weighed before they leave the pits. Whatever fuel they use in the fifteen minutes may be replaced at the end of the session provided that the laps they complete are all within 110% of their best session time; outlaps (a lap that started in the pitlane) and inlaps (a lap that ended in the pitlane) are permitted to be no more than 120% of the driver's best session time. Any fuel for a lap outside of the 110% time will not be replaced. As with the first two fifteen minute sessions, if a driver starts a timed lap before the chequered flag falls for the fifteen minute session, their time will count even if they cross the finish line after the session has ended. [27]
For the 2008 season, qualifying has been amended further: The duration of the first session has been increased from 15 to 20 minutes, while that of the third (final) session has been cut from 15 to 10. The second session remains 15-minutes long. Furthermore, cars participating in the final session will no longer get back the fuel used in that session - they must now start the race with whatever fuel was left in the car at the end of qualifying, thus eliminating the need for the infamous 'fuel-burning' phase at the start of the final session. [28] After the withdrawal of the Super Aguri team in May 2008, the qualifying has been altered slightly, with five cars each being eliminated from the first and second sessions, leaving ten cars to contest the final session.
The race begins with a warm-up formation lap, after which the cars assemble on the starting grid in the order they qualified. If a driver stalls before the parade lap, and the rest of the field passes him, then he must start from the back of the grid. As long as he moves off and at least one car is behind him, he can retake his original position. A racer may also elect to start from pit-lane if he has any last minute problems with the car. If they choose to do this, they must wait for all cars to pass pit-lane before they may begin the race.
A light system above the track then signals the start of the race. Races are a little over 305 kilometres (190 miles) long and are limited to two hours, though in practice they usually last about ninety minutes. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States Throughout the race, drivers may make one or more pit stops in order to refuel and change tyres. In motorsports a pit stop is where a racing Vehicle stops in the pits during a race for refuelling new Tires repairs mechanical adjustments For 2007 with Michelin leaving the sport, teams are supplied with tyres solely from Bridgestone. Bridgestone have developed four tyre compounds of which they then select two for the teams to use at a given race event. Drivers must use both tyre compounds during a race which is hoped will bring more excitement to the sport. The softer of the available compounds for the weekend's tyres can be seen with a white ring around one of the grooves on the tyre itself. [29]
When a driver comes round to lap another, the backmarker must move out of the way within a certain number of blue flags waved by the trackside marshals, or face a penalty.
Since 2003, the FIA awards points to the top eight drivers and their respective teams of a grand prix on a 10-8-6-5-4-3-2-1 basis (the race winner receives ten points, the first runner-up eight, and so on). Other points systems have been in operation over the years; before 2003 the points system was 10-6-4-3-2-1. The winner of the two annual championships are the driver and the team who have accumulated the most points at the end of the season. In the case of a tie in points, the championship is awarded to the driver or team having the higher number of wins; if these are equal, second place finishes are considered, and so on.
Constructors
- See also: List of Formula One constructors, List of Formula One drivers, List of Formula One people, List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions, and List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions
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Since 1984 Formula One teams have been required to build the chassis in which they compete, and consequently the terms "team" and "constructor" are more or less interchangeable. The 1984 Formula One season was the 35th FIA Formula One World Championship season This requirement distinguishes the sport from series such as IndyCar Series and Champ Car World Series which allow teams to purchase chassis, and "spec series" such as GP2, which require all cars be kept to an identical specification. The IndyCar Series is the premier series of the Indy Racing League. Champ Car, was the name for a class and specification of cars used in American Championship Car Racing for many decades primarily for use in the Indianapolis Spec racing is a type of racing in which all competitors race in nearly identical vehicles For the article about the Asian version of the GP2 series see GP2 Asia Series.
In the 2007 season, for the first time since the 1984 rule, two teams used chassis built by other teams. Super Aguri started the season using a modified Honda Racing's RA106 chassis (used by Honda in the 2006 season), while Scuderia Toro Rosso used a modified Red Bull Racing RB3 chassis (same as the one used by Red Bull in the 2007 season). Complete Formula One results ( key) (results in bold indicate pole position Scuderia Toro Rosso ( Italian for Team Red Bull) is a Formula One racing team owned in a 50/50 partnership between the drinks company Red Bull The Red Bull Racing RB3 is a Formula One racing car produced by Red Bull Racing for the 2007 season. Red Bull is an energy drink on the market and is sold by Red Bull GmbH. Such a decision did not come as a surprise because of spiraling costs and the fact that Super Aguri is partially owned by Honda and Toro Rosso is half owned by Red Bull. Formula One team Spyker has raised a complaint against this decision, and other teams such as McLaren and Ferrari have officially confirmed that they support the campaign. Spyker was a Dutch car manufacturer started in 1880 by coachbuilders Jacobus and Hendrik-Jan Spijker but to be able to market the brand better in foreign countries in The 2006 season could have been the last one in which the terms "team" and "constructor" were truly interchangeable, and that attracted the Prodrive team to F-1 to the 2008 season, where it intended to run a customer car. Prodrive Ltd is a Motorsport and automotive Engineering group based in Banbury, Oxfordshire, England. After not being able to secure a package from McLaren, Prodrive's intention to enter the 2008 season was dropped after Williams threatened legal action against them. Not to be confused with Frank Williams Racing Cars, formed by Frank Williams 1967 Now, it seems that the customer cars concept will be banned in the near future. [30]
Early manufacturer involvement came in the form of a "factory team" or "works team" (that is, one owned and staffed by a major car company), such as those of Alfa Romeo, Ferrari (Fiat) or Renault. Alfa Romeo Automobiles SpA is an Italian Automaker founded in 1910 Fiat SpA (an Acronym for Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino (Italian Automobile Factory of Turin) is an Italian automobile manufacturer After having virtually disappeared by the early 1980s, factory teams made a comeback in the 1990s and 2000s and now form half the grid with Ferrari (Fiat), BMW, Renault,Toyota and Honda either setting up their own teams or buying out existing ones. Scuderia Ferrari is the name for the Gestione Sportiva the division of the Ferrari automobile company concerned with racing Fiat SpA (an Acronym for Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino (Italian Automobile Factory of Turin) is an Italian automobile manufacturer ( BMW) (Bavarian Motor Works is an independent German automobile manufacturer founded in 1916 This is about the company for other uses see Renault (disambiguation. (pronounced) is a Multinational corporation headquartered in Japan, and is currently the world's largest Automaker. () is a Multinational corporation, engine Manufacturer and engineering corporation headquartered in Japan. Since 1995 Mercedes-Benz owns 40% of the McLaren team and manufactures the team's engines. Mercedes-Benz is a German manufacturer of luxury Automobiles Buses coaches and Trucks It is currently a division of the McLaren, founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren (1937&ndash1970 is a Formula One team based in Woking, Surrey, UK Factory teams currently make up the top competitive teams; the "Big Four" are considered to be Ferrari, McLaren, Williams and Renault (formerly Benetton). Scuderia Ferrari is the name for the Gestione Sportiva the division of the Ferrari automobile company concerned with racing McLaren, founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren (1937&ndash1970 is a Formula One team based in Woking, Surrey, UK Not to be confused with Frank Williams Racing Cars, formed by Frank Williams 1967 1970s and 1980s 1977 Renault first involvement in Formula One was made by the Renault Sport subsidiary Benetton Formula Ltd, commonly referred to simply as Benetton, was a Formula One constructor that participated from 1986 to 2001. These have won every constructors' championship since 1979, and produced title-winning drivers from 1984 to the present. Ferrari, McLaren and Williams make up the "Big Three", each having over 100 race victories to their credit. Williams remains the only major team that is still independently owned.
