This article gives an overview of countries (including puppet-countries) that existed in Europe after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe, chaired by the Austrian statesman Clemens Wenzel von Metternich Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year For each country, information is given about the period of existence and what has happened to the territory since^[1].

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A

Principality of Abkhazia (?-1864)

• Annexed by Russia in 1864. The Principality of Abkhazia emerged as a separate feudal entity in the 15th-16th centuries amid the civil wars in the Kingdom of Georgia that concluded with the Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Nowadays it is part of Georgia. Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between

Ajaria (1921; Georgian: აჭარა / Ačara)

• In 1921 the former Russian region of Adjaria seceded from Turkey as the Republic of Adjaria. Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar Georgian (ka ქართული ენა kartuli ena) is the Official language of Georgia, a country in the Caucasus. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches It became part of Georgia later that year. Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between

Alsace-Lorraine (1918; German: Elsaß-Lothringen)

• After the collapse of the German Empire in World War I (1918) the Republic of Alsace-Lorraine was formed. Alsace-Lorraine (Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen generally Elsass - Lothringen) was a territorial entity created by the German Empire in 1871 Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Alsace-Lorraine (Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen generally Elsass - Lothringen) was a territorial entity created by the German Empire in 1871 Eleven days later it was occupied by and incorporated into France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.

Alsace Soviet Republic (1918)

• Short-lived Soviet Republic created in 1918 in the province of Alsace, Germany. The Alsace Soviet Republic was a short-lived Soviet republic created during the German Revolution at the end of World War I in the province of Alsace Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Alsace (Alsace alzas Alsatian and Elsass pre-1996 German: Elsaß; Alsatia is one of the 26 Regions of France, located on the eastern Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Anhalt (1813–1867, Anhalt-Dessau until 1863)

• Anhalt was divided into different Duchies. Anhalt is a historical County (after 1806 Duchy) in central Germany, located between the Harz Mountains and the river Elbe Year 1813 ( MDCCCXIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Anhalt-Dessau was a principality and later a duchy located in Germany. Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common They were members of the German Confederation from 1815 until 1866. The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1866 ( MDCCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In 1863 Anhalt-Dessau joined with Anhalt-Bernburg to form the Duchy of Anhalt. Anhalt-Bernburg was a German principality whose capital was Bernburg, and existed until 1863. After the Austro–Prussian War it became a member state of the North German Federation in 1867. The Austro-Prussian The North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund came into existence in August 1866 as a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany with the Kingdom of Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting In 1871 it became a member state of the German Empire in 1871. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common It is now part of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Anhalt-Bernburg (1813–63)

• Anhalt-Bernburg was a member state of the German Confederation between 1815 and 1863. Anhalt-Bernburg was a German principality whose capital was Bernburg, and existed until 1863. Year 1813 ( MDCCCXIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In 1863 it was incorporated into the Duchy of Anhalt. Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Anhalt is a historical County (after 1806 Duchy) in central Germany, located between the Harz Mountains and the river Elbe It is now part of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Anhalt-Köthen (1813–47)

• Anhalt-Köthen was a member state of the German Confederation between 1815 and 1847. Anhalt-Köthen has existed on two separate occasions The first state was created in 1396 when the Anhalt-Zerbst was partitioned between Anhalt-Dessau and Anhalt-Köthen Year 1813 ( MDCCCXIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1847 ( MDCCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1847 ( MDCCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common In 1847 it became part of Anhalt-Bernburg, and at the death of the Bernburg ruler in 1863, both territories merged with Dessau to become the new Duchy of Anhalt. Year 1847 ( MDCCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Anhalt-Bernburg was a German principality whose capital was Bernburg, and existed until 1863. Bernburg is a town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, capital of the district of Salzlandkreis. Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Dessau is a town in Germany on the junction of the rivers Mulde and Elbe, in the Bundesland (Federal State of Saxony-Anhalt Anhalt is a historical County (after 1806 Duchy) in central Germany, located between the Harz Mountains and the river Elbe It is now part of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Armenia (1918–22; Armenian: Հայաստան / Hayastan)

• Armenia, part of Russia, became part of the Transcaucasia in 1918, but after a month proclaimed independence as the Republic of Armenia. Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Armenian language (hy հայերեն լեզու hajɛɹɛn lɛzu —, conventional short form) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (TDFR Закавказская демократическая Федеративная Республика (ЗКДФР Zakavkazskaya Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common From 1919 to 1920 it also included Turkish Armenia. Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar The Ottoman rule of Armenia or Ottoman Armenia begins with the initial accession of Mehmed II, and the Ottoman support to initiate the Armenian In 1920 it was renamed the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, and in 1922 it joined the Transcaucasian SFSR of the Soviet Union. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (Հայաստանի Խորհրդային Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետություն Azerbaijani: The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 It is now independent again as Armenia. Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani

