| Formic acid | |
|---|---|
 |
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| IUPAC name | Methanoic acid |
| Other names | Hydrogen carboxylic acid Formylic acid Aminic acid |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | [64-18-6] |
| RTECS number | LQ4900000 |
| SMILES | O=CO |
| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | CH2O2 HCOOH |
| Molar mass | 46. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances ( RTECS) is a Database of Toxicity information compiled from the open scientific literature without reference A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 0254 g/mol |
| Appearance | Colorless, fuming liquid |
| Density | 1. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 22 g/mL, liquid |
| Melting point |
8. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 4°C (47. 1°F) |
| Boiling point |
100. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid 8°C (213. 3°F) |
| Solubility in water | Miscible |
| Acidity (pKa) | 3. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. 744 |
| Viscosity | 1. Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a Fluid which is being deformed by either Shear stress or Extensional stress. 57 cP at 26°C |
| Structure | |
| Molecular shape | Planar |
| Dipole moment | 1. The poise (symbol P pwɑːz is the unit of dynamic Viscosity in the Centimetre gram second system of units. Molecular geometry or molecular structure is the three- Dimensional arrangement of the Atoms that constitute a Molecule. In physics there are two kinds of dipoles ( Hellènic: di(s- = two- and pòla = pivot hinge An electric dipole is a 41 D(gas) |
| Hazards | |
| MSDS | External MSDS |
| MSDS | ScienceLab.com |
| Main hazards | Corrosive; irritant; sensitizer. The debye (symbol D) is a non- SI, CGS unit of electrical dipole moment. A material safety data sheet ( MSDS) is a form containing data regarding the properties of a particular substance This page provides supplementary chemical data on Formic A material safety data sheet ( MSDS) is a form containing data regarding the properties of a particular substance Occupational safety and health is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the Safety, Health and welfare of people engaged in |
| NFPA 704 |
 2
3
0
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| R-phrases | R10, R35 |
| S-phrases | (S1/2), S23, S26, S45 |
| Flash point | 69°C (156°F) |
| Related compounds | |
| Related carboxylic acids | Acetic acid Propionic acid |
| Related compounds | Formaldehyde Methanol |
| Supplementary data page | |
| Structure and properties |
n, εr, etc. Symbolism The four divisions are typically color-coded with blue indicating level of Health Hazard, red indicating R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. The flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest Temperature at which it can form an ignitable mixture in air Carboxylic acids are Organic acids characterized by the presence of a Carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=OOH usually written -COOH or -CO2H Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound, giving Vinegar its sour taste Propionic acid (systematically named propanoic acid) is a naturally-occurring Carboxylic acid with Chemical formula C[[Hydrogen H]]3CH2C Formaldehyde is a Chemical compound with the formula H2CO It is the simplest Aldehyde —an organic compound containing a terminal Carbonyl Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound This page provides supplementary chemical data on Formic This page provides supplementary chemical data on Formic The refractive index (or index of Refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves is reduced inside the medium Measurement The relative static permittivity εr can be measured for static Electric fields as follows first the Capacitance of a test |
| Thermodynamic data |
Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas |
| Spectral data | UV, IR, NMR, MS |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references |
|
Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest carboxylic acid. This page provides supplementary chemical data on Formic This page provides supplementary chemical data on Formic Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy or ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry ( UV/ VIS) involves the Spectroscopy of Photons in the UV-visible Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy is the subset of Spectroscopy that deals with the Infrared region of the Electromagnetic spectrum. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy, is the name given to a technique which exploits the magnetic properties of certain nuclei Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that identifies the chemical composition of a compound or sample based on the Mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly Carboxylic acids are Organic acids characterized by the presence of a Carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=OOH usually written -COOH or -CO2H Its formula is HCOOH or CH2O2. In Mathematics and in the Sciences a formula (plural formulae, formulæ or formulas) is a concise way of expressing information Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the It is an important intermediate in chemical synthesis and occurs naturally, most notably in the venom of bee and ant stings. In Chemistry, chemical synthesis is purposeful execution of Chemical reactions in order to get a product, or several products This article is about the class of Biotoxins For other uses see Venom (disambiguation and Venomous (disambiguation. Bees are flying Insects closely related to Wasps and Ants Bees are a Monophyletic lineage within the superfamily Apoidea Ants are social Insects of the family Formicidae and along with the related families of Wasps and Bees belong to the order A stinger (a Colloquialism for the term "sting" is a common term for a sharp organ or body part found in various Animals (typically Arthropods