Companies such as Climax, Repco, Cosworth, Hart, Judd and Supertec, which had no direct team affiliation, often sold engines to teams that could not afford to manufacture them. Coventry Climax was a British forklift truck, fire pump and speciality Engine manufacturer Repco is an Australian engineering company Its name is derived from 'Replacement Parts Company' referring to one of its major lines of work Cosworth is an Automotive engineering company founded in London in 1958 specialising in engines for automobile racing (motorsport Brian Hart Ltd, also known as Hart and Hart Racing Engines was a motor racing Engine manufacturer that participated in 157 Formula One Judd is a name brand of engines produced by Engine Developments Ltd Supertec was a Formula One Engine supplier in 1999 and 2000. Supertec supplied Renault -designed Mecachrome -built In the early years independently owned Formula One teams sometimes also built their engines, though this became less common with the increased involvement of major car manufacturers such as BMW, Ferrari, Honda, Mercedes-Benz, Renault and Toyota, whose large budgets rendered privately built engines less competitive (and redundant). ( BMW) (Bavarian Motor Works is an independent German automobile manufacturer founded in 1916 Ferrari SpA is an Italian Sports car manufacturer based in Maranello, Italy () is a Multinational corporation, engine Manufacturer and engineering corporation headquartered in Japan. Mercedes-Benz is a German manufacturer of luxury Automobiles Buses coaches and Trucks It is currently a division of the This is about the company for other uses see Renault (disambiguation. (pronounced) is a Multinational corporation headquartered in Japan, and is currently the world's largest Automaker. Cosworth was the last independent engine supplier. Cosworth is an Automotive engineering company founded in London in 1958 specialising in engines for automobile racing (motorsport In 2006 Cosworth sold the Williams team 2. 4 litre V-8s and the Scuderia Toro Rosso team detuned V10 engines based on the 2005 units. Beginning in 2007 the manufacturers' deep pockets and engineering ability took over, eliminating the last of the independent engine manufacturers. It is estimated that the big teams spend €100 to €200 million ($125-$250 million) per year per manufacturer on engines alone. [31] [3]
The sport's 1950 debut season saw eighteen teams compete, but due to high costs many dropped out quickly. Season summary The inaugural World Championship to a formula which specified engine capacity of 1 In fact, such was the scarcity of competitive cars for much of the first decade of Formula One that Formula Two cars were admitted to fill the grids. Formula Two, abbreviated to F2, was a type of Formula racing. Ferrari is the only still-active team which competed in 1950, and as of 2006 eleven teams are on the grid, each fielding two cars. Although teams rarely disclose information about their budgets, it is estimated that they range from US$66 million to US$400 million each. [32]
Entering a new team in the Formula One World Championship requires a £25 million (about US$47 million) up-front payment to the FIA, which is then repaid to the team over the course of the season. As a consequence, constructors desiring to enter Formula One often prefer to buy an existing team: B.A.R.'s purchase of Tyrrell and Midland's purchase of Jordan allowed both of these teams to sidestep the large deposit and secure the benefits that the team already had, such as TV revenue. British American Racing was a Formula One constructor that competed in the sport from 1999 to 2005 Lower Formulae (1958 - 1967 Tyrrell Racing first came into being in 1958 running Formula Three cars for Ken Tyrrell and local stars Midland F1 Racing (often shortened to MF1 Racing) was a Formula One constructor and racing team Early history Jordan's success in lower formulae inspired the creation of a Formula One programme for the 1991 season.
Drivers
Each car is assigned a number. The previous season's World Drivers' Champion is designated number 1, with his team-mate given number 2. Numbers are then assigned according to each team's position in the previous season's World Constructors' Championship.
There have been exceptions to this rule, such as in 1993 and 1994, when the current World Drivers' Champion (Nigel Mansell and Alain Prost, respectively) was no longer competing in Formula One. Biography Mansell was born in Upton-upon-Severn, a small Town in the English county of Worcestershire. Alain Marie Pascal Prost, OBE (born 24 February 1955 is a French racing driver In this case the drivers for the team of the previous year's champion are given numbers 0 (Damon Hill, on both occasions) and 2 (Prost himself and Ayrton Senna – replaced after his death by David Coulthard and occasionally Nigel Mansell – respectively). Damon Graham Devereux Hill OBE (born 17 September 1960 in London) is a retired World Championship winning British racing driver from England Ayrton Senna da Silva ( pronounced, March 21, 1960 &ndash May 1, 1994) was a Brazilian racing driver and triple David Marshall Coulthard, often called DC, (born 27 March 1971 in Twynholm, Kirkcudbrightshire) is a British Formula One racing driver Biography Mansell was born in Upton-upon-Severn, a small Town in the English county of Worcestershire. The number 13 has not been used since 1976, before which it was occasionally assigned at the discretion of individual race organisers. The 1976 Formula One season included the 27th FIA Formula One World Championship season which commenced on January 25, 1976, and ended on Before 1996 only the world championship winning driver and his team generally swapped numbers with the previous champion – the remainder held their numbers from prior years, as they had been originally set at the start of the 1974 season. The 1996 Formula One season was the 47th FIA Formula One World Championship season For many years, for example, Ferrari held numbers 27 and 28, regardless of their finishing position in the world championship. As privateer teams quickly folded in the early 1990s numbers were frequently shuffled around, until the current system was adopted in 1996.