Austrian Empire (1804–67; German: Kaisertum Österreich)
Austria–Hungary (1867–1918; German: Österreich-Ungarn, Hungarian: Osztrák-Magyar Monarchia)

• In 1804 the Austrian Crownlands, a state since the twelfth century, partly inside and partly outside the Holy Roman Empire, were reorganized into the Austrian Empire. For the history of these states before 1804 see Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, and articles on each of the component countries. Year 1804 ( MDCCCIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. Year 1804 ( MDCCCIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in The Austrian Empire was between 1815 and 1866 a partial member of the German Confederation. Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1866 ( MDCCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to In 1867 the Empire was reorganized into Austria–Hungary, formally named The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen. Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The historical term Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen used to denote a group of countries connected to the Kingdom of Hungary and Kingdom of Croatia After its defeat in World War I, the empire was dissolved in 1918 and out of it the independent states of Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and the transitional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs were formed and parts of the territory were ceded to the Kingdom of Italy, Republic of Poland, Kingdom of Romania and Russia. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The State of Slovenes Croats and Serbs was a short-lived state formed from the southernmost parts of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy after its dissolution at the end of Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland See also Kings of Romania The Kingdom of Roumania (or ' Romania ' in post-1969 and also current spelling was the old Romanian state based on a form of

Azerbaijan (1918–22; Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan)

• Azerbaijan, part of Russia, became part of the Transcaucasia in 1918, but after a month proclaimed independence as the Azerbaijan People's Republic. Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (TDFR Закавказская демократическая Федеративная Республика (ЗКДФР Zakavkazskaya Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In 1918 it was temporarily occupied by the Ottoman Empire, followed by the United Kingdom. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located In 1920 it was renamed the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, and in 1922 it joined the Transcaucasian SFSR of the Soviet Union. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (Հայաստանի Խորհրդային Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետություն Azerbaijani: The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 It is now independent again as Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South

B

Baden (1806-1871)

• Baden was a member state of the German Confederation between 1815 and 1866. The Grand Duchy of Baden (Großherzogtum Baden was a historical state in the southwest of Germany, on the right bank of the Rhine. Year 1806 ( MDCCCVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1866 ( MDCCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In 1849 Baden was briefly renamed the Republic of Baden. Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Its more or less independent status ended with the formation of the German Empire in 1871, of which it became a state. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common currently it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Baltic Duchy, United (1918: Vereinigtes Baltisches Herzogtum)

• Livonia, Estonia and Riga and its surrounding area seceded from Russia in 1918 and formed the United Baltic Duchy. The United Baltic Duchy (Vereinigtes Baltisches Herzogtum Apvienotā Baltijas hercogiste Ühendatud Balti Hertsogiriik was a proposal to unite the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Livonia (Līvõmō Latvian and Livonija Estonian: Liivimaa; Finnish: Liivinmaa; German and Swedish: Livland Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Riga (Rīga riːga) the Capital of Latvia, is situated on the Baltic Sea coast on the mouth of the river Daugava. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Courland joined the new country later, but by the end of the year the United Baltic Duchy collapsed and was succeeded by Estonia and Latvia. Courland (Kurzeme Kurland Latin: Curonia / Couronia; Kuršas Kuramaa Kurlandia Курляндия Курляндія Kuurinmaa is one of the historical Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region.

Banat (1918)

• After World War I and the collapse of Austria-Hungary, the Banat Republic was formed. Banat (disambiguationThe Banat Republic (Republica Bănăţeană Banater Republik Banatska republika / Банатска република Bánáti Köztársaság was a Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Its territory was divided in 1918 between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (present-day Serbia) and Romania. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania

Baranya-Baja (August 14-25 1921)

• The Serb-Hungarian Baranya-Baja Republic was formed on August 14, 1921. The Serb-Hungarian Baranya-Baja Republic ( Hungarian: Baranya-Bajai Szerb-Magyar Köztársaság, Serbian: Srpsko-mađarska republika Baranja-Baja Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar Between August 21 and August 25, the territory of the Republic was divided between Hungary and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, as decided by the Treaty of Trianon of 1920. Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan. Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija The Treaty of Trianon is the peace treaty concluded at the end of World War I by the Allies of World War I, on one side and Hungary, seen as a successor Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Currently its in Croatia and Hungary. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic

Bavaria (1806-1871: Königreich Bayern)

• Bavaria was a member state of the German Confederation between 1815 and 1866. Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 Year 1806 ( MDCCCVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1866 ( MDCCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Its more or less independent status ended with the formation of the German Empire in 1871, of which it became a state. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Currently it is a state of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Bavarian Soviet Republic (1919; Bayerische Räterepublik)

• Short-lived socialist republic created in Bavaria in 1919. The Bavarian Soviet Republic, also known as the Munich Soviet Republic ( German: Bayerische Räterepublik or Münchner Räterepublik) was Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Currently it is part of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Belarus (1918-1919, 1919-1922: Беларусь / Biełaruś)

• In 1918 Belarus, a part of Russia under German occupation, seceded from Russia as the Belarusian People's Republic. Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Belarusian People's Republic (Белару́ская Наро́дная Рэспу́бліка bʲeɫa'ruskaja na'rodnaja rɛs'publʲika translit It was defeated in 1919 by the Soviet Socialist Republic of Belarus, which later that year became part of Litbel. Litbel was disbanded during the Polish-Soviet War, but in 1920 Soviet rule was restored as was the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (abbreviated as Byelorussian SSR or BSSR) (Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка It ceded its western part to Poland in 1921 and became in 1922 a founding component of the USSR. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Currently it is independent as Belarus. Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east

Bihać, (1994-95). Bihać is a town and municipality on the Una River in the north-western part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, center of the Una-Sana Canton of the Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995

• In 1994 the Muslim towns of Bihać, Bosanska Krupa and Bosanski Nova (with some neighboring lands along on river Una) on Bosnia's northwestern border with Croatia, set up their own republic. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Bihać is a town and municipality on the Una River in the north-western part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, center of the Una-Sana Canton of the Bosanska Krupa is a town and municipality in northwestern Bosnia and Herzegovina, on the Una river Una is a river flowing through Croatia and the western part of Bosnia and Herzegovina; in its middle and lower course it is a border between the two countries Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between It reunited with the Muslim part of Bosnia in 1995 after peace. Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan

Bremen (1813-1867)

• Bremen was a member state of the German Confederation between 1815 and 1866. The Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (German Freie Hansestadt Bremen) is the smallest of Germany's 16 Federal States ( Bundesländer) Year 1813 ( MDCCCXIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1866 ( MDCCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common After the Prussian-Austrian War Bremen became a state of the North German Federation in 1867. The Austro-Prussian The North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund came into existence in August 1866 as a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany with the Kingdom of In 1871 Bremen became a state of the German Empire. Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Currently it is a state of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Brunswick (1813-1867: Braunschweig)

• Brunswick was a member state of the German Confederation between 1815 and 1866. Brunswick-Lüneburg (Braunschweig-Lüneburg also Brunswick-Lunenburg was a historical ducal state during the period from the Late Middle Ages through the Year 1813 ( MDCCCXIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1866 ( MDCCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Federation in 1867. The North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund came into existence in August 1866 as a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany with the Kingdom of In 1871 it became a state of the German Empire. Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Currently it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

C

Carpatho-Ukraine (1939: Карпатська Україна / Karpats’ka Ukrayina)

• In 1939 the Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine seceded from Czechoslovakia, but was annexed by Hungary within three days. Carpatho-Ukraine (Карпатська Україна Karpats’ka Ukrayina) was an autonomous region within Czechoslovakia from late 1938 to March 15 Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Carpatho-Ukraine (Карпатська Україна Karpats’ka Ukrayina) was an autonomous region within Czechoslovakia from late 1938 to March 15 Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Currently it is part of Ukraine. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe.

Central Lithuania (1920-1922: Litwa Środkowa/Vidurinė Lietuva)

• In 1920 Polish troops occupied a part of Lithuania, where they established Central Lithuania. Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the In 1922 the country was formally annexed by Poland. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Nowadays it is divided between Lithuania and Belarus. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east

Centrocaspian Dictatorship (1918; Diktatura Tsentrokaspiya)

• British-backed government founded in Baku. The Centrocaspian Dictatorship (Диктатура Центрокаспия Diktatura Tsentrokaspiya) was a British -backed anti- Soviet government Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. Baku (Bakı sometimes known as Baqy, Baky, Baki or Bakü, is the capital the largest city and the largest port of Azerbaijan

Cospaia (1441-1826)