In nature, it is found in the stings and bites of many insects of the order Hymenoptera, mainly ants. Nature, in the broadest sense is equivalent to the natural world, physical universe, material world or material universe. STING ( S equence T o and with' IN' G raphics is a free Web-based suite of programs for a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between protein sequence A bite is a Wound received from the Mouth (and in particular the Teeth) of an Animal or human Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described Hymenoptera is one of the larger orders of Insects comprising the sawflies, Wasps Bees and Ants The name refers to Ants are social Insects of the family Formicidae and along with the related families of Wasps and Bees belong to the order It is also a significant combustion product resulting from alternative fueled vehicles burning methanol (and ethanol, if contaminated with water) when mixed with gasoline. Combustion or burning is a complex sequence of Exothermic chemical reactions between a Fuel and an Oxidant accompanied by the production of Vehicles, derived from the Latin word vehiculum, are non-living Means of transport. Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Its name comes from the Latin word for ant, formica, referring to its early isolation by the distillation of ant bodies. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Formica is a Genus of Ants It is the type genus of the family Formicidae and the subfamily Formicinae and in turn Formica' s own Distillation is a method of separating Mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture A chemical compound such as a salt from the neutralization of formic acid with a base, or an ester derived from formic acid, is referred to as formate (or methanoate). A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and Esters are a class of Chemical compounds and Functional groups Esters consist of an inorganic or organic Acid in which at least The formate ion has the formula HCOO−. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge
Contents |
Properties
Formic acid is miscible with water and most polar organic solvents, and somewhat soluble in hydrocarbons. Miscibility is a term commonly used in Chemistry that refers to the property of Liquids to mix in all proportions forming a Homogeneous Solution Water ( H2[[oxygen O]] H OH) is the most abundant Molecule on Earth 's surface composing of about 70% of the Earth's surface as Organic chemistry is a discipline within Chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure properties composition reactions, and preparation A solvent is a liquid or gas that dissolves a solid liquid or gaseous Solute, resulting in a Solution. In Organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an Organic compound consisting entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon. In hydrocarbons and in the vapor phase, it actually consists of hydrogen-bonded dimers rather than individual molecules. A hydrogen bond results from a Dipole-dipole force between an Electronegative atom and a Hydrogen atom bonded to Nitrogen, Oxygen In the gas phase, this hydrogen-bonding results in severe deviations from the ideal gas law. The ideal gas law is the Equation of state of a hypothetical Ideal gas, first stated by Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron in 1834 Liquid and solid formic acid consists of an effectively endless network of hydrogen-bonded formic acid molecules.
Formic acid shares most of the chemical properties of other carboxylic acids, although under normal conditions it will not form either an acyl chloride or an acid anhydride. Carboxylic acids are Organic acids characterized by the presence of a Carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=OOH usually written -COOH or -CO2H In Organic chemistry, an acyl chloride (or acid chloride) is an Organic compound which is a reactive derivative of a Carboxylic acid. An acid anhydride is an Organic compound that has two Acyl groups bound to the same Oxygen atom Until very recently, all attempts to form either of these derivatives have resulted in carbon monoxide instead. It has now been shown that the anhydride may be produced by reaction of formyl fluoride with sodium formate at −78°C, and the chloride by passing HCl into a solution of 1-formimidazole in monochloromethane at −60°C. Heat can also cause formic acid to decompose to carbon monoxide and water. Formic acid shares some of the reducing properties of aldehydes. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a terminal Carbonyl group.