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Michael Schumacher holds the record for having won the most Drivers' Championships (seven) and Ferrari holds the record for having won the most Constructors' Championships (fifteen). Jochen Rindt became the only posthumous World Champion after a fatal accident at the 1970 Italian Grand Prix. Karl Jochen Rindt ( April 18, 1942 - September 5, 1970) was a German - Austrian racing driver
Feeder series
For the most part F1 drivers start in Karting and then come up through traditional European single seater series like Formula Ford, Formula Renault, Formula 3, and finally GP2. For other meanings see Kart (disambiguation Kart racing or karting is a variant of Open-wheel Motor sport with Formula Ford is a single seater open wheel class in Motorsport which exists in some form in many countries around the world Formula Renault is a class of Formula racing founded in 1971 It is popular in Europe and other countries Formula Three, also called Formula 3 or F3, is a class of open-wheel formula racing. For the article about the Asian version of the GP2 series see GP2 Asia Series. The GP2 series started in 2005 and all three champions have gone on to race in F1. Before GP2, Formula Two and then Formula 3000 had filled the role of the last major "stepping stone" into F1. Formula Two, abbreviated to F2, was a type of Formula racing. No F2, F3000 or GP2 champion has yet won the Formula One championship, however. [33] Drivers are not required to have competed at this level before entering Formula One. British F3 has long been considered one of the best places to spot F1 talent, with champions including Nigel Mansell, Ayrton Senna and Mika Häkkinen having moved straight from that series to Formula One. The British Formula Three Championship is a national motor racing championship that takes place primarily in the United Kingdom with a small number of events in mainland Biography Mansell was born in Upton-upon-Severn, a small Town in the English county of Worcestershire. Ayrton Senna da Silva ( pronounced, March 21, 1960 &ndash May 1, 1994) was a Brazilian racing driver and triple Mika Pauli Häkkinen ( (born September 28, 1968 in Helsingin maalaiskunta) is a Finnish racing driver and two-time Formula Again, though, it is possible to be picked earlier, as was the case with Kimi Räikkönen, who went straight from Formula Renault to an F1 drive. Kimi-Matias Räikkönen (ˈkimi ˈmɑtiɑs ˈræikkønen born October 17, 1979 in Espoo) is a Finnish Formula One race car driver currently
American Championship Car Racing has also contributed to the Formula One grid. Since 1916 there has been a recognized United States national Automobile racing National Championship for drivers of professional-level single-seat Open wheel Champions Mario Andretti and Jacques Villeneuve, as well as Michael Andretti, Juan-Pablo Montoya, Cristiano da Matta and Sébastien Bourdais have all moved to F1 from America, with varying degrees of success. Mario Gabriele Andretti (born February 28, 1940) is an Italian American former racecar driver and one of the most successful Americans in the Personal and early life Jacques Villeneuve was born in the Canadian city of Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu to then soon to be Formula One driver Gilles Michael Mario Andretti (born October 5, 1962 in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania) is an American retired CART and Formula One Juan Pablo Montoya Roldán (born September 20, 1975, in Bogotá, Colombia) is a Race car driver in NASCAR for Chip Cristiano Monteiro da Matta (born September 19, 1973, in Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil is an Auto racing driver winner of the American Sébastien Bourdais (born February 28, 1979 in Le Mans) is a French Formula One race car driver
Other drivers have taken different paths to F1; Damon Hill raced motorbikes, and Michael Schumacher raced in sports cars, albeit after climbing through the junior single seater ranks. Damon Graham Devereux Hill OBE (born 17 September 1960 in London) is a retired World Championship winning British racing driver from England Michael Schumacher (German pronunciation;) (born January 3, 1969, in Hürth-Hermülheim, Germany) is a former Formula Sports car racing is a form of circuit Auto racing with Automobiles that have two seats and enclosed wheels To race, however, the driver must hold an FIA Super Licence – ensuring that the driver has the requisite skills, and will not therefore be a danger to others. The FIA Super Licence is a qualification allowing the Licence holder to take part in Formula One Grands Prix as a driver Some drivers haven't had the licence when first assigned to a F1 team. Kimi Räikkönen received the licence despite having only 23 car races to his credit. Kimi-Matias Räikkönen (ˈkimi ˈmɑtiɑs ˈræikkønen born October 17, 1979 in Espoo) is a Finnish Formula One race car driver currently
Beyond F1
Most F1 drivers retire before their mid-30s; however, many keep racing in disciplines which are less physically demanding. The DTM is a popular category involving ex-drivers such as two-times F1 champion Mika Häkkinen and Jean Alesi, and some F1 drivers "crossed the pond" to race in America – Nigel Mansell and Emerson Fittipaldi duelled for the 1993 IndyCar title, and Juan Pablo Montoya, Scott Speed and Jacques Villeneuve have moved to NASCAR. The Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters ( DTM, German Touring Car Masters is a Touring car racing series based in Germany, but also with rounds elsewhere Mika Pauli Häkkinen ( (born September 28, 1968 in Helsingin maalaiskunta) is a Finnish racing driver and two-time Formula Jean Alesi (born Giovanni Alesi June 11, 1964) is a French racing driver of Italian origins Biography Mansell was born in Upton-upon-Severn, a small Town in the English county of Worcestershire. Emerson Fittipaldi (born December 12, 1946 in São Paulo, Brazil) is a highly successful Brazilian automobile racing driver winning world championships Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Champ Car, was the name for a class and specification of cars used in American Championship Car Racing for many decades primarily for use in the Indianapolis Juan Pablo Montoya Roldán (born September 20, 1975, in Bogotá, Colombia) is a Race car driver in NASCAR for Chip Scott Andrew Speed (born January 24, 1983 in Manteca California) is an American race car driver Personal and early life Jacques Villeneuve was born in the Canadian city of Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu to then soon to be Formula One driver Gilles The National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing ( NASCAR) is the largest sanctioning body of Stock cars in the United States. Some drivers have gone to A1GP, and some, such as Gerhard Berger and Alain Prost, returned to F1 as team owners. History The nation-based A1GP concept was founded by Sheikh Maktoum Hasher Maktoum Al Maktoum of Dubai, initially in 2004 Gerhard Berger, (born August 27, 1959 in Wörgl) is an Austrian former Formula One racing driver who owns 50% of the Scuderia Alain Marie Pascal Prost, OBE (born 24 February 1955 is a French racing driver In 2005, though, a new series appeared, Grand Prix Masters, pitting retired grand prix drivers against each other, with the requirement that the drivers be over 40 and have been retired at least two years. Grand Prix Masters was a one-make Motor racing series featuring retired Formula One drivers However the series fell into financial difficulty in 2007, and ceased running.
Grands Prix
- See also: List of Formula One Grands Prix
The number of Grands Prix held in a season has varied over the years. Only seven races comprised the inaugural 1950 world championship season; over the years the calendar has almost tripled in size. Though the number of races had stayed at sixteen or seventeen since the 1980s, it reached nineteen in 2005.
Six of the original seven races took place in Europe; the only non-European race that counted towards the World Championship in 1950 was the Indianapolis 500, which, due to lack of participation by F1 teams, since it required cars with different specifications from the other races, was later replaced by the United States Grand Prix. The Indianapolis 500-Mile Race, often shortened to Indianapolis 500 or Indy 500, and historically known simply as "The 500" is an American The United States Grand Prix is a motor race which has been run on and off since 1908 when it was known as the American Grand Prize. The F1 championship gradually expanded to other non-European countries as well. Argentina hosted the first South American grand prix in 1953, and Morocco hosted the first African World Championship race in 1958. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a As in, the 1953 Formula One season consisted of a small number of Formula One races following the FIA's decision to once again run the World Drivers' Championship to Formula Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Asia (Japan in 1976) and Oceania (Australia in 1985) followed. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The current eighteen races are spread over the continents of Europe, Asia, Australia, North America and South America.