• Due to an error in a treaty between Florence and the Papal States in 1441, a small area of territory between the two was no longer incorporated in either; the inhabitants then declared the Republic of Cospaia. Cospaia was a small former republic in Italy. It unexpectedly gained independence in 1440 after Pope Eugene IV, embroiled in struggle For the game see 1826 (board game. Year 1826 ( MDCCCXXVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display A Treaty is an agreement under International law entered into by actors in international law namely States and International organizations. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa In 1826 it was divided between Tuscany and the Papal States. For the game see 1826 (board game. Year 1826 ( MDCCCXXVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display Tuscany (Toscana is a region in Italy. It has an area of 22990 km² and a population of about 3 The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa

Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918: Kurland/Kurzeme)

• Courland seceded in 1918 from Russia as the Duchy of Courland. The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (Ducatus Curlandiæ et Semigalliæ Księstwo Kurlandii i Semigalii,Herzogtum Kurland und Semgallen Kurzemes un Zemgales hercogiste is the name of Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Later that year it became part of the United Baltic Duchy. The United Baltic Duchy (Vereinigtes Baltisches Herzogtum Apvienotā Baltijas hercogiste Ühendatud Balti Hertsogiriik was a proposal to unite the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia Nowadays it is part of Latvia. Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region.

Couto Mixto (?-1864)

• Independent territory between Spain and Portugal, granted to Spain by the Lisbon Treaty (1864). Couto Mixto ( English: Mixed Territory) is a Spanish territory with three villages ( Santiago and Rubiás now in the municipality Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.

Cracow (1815-1846: Kraków)

• In 1815 the Free, Independent, and Strictly Neutral City of Cracow With Its Territory (or the "Republic of Cracow" for short) was established under a joint Austrian, Prussian and Russian protectorate. The Free Independent and Strictly Neutral City of Kraków (Cracow with its Territory Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year For the game see 1846 (board game. Year 1846 ( MDCCCXLVI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending It was occupied by Austria between 1836 and 1841, and was formally annexed by Austria in 1846. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap For the game see 1841 (board game. Year 1841 ( MDCCCXLI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link Nowadays it is part of Poland. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland

Crete (1898-1913: Kriti)

• After various periods of rebellion against the Ottoman Empire, in 1898 the Cretan State became independent. Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish It joined Greece in 1913. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία

Croatia (1941-1945: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska)

• After the Axis invasion of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, in 1941 the puppet state Independent State of Croatia was established. The Independent State of Croatia ( Croatian: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH was a Puppet state of the Axis powers. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija Parts of the country were reincorporated into liberated Democratic Federal Yugoslavia, starting in 1943. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In 1945 the state was dissolved. Nowadays Croatia is independent again, but its territory is much smaller from the 1941-1945 Croatia. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between

Czechoslovakia (1918-1939, 1945-1993: Československo)

• After World War I and the collapse of Austria-Hungary, the Czechoslovak Republic was formed in 1918 out of the Austrian territories of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia and the Hungarian territory of Slovakia. Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the Moravia (Morava; Morawy Moravie Moravia is a historical region in central Europe in the east of the Czech Republic, one of the former Czech lands. Etymology One theory claims that the name Silesia is derived from the Silingi, who were most likely a Vandalic (East Germanic people Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million It was joined in 1919 by Ruthenia. Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Ruthenia is a geographic and culturo-ethnic name applied to the parts of Eastern Europe populated by Eastern Slavic peoples, as well as to the past various In 1938 it ceded the Sudetenland territory to Germany and Tesin to Poland. Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Sudetenland ( Czech and Polish: Sudety) is the German name used in English in the first half of the 20th century for the western regions of Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Český Těšín ( Czeski Cieszyn, Tschechisch-Teschen is a town in the Karviná District, Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland In 1939 the remainder of the "Czech" half was occupied by Germany as the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, while Slovakia became a state under the influence of Germany, except for Carpatho-Ukraine, which was occupied by Hungary. The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (Reichsprotektorat Böhmen und Mähren Protektorát Čechy a Morava was the majority ethnic-Czech Protectorate which The Slovak Republic ( Slovak: Slovenská republika) was an independent national Slovak state which existed from 14 March 1939 Carpatho-Ukraine (Карпатська Україна Karpats’ka Ukrayina) was an autonomous region within Czechoslovakia from late 1938 to March 15 Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic
• Czechoslovakia was reconstituted in 1945, renamed from 1960 the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, in March 1990 the Czechoslovak Federal Republic, and finally from April 1990 the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events in March American Red Cross Month Fire Prevention month ( The Philippines) Women's History Month ( United Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) April holidays and events National Poetry Month - in United States National Sexual Assault Awareness Month - in United Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) In 1993 it was separated into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million