Formic acid is unique among the carboxylic acids in its ability to participate in addition reactions with alkenes. In Organic chemistry, an alkene, olefin, or olefine is an unsaturated Chemical compound containing at least one Carbon Formic acids and alkenes readily react to form formate esters. Esters are a class of Chemical compounds and Functional groups Esters consist of an inorganic or organic Acid in which at least In the presence of certain acids, including sulfuric and hydrofluoric acids, however, a variant of the Koch reaction takes place instead, and formic acid adds to the alkene to produce a larger carboxylic acid. Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Hydrofluoric acid is a Solution of Hydrogen fluoride in Water. The Koch reaction is an Organic reaction for the Organic synthesis of certain tertiary Carboxylic acids from an Alkene, Carbon monoxide
Most simple formate salts are water-soluble. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. It is also a bi-functional compound.
Production
A significant amount of formic acid is produced as a byproduct in the manufacture of other chemicals, especially acetic acid. Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound, giving Vinegar its sour taste This production is insufficient to meet the present demand for formic acid, and some formic acid must be produced for its own sake.
When methanol and carbon monoxide are combined in the presence of a strong base, the formic acid derivative methyl formate results, according to the chemical equation
In industry, this reaction is performed in the liquid phase at elevated pressure. Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO is a colorless odorless tasteless yet highly toxic Gas. In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and Methyl formate, also called methyl methanoate, is the methyl Ester of Formic acid. A chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a Chemical reaction. Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO is a colorless odorless tasteless yet highly toxic Gas. Methyl formate, also called methyl methanoate, is the methyl Ester of Formic acid. Typical reaction conditions are 80°C and 40 atm. The most widely-used base is sodium methoxide. Sodium methoxide is a chemical compound, with formula Na(CH3O Hydrolysis of the methyl formate produces formic acid:
Direct hydrolysis of methyl formate requires a large excess of water to proceed efficiently, and some producers perform it by an indirect route by first reacting the methyl formate with ammonia to produce formamide, and then hydrolyzing the formamide with sulfuric acid to produce formic acid:
This technique has problems of its own, particularly disposing of the ammonium sulfate byproduct, so some manufacturers have recently developed energy efficient means of separating formic acid from the large excess amount of water used in direct hydrolysis. Hydrolysis is a Chemical reaction during which one or more water molecules are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions Methyl formate, also called methyl methanoate, is the methyl Ester of Formic acid. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound Methyl formate, also called methyl methanoate, is the methyl Ester of Formic acid. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor Formamide, also known as methanamide is an Amide derived from Formic acid. Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Methyl formate, also called methyl methanoate, is the methyl Ester of Formic acid. Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor Formamide, also known as methanamide is an Amide derived from Formic acid. Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound Formamide, also known as methanamide is an Amide derived from Formic acid. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Ammonium sulfate, (NH42SO4 is an inorganic chemical compound commonly used as a fertilizer Ammonium sulfate, (NH42SO4 is an inorganic chemical compound commonly used as a fertilizer In one of these processes (used by BASF) the formic acid is removed from the water via liquid extraction with an organic base. BASF SE () is a German chemical company and the largest chemical company in the world
In the laboratory formic acid can be obtained by heating oxalic acid in anhydrous glycerol and extraction by steam distillation. Oxalic acid is the Chemical compound with the formula H2C2O4 This Dicarboxylic acid is better described with the Another preparation (which must be performed under a fume hood) is the acid hydrolysis of ethyl isonitrile using HCl solution. Hydrolysis is a Chemical reaction during which one or more water molecules are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water [1]
The isonitrile being obtained by reacting ethyl amine with chloroform (note that the fume hood is required because of the overpoweringly objectionable odor of the isonitrile). Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Ethylamine is a Chemical compound with the formula CH3CH2NH2 It has a strong Ammonia -like odor Ethylamine is a Chemical compound with the formula CH3CH2NH2 It has a strong Ammonia -like odor Chloroform, also known as trichloromethane and methyl trichloride, is a Chemical compound with formula C[[Hydrogen H]] Cl
Uses
The principal use of formic acid is as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. A preservative is a natural or synthetic chemical that is added to products such as foods pharmaceuticals paints biological samples wood etc The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have When sprayed on fresh hay or other silage, it arrests certain decay processes and causes the feed to retain its nutritive value longer, and so it is widely used to preserve winter feed for cattle. Hay is a generic term for grass or Legumes that have been cut dried and stored for use as animal feed, particularly for grazing animals like For the Christian Alternative band please see Silage (band Silage is fermented, high-moisture Fodder that can Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family In the poultry industry, it is sometimes added to feed to kill salmonella bacteria. Poultry is the category of Domesticated Birds which some humans keep for the purpose of collecting their eggs, or kill for their Meat and/or Salmonella is a Genus of rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteria that causes Typhoid fever, Paratyphoid fever Other uses:
- It is used to process organic latex (sap) into raw rubber.