Traditionally each nation has hosted a single Grand Prix, which carries the name of the country. If a single country hosts multiple Grands Prix in a year they receive different names. For instance, a European country (such as Britain, Germany or Spain) which has hosted two Grands Prix has the second one known as the European Grand Prix, while Italy's second grand prix was named after nearby republic of San Marino. The European Grand Prix (sometimes referred to as the Grand Prix of Europe) is a Formula One event that was reintroduced during the mid-1980s and has been held The San Marino Grand Prix was a Formula One championship race which was run at the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari in the town of Imola, near the The Most Serene Republic of San Marino (Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino is a country in the Apennine Mountains. Similarly, as two races were scheduled in Japan in 1994/95, the second event was known as the Pacific Grand Prix. The Pacific Grand Prix was a round of the Formula One World Championship twice in the mid-1990s In 1982 the United States hosted three Grands Prix. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
The Grands Prix, some of which have a history that pre-dates the Formula One World Championship, are not always held on the same circuit every year. The British Grand Prix, for example, though held every year since 1950, alternated between Brands Hatch and Silverstone from 1963 to 1986. The British Grand Prix is a race in the calendar of the FIA Formula One World Championship Brands Hatch is a Motor racing circuit in Kent, England. First used as a dirt track motorcycle circuit on farmland it hosted 12 runnings of the Silverstone Circuit is a Motor racing circuit in Northamptonshire and Buckinghamshire, named after the village in the former England The only other race to have been included in every season is the Italian Grand Prix. The Italian Grand Prix ( Gran Premio d'Italia) is one of the longest running events on the Motor racing calendar The World Championship event has taken place exclusively at Monza with just one exception: in 1980, it was held at Imola, host to the San Marino Grand Prix until 2006. Autodromo Nazionale Monza is a Motorsport Race track near the town of Monza, Italy, north of Milan. The Formula One 1980 Italian Grand Prix was held at Imola on September 14, 1980. The Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari is an auto racing circuit near the Italian town of Imola, east of Bologna and east of the Ferrari factory The San Marino Grand Prix was a Formula One championship race which was run at the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari in the town of Imola, near the
One of the newest races on the Grand Prix calendar, held in Bahrain, represents Formula One's first foray into the Middle East with a high-tech purpose-built desert track. The Kingdom of Bahrain (in مملكة البحرين,, literally Kingdom of the Two Seas) is an Island country in the Persian Gulf The Bahrain Grand Prix, and other new races in China and Turkey, present new opportunities for the growth and evolution of the Formula One Grand Prix franchise while new facilities also raise the bar for other Formula One racing venues around the world. The Bahrain Grand Prix (جائزة البحرين الكبرى is a Formula One Championship race which first took place at the Bahrain International Circuit China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches In order to make room on the schedule for the newer races, older or less successful events in Europe and the Americas have been dropped from the calendar, such as these in Argentina, Austria, Mexico, San Marino, and the United States.
In 2007 it was confirmed that new Grands Prix would be added to the calendar. The first was the Singapore Grand Prix which will be held in Singapore. The Singapore Grand Prix is a Formula One race staged in the Marina Bay area of Singapore. Singapore [34] The second was the Indian Grand Prix which will be held in Delhi, India. The Indian Grand Prix is a race planned to be part of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile annual Formula One automobile racing championships Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country [35] Other changes included the removal of the United States Grand Prix from the calendar,[36] and the move of the European Grand Prix to Valencia, Spain. The United States Grand Prix is a motor race which has been run on and off since 1908 when it was known as the American Grand Prize. The European Grand Prix (sometimes referred to as the Grand Prix of Europe) is a Formula One event that was reintroduced during the mid-1980s and has been held Valencia ( Valencian: València, Valencia Spanish phonology --> is the capital of the Spanish autonomous [37]
Circuits
- See also: List of Formula One circuits
A typical circuit usually features a stretch of straight road on which the starting grid is situated. The pit lane, where the drivers stop for fuel and tyres during the race, and where the teams work on the cars before the race, is normally located next to the starting grid. In motorsports a pit stop is where a racing Vehicle stops in the pits during a race for refuelling new Tires repairs mechanical adjustments The layout of the rest of the circuit varies widely, although in most cases the circuit runs in a clockwise direction. Those few circuits that run anticlockwise (and therefore have predominantly left-handed corners) can cause drivers neck problems due to the enormous lateral forces generated by F1 cars pulling their heads in the opposite direction to normal.
Most of the circuits currently in use are specially constructed for competition. The current street circuits are the Circuit de Monaco and Melbourne, although races in other urban locations come and go (Las Vegas and Detroit, for example) and proposals for such races are often discussed – most recently London and Beirut. Circuit de Monaco is the name given to a motor racing circuit laid out on the city streets of Monte Carlo and La Condamine around the harbour of the Principality The Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit is a street-based circuit around Albert Park Lake, only a couple of kilometres south of central Melbourne. The Las Vegas metropolitan area includes the Las Vegas Valley a 600-square-mile (1600 km² basin and surrounding areas that is part of Clark County in southern London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Beirut (بيروت Bayrūt) is the Capital and Largest city of Lebanon with a population of over 2 Several other circuits are also completely or partially laid out on public roads, such as Spa-Francorchamps. The Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps is the venue of the Formula One Belgian Grand Prix and the Spa 24 Hours endurance race The glamour and history of the Monaco race are the primary reasons why the circuit is still in use, since it is thought not to meet the strict safety requirements imposed on other tracks. Three-time World champion Nelson Piquet famously described racing in Monaco as "like riding a bicycle around your living room". Nelson Piquet Souto Maior (born August 17, 1952) more commonly known as Nelson Piquet, is a Brazilian former racing driver who was Formula
Circuit design to protect the safety of drivers is becoming increasingly sophisticated, as exemplified by the new Bahrain International Circuit, added in 2004 and designed – like most of F1's new circuits – by Hermann Tilke. The Bahrain International Circuit ( Arabic: حلبة البحرين الدولية) is a venue used for Drag racing, GP2, and an annual Hermann Tilke (born December 31, 1954 in Olpe) is a German Architect, designer of Formula One Motor racing circuits Several of the new circuits in F1, especially those designed by Tilke, have been criticised as lacking the "flow" of such classics as Spa-Francorchamps and Imola. His redesign of the Hockenheim circuit in Germany for example, while providing more capacity for grandstands and eliminating extremely long and dangerous straights, has been frowned upon by many who argue that part of the character of the Hockenheim circuits was the long and blinding straights into dark forest sections. The Hockenheimring Baden-Württemberg is an Automobile racing track situated near the town of Hockenheim in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. These newer circuits, however, are generally agreed to meet the safety standards of modern Formula One better than the older ones.