D

Dagestan (1919-1920)

• The Emirate of Daghestan seceded from Russia in 1919. The Republic of Dagestan dæɡɪˈstɑːn (IntEng ˈdeɪɡəstæn (AmEng (Респу́блика Дагеста́н Дагъистанлъул ДжумхIурият Daɣistanłul Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Bolshevist Russia or Bolshevik Russia is a common term for the Bolshevik side in the Russian Civil War, or more specifically the Russian It was reincorporated into Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in 1920.

Danzig (1920-1939: Danzig/Gdańsk)

• After the defeat of Germany in World War I, the city of Danzig in 1920 became the Free City of Danzig, an international protectorate. The Free City of Danzig ( German: Freie Stadt Danzig; Polish: Wolne Miasto Gdańsk) was an autonomous Baltic Sea port and Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Gdańsk ( Polish pronunciation; 'Danzig', Gduńsk Gedania Dantiscum is the City at the centre of the fourth-largest Metropolitan area in Poland It was annexed by Germany in 1939. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Nowadays it is part of Poland and named Gdańsk. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Gdańsk ( Polish pronunciation; 'Danzig', Gduńsk Gedania Dantiscum is the City at the centre of the fourth-largest Metropolitan area in Poland

Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic (1918)

• Former socialist republic created from the Russian SFSR in 1918. The Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic (Донецко-Криворожская советская республика was a short-lived Soviet republic. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Nowadays it is part of Ukraine. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe.

E

Eastern Rumelia (1879-1908: Източна Румелия / Istočna Rumelija)

• In 1878 inside the Ottoman Empire the Vilayet of Eastern Rumelia was created, gaining autonomy in 1879. Eastern Rumelia or Eastern Roumelia (Източна Румелия Iztochna Rumeliya; Ottoman Turkish: Rumeli-i Şarkî; Modern Turkish Year 1879 ( MDCCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish A wilāyah (ولاية or vilâyet (in Persian and Ottoman Turkish) is an administrative division usually Between 1885 and 1886 it was annexed to Bulgaria, but nominal Ottoman rule was restored in 1886. Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1886 ( MDCCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian In 1908 Eastern Rumelia was incorporated into Bulgaria. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian

Estonia (1918-1940: Eesti)

• After the Russian revolution Estonia seceded from Russia in 1918 as the Republic of Estonia. Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. See also Russian Revolution (1905 The Russian Revolution of 1916 refers to a series of popular revolutions in Russia, and the events surrounding them Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending It was added by German occupiers to the Baltic State during most of 1918, but restored later that year. The United Baltic Duchy (Vereinigtes Baltisches Herzogtum Apvienotā Baltijas hercogiste Ühendatud Balti Hertsogiriik was a proposal to unite the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia A counter-government of the Estonian Conciliar Republic was active from 1918-1919 in Russian-occupied territory. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In 1940 Estonia is occupied by the USSR, renamed into Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic and incorporated in to the USSR. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 It was restored for 5 days in 1944, but remained part of the USSR. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. It regained its independence on August 20, 1991

F

Finnish Democratic Republic (1939-1940: Suomi)

• During the Russo-Finnish War the USSR created the Finnish Democratic Republic in 1939. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. The Finnish Democratic Republic (Suomen kansanvaltainen tasavalta Demokratiska Republiken Finland was a short-lived government dependent on and only recognised by the The Winter War (Talvisota Советско-финляндская война - official Зимняя война - unofficial Vinterkriget began when the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 It was dissolved the following year and its part of Finland incorporated into the USSR. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991

Fiume (1920-1924)

• The status of the Hungarian city of Fiume was disputed between Italy and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia after World War I. The Free State of Fiume, also known as the Free State of Rijeka (Croatian Slobodna Država Rijeka) was an independent free state which existed between Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija In 1920 the city gained de facto independence as the Independent State of Fiume, but in 1924 was incorporated into Fascist Italy. Italy, united in 1861, has significantly contributed to the cultural and social development of the entire Mediterranean area Nowadays it is part of Croatia and named Rijeka. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Rijeka (other Croatian dialects Rika and Reka, Reka Italian and Hungarian: Fiume, Sankt Veit am Pflaumb is

Flanders (1917-1918: Vlaanderen)

• In 1917, during the German occupation of Belgium, the Independent State of Flanders was proclaimed. Flanders (Vlaanderen Flandre Flandern is a geographical region located in parts of present day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those This state was terminated by the Allied occupation forces in 1918.