- Beekeepers use formic acid as a miticide against the Tracheal (Acarapis woodi) mite and the Varroa mite. A beekeeper is a person who keeps Honey bees for the purposes of securing commodities such as Honey, Beeswax, Pollen; pollinating Miticides or acaricides are Pesticides that kill Mites Antibiotic miticides Carbamate miticides Formamidine miticides Acarapis woodi ( honey bee tracheal mite) is a Mite that is an internal Parasite of Honey bees Tracheal mites are related to Varroa destructor is an external parasitic Mite that attacks Honey bees Apis cerana and Apis mellifera.
- It is of minor importance in the textile industry and for the tanning of leather. A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. Tanning is the process of converting Putrescible skin into non-putrescible Leather, usually with Tannin, an Acidic Chemical compound Leather is a material created through the Tanning of hides and Skins of Animals primarily Cattlehide The Tanning process
- Some formate esters are artificial flavorings or perfumes. Esters are a class of Chemical compounds and Functional groups Esters consist of an inorganic or organic Acid in which at least
- It is the active ingredient in some brands of household limescale remover.
- It is used in laboratories as a solvent modifier for HPLC separations of proteins and peptides, especially when the sample is being prepared for mass spectrometry analysis. High-performance liquid chromatography (or High pressure liquid chromatography, HPLC) is a form of Column chromatography used frequently in Biochemistry Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that identifies the chemical composition of a compound or sample based on the Mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles
- It is used by clinical pathology laboratories to disinfect prion activity in brain samples
In synthetic organic chemistry, formic acid is often used as a source of hydride ion. A prion (ˈpriːɒn is thought to be an infectious agent that according to current scientific consensus is comprised entirely of a propagated, mis-folded Organic synthesis is a special branch of Chemical synthesis and is concerned with the construction of Organic compounds via Organic reactions Organic Hydride is the name given to the negative Ion of Hydrogen, H− The Eschweiler-Clarke reaction and the Leuckart-Wallach reaction are examples of this application. The Eschweiler-Clarke reaction (also called the Eschweiler-Clarke methylation) is a Chemical reaction whereby a primary (or secondary Amine is Methylated The Leuckart reaction is the Chemical reaction of ammonium salts of Formic acid with Aldehydes (or Ketones to form Amines by Reductive It is also used as a source of hydrogen in transfer hydrogenation. Transfer hydrogenation is the addition of Hydrogen (H2 dihydrogen in inorganic and organometallic chemistry to a Molecule from a
In the laboratory formic acid is also used as source for carbon monoxide, which is set free by the addition of sulfuric acid. Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO is a colorless odorless tasteless yet highly toxic Gas. Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Formic acid is also a source for a formyl group for example in the formylation of methylaniline to N-methylformanilide in toluene. An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a terminal Carbonyl group. Formylation is a type of Posttranslational modification in which a Formyl group is added to the N-terminus of a protein Toluene, also known as methylbenzene or phenylmethane, is a clear water -insoluble liquid with the typical smell of Paint thinners redolent of [2]
Fuel cells that use modified formic acid are promising. Direct- formic acid fuel cells or DFAFCs are a subcategory of Proton-exchange fuel cells where the fuel formic acid is not reformed but fed directly to the fuel cell
History
As early as the 15th century, some alchemists and naturalists were aware that ant hills gave off an acidic vapor. Alchemy a part of the Occult Tradition is both a philosophy and a practice with an ultimately unknown aim involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of Natural history is the Scientific research of Plants or Animals leaning more towards the Observational than Experimental methods The first person to describe the isolation of this substance (by the distillation of large numbers of ants) was the English naturalist John Ray, in 1671. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland John Ray ( November 29, 1627 &ndash January 17, 1705) was an English naturalist, sometimes referred to as the Ants secrete the formic acid for attack and defense purposes. Formic acid was first synthesized from hydrocyanic acid by the French chemist Joseph Gay-Lussac. Hydrogen cyanide is a Chemical compound with Chemical formula HCN This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (also Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac, December 6, 1778 – May 9, 1850) was a French chemist In 1855, another French chemist, Marcellin Berthelot, developed a synthesis from carbon monoxide that is similar to that used today. Marcellin (or Marcelin Pierre Eugène Berthelot ( October 25, 1827 - March 18, 1907) was a French Chemist and Politician Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO is a colorless odorless tasteless yet highly toxic Gas.