The most recent addition to the F1 calendar is Istanbul Park in Turkey, which first staged an F1 race in 2005. Istanbul Park (İstanbul Park also known as the Istanbul Racing Circuit or initially Istanbul Otodrom, is a Motor sports Race track in "F1 2005" redirects here For the video games based on the 2005 Formula One season see F1 05 & F1 Grand Prix. The next confirmed additions for the 2008 Formula One season will be street races in Valencia[37] and Singapore (the latter set to be the host of the first night race in F1 history)[38]
A Formula 1 Grand Prix will be held in India for the first time in 2010. Pre-season testing The first multi-team test session started in Jerez on January 14 2008. The Valencia Street Circuit is a semi-permanent race circuit in Valencia Spain which hosts the Formula One Grand Prix of Europe Telefónica The Singapore Grand Prix is a Formula One race staged in the Marina Bay area of Singapore. [39]
Cars and technology
Modern Formula One cars are mid-engined open cockpit, open wheel single-seaters. A modern Formula One car is a single-seat open cockpit open wheel race car with substantial front and rear wings and engine positioned behind the driver A mid-engine layout describes the placement of an Automobile engine between the rear and front axles The chassis is made largely of carbon fibre composites, rendering it light but extremely stiff and strong. A chassis (plural "chassis" (ˈʃæːsiː ˈtʃæːsiː consists of a framework that supports an inanimate object analogous to an Animal 's Carbon fiber reinforced plastic ( CFRP or CRP) is a very strong light and expensive Composite material or fiber reinforced plastic. The whole car, including engine, fluids and driver, weighs only 600kg. In fact this is the minimum weight set by the regulations – the cars are so light that they often have to be ballasted up to this minimum weight. The race teams take advantage of this by placing this ballast at the extreme bottom of the chassis, thereby locating the centre of gravity as low as possible in order to improve handling and weight transfer. [40]
The cornering speed of Formula One cars is largely determined by the aerodynamic downforce that they generate, which pushes the car down onto the track. The term downforce describes the downward pressure created by the aerodynamic characteristics of a Car that allows it to travel faster through a corner by holding This is provided by 'wings' mounted at the front and rear of the vehicle, and by ground effect created by the movement of air under the flat bottom of the car. The aerodynamic design of the cars is very heavily constrained to limit performance and the current generation of cars sport a large number of small winglets, 'barge boards' and turning vanes designed to closely control the flow of the air over, under and around the car. The 'barge boards' in particular are designed, shaped, configured, adjusted and positioned not to create downforce directly, as with a conventional wing or underbody venturi, but to create vortices from the air spillage at their edges. The use of vortices is a significant feature of the latest breeds of F1 cars. Vortex lift is a form of lift generated by Delta wings operating at high angles of attack. Since a vortex is a rotating fluid that creates a low pressure zone at its centre, creating vortices lowers the overall local pressure of the air. Since low pressure is what is desired under the car, as it allows normal atmospheric pressure to press the car down from the top, by creating vortices downforce can be augmented while still staying within the rules.
The other major factor controlling the cornering speed of the cars is the design of the tyres. This article is about tires used on road Vehicles including pneumatic tires and solid tires. Tyres in Formula One are not 'slicks' (tyres with no tread pattern) as in most other circuit racing series. Each tyre has four large circumferential grooves on its surface designed to further limit the cornering speed of the cars. Suspension is double wishbone or multilink all round with pushrod operated springs and dampers on the chassis. In automobiles a double wishbone (or "upper and lower A-arm " suspension is an Independent suspension design using two (occasionally Plan view The arms have to control toe /steer and lateral compliance A shock absorber in common parlance (or damper in technical use is a mechanical device designed to smooth out or dampen shock impulse and dissipate Carbon-Ceramic disc brakes are used for reduced weight and increased frictional performance. These provide a very high level of braking performance and are usually the element which provokes the greatest reaction from drivers new to the formula.
Engines are mandated as 2. 4 litre naturally aspirated V8s, with many other constraints on their design and the materials that may be used. The 2006 generation of engines spun up to 20,000 rpm and produced up to 780 bhp (582 kW). [41] The previous generation of 3 litre V10 engines are also allowed, albeit with their revs limited and with an air restrictor to limit performance. Engines run on unleaded fuel closely resembling publicly available petrol. [42] The oil which lubricates and protects the engine from overheating is very similar in viscosity to water. For 2007 the V8 engines are restricted to 19,000 rpm with limited development areas allowed, following the engine specification freeze from the end of 2006. [43]
A wide variety of technologies – including active suspension, ground effect aerodynamics and turbochargers – are banned under the current regulations. Active suspension is an automotive technology that controls the vertical movement of the wheels via an onboard system rather than the movement being determined entirely by the surface on For another similarly named effect relating to aircraft see Ground effect in aircraft. A turbocharger, or turbo, is an air Compressor used for forced-induction of an Internal combustion engine. Despite this the 2006 generation of cars can reach speeds of up to 350 km/h (around 220 mph) at some circuits (Monza). Autodromo Nazionale Monza is a Motorsport Race track near the town of Monza, Italy, north of Milan. [44] A Honda Formula One car, running with minimum downforce on a runway in the Mojave desert achieved a top speed of 415 km/h (258 mph) in 2006. According to Honda the car fully met the FIA Formula One regulations. [45] Even with the limitations on aerodynamics, at 160 km/h aerodynamically generated downforce is equal to the weight of the car and the often repeated claim that Formula One cars create enough downforce to 'drive on the ceiling' remains true in principle, although it has never been put to the test. At full speed downforce of two and a half times the car's weight can be achieved. The downforce means that the cars can achieve a lateral force of up to five times the force of gravity (5 "g") in cornering – a high-performance road car like the Ferrari Enzo only achieves around 1 "g". The Enzo Ferrari is a 12-cylinder mid-engine Berlinetta named after the company's founder Enzo Ferrari. [46] Consequently in corners the driver's head is pulled sideways with a force equivalent to 20kg. Such high lateral forces are enough to make breathing difficult and the drivers need supreme concentration and fitness to maintain their focus for the one to two hours that it takes to cover 305km.