In the chemical industry, formic acid was long considered a chemical compound of only minor industrial interest. A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. In the late-1960s, however, significant quantities of it became available as a byproduct of acetic acid production. Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound, giving Vinegar its sour taste It now finds increasing use as a preservative and antibacterial in livestock feed. Livestock is the term used to refer (singularly or plurally to a Domesticated Animal intentionally reared in an agricultural setting to produce such as Food
Safety
The principal danger from formic acid is from skin or eye contact with liquid formic acid or with the concentrated vapors. Any of these exposure routes can cause severe chemical burns, and eye exposure can result in permanent eye damage. Inhaled vapors may similarly cause irritation or burns in the respiratory tract. Since carbon monoxide may also be present in formic acid vapors, care should be taken wherever large quantities of formic acid fumes are present. Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO is a colorless odorless tasteless yet highly toxic Gas. The US OSHA Permissible Exposure Level (PEL) of formic acid vapor in the work environment is 5 parts per million parts of air (ppm). The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA is an agency of the United States Department of Labor. The Permissible Exposure Limit ( PEL or OSHA PEL) is a legal limit in the United States for exposure of an employee to a Substance "Parts-per" notation is used especially in Science and Engineering, to denote Ratios (relative proportions in measured quantities particularly
Formic acid is readily metabolized and eliminated by the body. Nonetheless, some chronic effects have been documented. Some animal experiments have demonstrated it to be a mutagen, and chronic exposure may cause liver or kidney damage. In Biology, a mutagen ( Latin, literally origin of change) is a physical or chemical agent that changes the genetic information (usually DNA) Another possibility with chronic exposure is development of a skin allergy that manifests upon re-exposure to the chemical. Allergy is a disorder of the Immune system often also referred to as Atopy.
The hazards of solutions of formic acid depend on the concentration. The following table lists the EU classification of formic acid solutions:
| Concentration (weight percent) | Classification | R-Phrases |
|---|---|---|
| 2%–10% | Irritant (Xi) | R36/38 |
| 10%–90% | Corrosive (C) | R34 |
| >90% | Corrosive (C) | R35 |
References
- ^ Cohen, Julius B. Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification packaging and labelling In Chemistry, concentration is the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance In Chemistry, concentration is the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous : Practical Organic Chemistry MacMillan 1930
- ^ N-methylformanilide, Organic Syntheses, Coll. Organic Syntheses is a Scientific journal that since 1921 has provided the Chemistry community with annual collections of detailed and checked procedures Vol. 3, p. 590 (1955); Vol. 20, p. 66 (1940). Article
External links
- Carbon monoxide as reagent in the formylation of aromatic compounds.
- European Chemicals Bureau.
- International Chemical Safety Card 0485.
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.
Dictionary
formic acid
-noun
- (organic chemistry) The simplest carboxylic acid, HCOOH, a colourless, corrosive liquid with a sharp odour; it is present in the stings of ants, bees and nettles, and is prepared industrially by the oxidation of methanol or formaldehyde; it has some industrial uses, and its esters, the formates are used in perfumes.
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