Cost of Formula One
In March 2007 F1 Racing published its annual estimates of spending by Formula One teams. "F1 2006" redirects here For the video games based on the 2006 Formula One season see F1 06 & F1 CE. F1 Racing is a monthly Magazine focused on Formula One Racing which launched in March 1996 The total spending of all eleven teams in 2006 was estimated at $2. 9 billion. This was broken down as follows; Toyota $418. 5 million, Ferrari $406. Scuderia Ferrari is the name for the Gestione Sportiva the division of the Ferrari automobile company concerned with racing 5 m, McLaren $402 m, Honda $380. McLaren, founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren (1937&ndash1970 is a Formula One team based in Woking, Surrey, UK Honda Racing F1 Team is a Formula One team run by Japanese car manufacturer Honda. 5 m, BMW Sauber $355 m, Renault $324 m, Red Bull $252 m, Williams $195. BMW Sauber F1 are a Formula One team with bases in Hinwil, Switzerland and Munich, Germany. 1970s and 1980s 1977 Renault first involvement in Formula One was made by the Renault Sport subsidiary Red Bull Racing is one of two Formula One teams owned by Austrian Beverage company Red Bull. Not to be confused with Frank Williams Racing Cars, formed by Frank Williams 1967 5 m, Midland F1/Spyker-MF1 $120 m, Toro Rosso $75 m, and Super Aguri $57 million. Midland F1 Racing (often shortened to MF1 Racing) was a Formula One constructor and racing team Scuderia Toro Rosso ( Italian for Team Red Bull) is a Formula One racing team owned in a 50/50 partnership between the drinks company Red Bull
Costs vary greatly from team to team; in 2006 teams such as Honda, Toyota, McLaren-Mercedes and Ferrari are estimated to have spent approximately $200 million on engines, Renault spent approximately $125 million and Cosworth's 2006 V8 was developed for $15 million. [47] In contrast to the 2006 season on which these figures are based, the 2007 sporting regulations ban all performance related engine development. [48]
Future of Formula One
- See also: 2008 Formula One season and 2009 Formula One season
Formula One went through a difficult period in the early 2000s. The future of Formula One is a much-speculated area of interest in the world of motor sport. Pre-season testing The first multi-team test session started in Jerez on January 14 2008. Teams Teams Signed with FOM The following teams are signed with Formula One Management to compete in the 2009 season Viewing figures dropped, and fans expressed their loss of interest due to the dominance of Michael Schumacher and Ferrari. Viewing figures are seeing some signs of recovery due to the varied 2005, 2006 and 2007 seasons. Ferrari's dominance ended in 2005 as Renault became the top team in Formula One, with Fernando Alonso becoming the new World Champion. There has since been a resurgence of interest in the sport and twenty-two teams applied for the final twelfth team spot available for the 2008 season. Pre-season testing The first multi-team test session started in Jerez on January 14 2008. The spot was eventually awarded to former B.A.R. and Benetton team principal David Richards' Prodrive organization, but the team pulled out of the 2008 season in November 2007. British American Racing was a Formula One constructor that competed in the sport from 1999 to 2005 Benetton Formula Ltd, commonly referred to simply as Benetton, was a Formula One constructor that participated from 1986 to 2001. David Pender Richards CBE (born 3 June 1952 Wales is the chairman of Prodrive, and a former team principal of the BAR and Benetton Prodrive Ltd is a Motorsport and automotive Engineering group based in Banbury, Oxfordshire, England.
The FIA is responsible for making rules to combat the spiralling costs of Formula One racing (which affects the smaller teams the most) and for ensuring the sport remains as safe as possible. To this end the FIA recently instituted a number of rule changes, including new tyre restrictions, multi-race engines and reductions on downforce. Safety and cost have traditionally been paramount in all rule-change discussions. More recently the FIA has added efficiency to its priorities. Currently the FIA and manufacturers are discussing adding bio-fuel engines and regenerative braking for the 2011 season. A regenerative brake is a mechanism that reduces Vehicle speed by converting some of its Kinetic energy into another useful form of energy FIA President Max Mosley believes F1 must focus on efficiency to stay technologically relevant in the automotive industry as well as keep the public excited about F1 technology. Max Rufus Mosley (born 13 April 1940 is president of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA a non-profit association that represents the interests of
After being banned since 1998, slick tyres are likely to return to Formula One racing in 2009. The 1998 Formula One season was the 49th FIA Formula One World Championship season [49]
In the interest of making the sport truer to its designation as a World Championship, FOM president Bernie Ecclestone has initiated and organised a number of Grands Prix in new countries and continues to discuss new future races. The Formula One Group is a group of companies responsible for the promotion of the FIA Formula One World Championship The sport's rapid expansion into new areas of the globe also leaves some question as to which races will be cut.
Formula One and television
- See also: List of Formula One broadcasters
Formula One can be seen live or tape delayed in almost every country and territory around the world and attracts one of the largest global television audiences. This is a List of Formula One broadcasters and 'World Feed' producers The 2006 Brazilian Grand Prix attracted an average live global TV audience of eighty-three million viewers, with a total of 154 million viewers tuning in to watch at least some part of the event. The 2006 Brazilian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on October 22, 2006 at the Autódromo José Carlos Pace, São Paulo [50] Official figures from FOM for 2006 that state Formula One television broadcasts were witnessed by 580 million unique viewers during the 2005 season[51] and average viewing figures for 1995–1999 were fifty thousand million. [52] It is a massive television event, the cumulative television audience was calculated to be 5. 4 billion for 2001 season, broadcast to two hundred countries. [53]
In 2005 the Canadian Grand Prix in Montréal was the most watched of the races, and the third most watched sporting event in the world. The Canadian Grand Prix (known in French as the Grand Prix du Canada) is an auto race held in Canada since 1961. [54]
During the early 2000s Formula One Administration created a number of trademarks, an official logo, and an official website for the sport in an attempt to give it a corporate identity. The Formula One Group is a group of companies responsible for the promotion of the FIA Formula One World Championship Ecclestone experimented with a digital television package (known colloquially as Bernievision), which was launched at the 1996 German Grand Prix in cooperation with German digital television service "DF1", thirty years after the first GP colour TV broadcast, the 1967 German Grand Prix. The 1996 German Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on July 28, 1996 at Hockenheimring. The 1967 German Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at the Nürburgring on August 6, 1967. This service offered the viewer several simultaneous feeds (such as super signal, onboard, top of field, backfield, highlights, pit lane, timing), which were produced with cameras, technical equipment and staff different from those used for the conventional coverage. It was introduced in many countries over the years, but was shut down after the 2002 season for financial reasons. The 2002 Formula One season was the 53rd FIA Formula One World Championship season
TV stations all take what is known as the 'World Feed', either produced by the FOM (Formula One Management) or the 'host broadcaster'. The only station that has any difference is 'Premiere' – a German channel that offers all sessions live and interactive, with features such as the onboard channel. This service was more widely available around Europe until the end of 2002, when the cost of a whole different feed for the digital interactive services was thought too much. This was in large part because of the failure of the 'F1 Digital +' Channel launched through Sky Digital in the United Kingdom. F1 Digital + was the name of the pay-per-view television service of Formula One coverage between mid 1996-2002 Sky Digital is the brand name for British Sky Broadcasting 's digital Satellite television service transmitted from SES Astra satellites located at 28 Prices were too high for viewers, considering they could watch both the qualifying and the races themselves for free on ITV. Independent Television (generally known as ITV) is a public service network of British commercial television broadcasters set up under the Independent
Bernie Ecclestone has announced that F1 will adopt the HD format near the end of the 2007 season. High-definition television (HDTV is a Digital television Broadcasting system with higher resolution than traditional television systems (standard-definition However, details of the races to be covered and the means of showing the content have yet to be announced. [55]
Distinction between Formula One and World Championship races
Currently the terms "Formula One race" and "World Championship race" are effectively synonymous; since 1984, every Formula One race has counted towards the World Championship, and every World Championship race has been to Formula One regulations. But the two terms are not interchangeable. Consider that:
- the first Formula One race was held in 1947, whereas the World Championship did not start until 1950.
- in the 1950s and 1960s there were many Formula One races which did not count for the World Championship (e. g. , in 1950, a total of twenty-two Formula One races were held, of which only six counted towards the World Championship). The number of non-championship Formula One events decreased throughout the 1970s and 1980s, to the point where the last non-championship Formula One race was held in 1983.
- the World Championship was not always exclusively composed of Formula One events:
- The World Championship was originally established as the "World Championship for Drivers", i. e. , without the term "Formula One" in the title. It only officially became the Formula One World Championship in 1981.
- From 1950 to 1960, the Indianapolis 500 counted towards the World Championship. The Indianapolis 500-Mile Race, often shortened to Indianapolis 500 or Indy 500, and historically known simply as "The 500" is an American This race was run to AAA/USAC regulations, rather than to Formula One regulations. The AAA (usually read triple-A) formerly known as the American Automobile Association, is an American not-for-profit Automobile The United States Automobile Club (USAC is an Open-wheel Auto racing sanctioning body
- From 1952 to 1953, all races counting towards the World Championship (except the Indianapolis 500) were run to Formula Two regulations. Formula Two, abbreviated to F2, was a type of Formula racing. Note that Formula One was not "changed to Formula Two" during this period; the Formula One regulations remained the same, and numerous Formula One races were staged during this time.
The distinction is most relevant when considering career summaries and "all time lists". For example, in the List of Formula One drivers, Clemente Biondetti is shown with 1 race against his name. This is a complete list of drivers who have entered a FIA World Championship race since 1950. Clemente Biondetti ( August 18, 1898 - February 24, 1955) was an Italian Auto racing driver Biondetti actually competed in four Formula One races in 1950, but only one of these counted for the World Championship. Similarly, several Indy 500 winners technically won their first world championship race, though most record books choose to ignore this and instead only record regular participants.
See also
- 2008 Formula One season
- A1 Grand Prix
- F1 Racing (magazine)
- Fantasy F1
- Formula Two
- List of Formula One circuits
- Regenerative brake
Notes
- ^ The formula was defined in 1946; the first Formula One race was in 1947; the first World Championship season was 1950. Pre-season testing The first multi-team test session started in Jerez on January 14 2008. History The nation-based A1GP concept was founded by Sheikh Maktoum Hasher Maktoum Al Maktoum of Dubai, initially in 2004 F1 Racing is a monthly Magazine focused on Formula One Racing which launched in March 1996 Fantasy F1 is a game in which the participants assemble a collection of real life Formula One drivers and score points based on those drivers' actual Statistical performance Formula Two, abbreviated to F2, was a type of Formula racing. This is a list of circuits which have hosted a FIA World Championship race from 1950 to 2008. A regenerative brake is a mechanism that reduces Vehicle speed by converting some of its Kinetic energy into another useful form of energy
- ^ a b The last of the non-championship races. www. forix. com. Archived from the original on 2007-02-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation Retrieved on 2007-11-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers
- ^ Lawton, James. "Moss can guide Hamilton through chicane of celebrity", The Independent, Newspaper Publishing, 2007-08-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital Retrieved on 2007-10-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge.
- ^ Henry, Alan. "Hamilton's chance to hit the grid running", The Guardian, 2007-03-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving Retrieved on 2007-10-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge.
- ^ Decade seasons 1950 - 1959. Autocourse. Archived from the original on 2007-08-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. Retrieved on 2007-11-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers
- ^ Tuckey, Bill. "Moss returns to scene of GP victory", The Age, The Age Company, 1994-01-28. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted Retrieved on 2007-10-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. "the all-conquering Mercedes-Benz cars. . . When the Germans withdrew from racing after the Le Mans 24-hour tragedy"
- ^ Ferguson P99. gpracing. net. Archived from the original on 2006-02-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Retrieved on 2007-11-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers The Ferguson P99, a four-wheel drive design, was the last front-engined F1 car to enter a world championship race. Given its success in other forms of motor racing notably rallying it is perhaps surprising that Four-wheel drive (4WD has only been tried a handful of times in Formula It was entered in the 1961 British Grand Prix, the only front-engined car to compete that year. The 1961 British Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 15 July 1961 at the Aintree Circuit, near Liverpool.
- ^ Jan Bartunek, Robert (2007-09-18). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Sponsorship, the big business behind F1. CNN. com. Cable News Network. Retrieved on 2007-11-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration
- ^ Staniforth, Allan (1994). Competition Car Suspension. Haynes, 96. ISBN 0-85429-956-4.
- ^ a b c Williams, Richard. "The Formula for Striking It Rich", The Guardian, Guardian Newspapers, 1997-03-28. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Retrieved on 2007-11-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all
- ^ a b "Face value: Mr Formula", The Economist, Economist Newspapers, 1997-03-05, p. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a 72. Retrieved on 2007-11-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all
- ^ Blunsden, John. "Filling Balestre's shoes is no job for a back-seat driver", Financial Times, 1986-12-20. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Retrieved on 2007-11-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all
- ^ Roebuck, Nigel "Power struggles and techno wars" Sunday Times 1993-03-07
- ^ Hamilton, Maurice. "Pros and cons of being just Williams; A quiet achiever keeps his head down as the new season gets under way with familiar high anxiety and a squealing over brakes", The Observer, Guardian Newspapers, 1998-03-08. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion. Retrieved on 2007-11-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration
- ^ Bamsey, Ian; Benzing, Enrico; Stanniforth, Allan; Lawrence, Mike (1988). The 1000 BHP Grand Prix cars. Guild Publishing, 8–9. ISBN 0854296174. BMW's performance at the Italian GP is the highest qualifying figure given in Bamsey. The estimate is from Heini Mader, who maintained the engines for the Benetton team. Benetton Formula Ltd, commonly referred to simply as Benetton, was a Formula One constructor that participated from 1986 to 2001. It should be noted that maximum power figures from this period are necessarily estimates; BMW's dynamometer, for example, was only capable of measuring up to 1,100 bhp. For the dynamometer used in railroading see Dynamometer car. A dynamometer or "dyno" for short is a machine used to measure Figures higher than this are estimated from engine plenum pressure readings. Power in race trim at that time was lower than for qualifying due to the need for greater reliability and fuel efficiency during the race.
- ^ "The technology behind Formula 1 racing cars", The Press, The Christchurch Press Company, 2005-12-26. The Press is a daily broadsheet Newspaper published in Christchurch, New Zealand. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht. Retrieved on 2007-10-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. "rivalling the 1200hp turbocharged monsters that eventually had to be banned in 1989"
- ^ Baldwin, Alan. "F1 Plans Return of Traction Control", The Independent, Newspaper Publishing, 2001-02-17. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori Retrieved on 2007-10-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge.
- ^ Who owns what in F1 these days?. Grandprix. com. Archived from the original on 2007-03-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving Retrieved on 2007-11-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers
- ^ a b F1's pressing safety question. Retrieved on 2007-12-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht.
- ^ Bishop, Matt. "Pedal to Metal", The Best of F1 Racing 1996–2006, Haymarket Magazines, p. 66. Retrieved on 2006-08-31. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1056 - Byzantine Empress Theodora becomes ill dying suddenly a few days later without children to succeed the Throne
- ^ Jordan: Privateer era is over. ITV-F1. com (2006-08-24). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River Retrieved on 2006-09-12. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the
- ^ Schumacher makes history. BBC Sport (2002-07-21). See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World Retrieved on 2006-09-12. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the
- ^ FIA Rules & Regulations Sporting Regulations: 2006 season changes. www. formula1. com. Retrieved on 2006-05-11. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ The last of the non-championship races. www. forix. com. Archived from the original on 2006-10-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Retrieved on 2007-11-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers
- ^ Desiré Wilson. www. f1rejects. com. Archived from the original on 2007-06-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem Retrieved on 2007-11-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers
- ^ "Qualifying revised from this weekend", www. formula1. com, 2006-06-13. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Retrieved on 2006-10-03. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's
- ^ "FIA Rules & Regulations Sporting Regulations: 2006 season changes", www. formula1. com. Retrieved on 2006-10-03. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's
- ^ "FIA Rules & Regulations Sporting Regulations: 2008 season changes", www. formula1. com. Retrieved on 2008-05-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
- ^ Bridgestone revise tyre markings for Malaysia.
- ^ Formula 1 : Interview - Toro Rosso’s Gerhard Berger. Formula 1 (23 May 2008). Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-05-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
- ^ Formula 1 : News Cosworth - F1-Live.com
- ^ McLaren is F1's biggest spender. F1i (16 June 2006). Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-01-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental
- ^ Jack Brabham, F1 champion in 1959, 1960 and 1966, won the French Formula Two championship in 1966, but there was no international F2 championship that year.
- ^ The Official Formula 1 Website
- ^ The Official Formula 1 Website
- ^ Indianapolis Motor Speedway
- ^ a b The Official Formula 1 Website
- ^ The Official Formula 1 Website: Singapore confirms 2008 night race
- ^ The Official Formula 1 Website: India to host first Grand Prix in New Delhi in 2010
- ^ FIA Sporting Regulations - Scrutineering and weighing. Formula 1. Retrieved on 2008-05-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
- ^ Renault F1 engine listing [1], Retrieved 1 June 2007
- ^ FIA Sporting Regulations - Fuel. Formula 1. Retrieved on 2008-05-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
- ^ FIA Sporting Regulations - Engine. Formula 1. Retrieved on 2008-05-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
- ^ Grand Prix of Italy www.fia.comRetrieved 12 October 2006
- ^ Challenge Alan [2], Retrieved 20 January 2007
- ^ Ferrari Enzo www.fast-autos.net Retrieved 15 March 2007
- ^ "The real cost of F1" F1 Racing (March 2007) Haymarket Publishing
- ^ 2007 FIA Regulations. www. mclaren. com. Vodafone McLaren Mercedes. Retrieved on 2007-05-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
- ^ "F1 teams to test slick tyres at Jerez", Formule 1 Race Report via Racing-Live, 2007-11-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. Retrieved on 2007-11-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the
- ^ "F1 World’s most watched TV sports events: 2006 Rank & Trends report", Initiative, 2007-01-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. Retrieved on 2007-01-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain
- ^ Official: F1 needs more tits!. Pitpass (2006-10-03). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's Retrieved on 2007-06-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire.
- ^ FIA Summary of Television Statistics. FIA (2000-02-22). 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne
- ^ BBC Sports, F1 viewing figures drop, 26 February 2002. Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 10 March 2007. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The cumulative figure, which exceeds the total population of the planet by many times, counts all viewers who watch F1 on any programme at any time during the year.
- ^ Most watched TV sporting events of 2005 - A special report from Initiative
- ^ F1 to offer High Definition TV Coverage. Autosport (2007-05-13). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Retrieved on 2007-06-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians
References
- Arron, Simon & Hughes, Mark (2003). The Complete Book of Formula One. Motorbooks International. ISBN 0-7603-1688-0.
- "FIA Archive". (2004). Federation Internationale de l'Automobile. Retrieved 25 October 2004. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
- "Formula One Regulations". (2004). Federation Internationale de l'Automobile. Retrieved 23 October 2004. Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
- Gross, Nigel et al (1999). "Grand Prix Motor Racing". In, 100 Years of Change: Speed and Power (pp. 55–84). Parragon.
- Hayhoe, David & Holland, David (2006). Grand Prix Data Book (4th edition). Haynes, Sparkford, UK. ISBN 1-84425-223-X.
- Higham, Peter (2003). The international motor racing guide. David Bull, Phoenix, AZ, USA. ISBN 1-893618-20-X.
- "Insight". (2004). The Official Formula 1 Website. Retrieved 25 October 2004. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
- Jones, Bruce (1997). The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Formula One. Hodder & Stoughton.
- Jones, Bruce (1998). Formula One: The Complete Stats and Records of Grand Prix Racing. Parragon.
- Jones, Bruce (2003). The Official ITV Sport Guide: Formula One Grand Prix 2003. Carlton. Includes foreword by Martin Brundle. ISBN 1-84222-813-7.
- Jones, Bruce (2005). The Guide to 2005 FIA Formula One World Championship : The World's Bestselling Grand Prix Guide]. Carlton. ISBN 1-84442-508-8.
- Lang, Mike (1981–1992). Grand Prix! volumes 1–4. Haynes, Sparkford, UK.
- Menard, Pierre (2006). The Great Encyclopedia of Formula 1, 5th edition. Chronosport, Switzerland. ISBN 2847070516
- Miltner, Harry (2007). Race Travel Guide 2007. egoth: Vienna, Austria. ISBN 978-3-902480-34-7
- Small, Steve (2000). Grand Prix Who's Who (3rd edition). Travel Publishing, UK. ISBN 1-902007-46-8.
- Tremayne, David & Hughes, Mark (1999). The Concise Encyclopedia of Formula One. Parragon
External links
- Official sites
- Formula1.com — The official site of Formula One Management; contains schedules, race results, live timing during each race, the official F1 shop, and some news
- Current regulations — from the FIA website
- Drivers Hall of Fame — A list of World Champions with links to short biographies from the official Formula 1 website. The Formula One Group is a group of companies responsible for the promotion of the FIA Formula One World Championship
- News and reference
- autosport.com — Motorsport news, articles and analysis. Formerly known as AtlasF1
- GrandPrix.com — F1 news and a Grand Prix encyclopedia
- F1 at itv.com — News, pictures, and commentary from ITV, F1's British broadcasters; also from Matt Bishop and F1 Racing magazine
- Animated F1 Car Guide
- 2008 F1 Spotters Guide — free download PDF
- History
- AutocourseGPA.com — historical results and statistics and images since 1950
- F1DB — Results, statistics
- 4mula1 — Results and statistics since 1950
Autosport is the title of a weekly Magazine covering Motorsport, published in the United itvcom is the main website of ITV plc, the UK's biggest commercial Television broadcaster which operates 12 regions of the ITV network under the ITV1 Brand Independent Television (generally known as ITV) is a public service network of British commercial television broadcasters set up under the Independent Matt Bishop was the Editor in Chief of the Formula One Magazine F1 Racing. F1 Racing is a monthly Magazine focused on Formula One Racing which launched in March 1996
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