Frankfurt (1813-1866)

• Frankfurt was a member state of the German Confederation between 1815 and 1866. For almost five centuries the German city of Frankfurt am Main was a city-state within two major Germanic states The Holy Roman Empire as the Free The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to After the Prussian-Austrian War, in 1866, it was annexed by Prussia. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Free Territory (1919-1921; Víĺna Terytoriya)

• Anarchist stateless territory created in Ukraine in 1919.

G

Gagauzia (1992-1995: Gagauz-Yeri/)

• In 1992 Gagauzia unilaterally seceded from Moldova as the Republic of Gagauzia. Gagauzia ( Gagauz: Gagauziya or Gagauz-Yeri; Moldovan/Romanian: Găgăuzia Гагаузия formally known as the Autonomous Territorial Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania After negotiations Gagauzia was reincorporated into Moldova in 1995.

Georgia (1918-1922: საქართველო / Sakartvelo)

• Georgia, part of Russia, became part of Transcaucasia in 1918, but a month later proclaimed independence as the Democratic Republic of Georgia. Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (TDFR Закавказская демократическая Федеративная Республика (ЗКДФР Zakavkazskaya The Democratic Republic of Georgia ( DRG; Georgian: საქართველოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა Sakartvelos In 1921 this was renamed the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. The Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (საქართველოს საბჭოთასოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა In 1922 it joined the Transcaucasian SFSR of the Soviet Union. Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (Հայաստանի Խորհրդային Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետություն Azerbaijani: The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Nowadays it is independent again as Georgia. Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between

German Austria (1918-1919; Deutsch-Österreich)

• Rump state left after the dissolution of Austria-Hungary. The Republic of German Austria (Republik Deutschösterreich or Deutsch-Österreich was the initial Rump state successor to the Austro-Hungarian Empire A rump state is the remnant of a once-larger Government, left with limited powers or authority after a Disaster, Invasion or Military occupation

German Democratic Republic (1949-1990: Deutsche Demokratische Republik)

• After the defeat of Germany in World War II, the eastern part of Germany was annexed by Poland and the USSR, and the rest of the country was divided into occupation zones by the Allied Powers. The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 In general allies are people groups or nations that have joined together in an association for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose The USSR occupied the central zone, including the eastern part of Berlin, in which the German Democratic Republic was established in 1949. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In 1990 it merged into the Federal Republic of Germany. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Goust

• De facto annexed by France. Goust is a hamlet in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department of southwestern France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.

Guastalla (1814-1859)

• After periods of French occupation, the Duchy of Guastalla, an Italian state since 1402, was restored in 1814. Guastalla is a town and commune in the Province of Reggio Emilia in Emilia-Romagna, Italy. It was annexed by Modena in 1859. Modena (ˈmɔːdena Mòdna in Modenese dialect is a city and a Comune ( Municipality) on the south side of the Po valley, in the Nowadays it is part of Italy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest

Republic of Gumuljina (1913)

• The Republic of Gumuljina, was a short-lived republic in Thrace established in 1913 after Bulgarian forces retreated at the end of the second Balkan War. The Provisional Government of Western Thrace ( Ottoman Turkish: غربی تراقیا حكومت موقته‌سی - Garbi Trakya Hükûmeti Muvakkatesi, Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe The Balkan Wars were two wars in South-eastern Europe in 1912–1913 in the course of which the Balkan League ( Bulgaria, Montenegro, Greece Nowadays it is part of Greece and its main town, Gumuldjina, is known as Komotini. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Komotini or Komotene (Κομοτηνή Gümülcine is a city in north-eastern Greece.

Guria (1352-1830: გურია / Guria)

• The Principality of Guria, established in 1352, was incorporated into Russia in 1830. For the village in Bangladesh see Guria Bangladesh. Guria (გურია is a region ( Mkhare) in Georgia Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Nowadays it is part of Georgia. Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between

H

Hamburg (1813-1867)

• Hamburg was a member state of the German Confederation between 1815 and 1866. Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Federation in 1867. The North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund came into existence in August 1866 as a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany with the Kingdom of

In 1871 Hamburg became a member state of the German Empire. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Nowadays it is a state of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Kingdom of Hanover (1814-1866: Hannover)

• Hanover became a kingdom in 1814. The Kingdom of Hanover (Königreich Hannover was established in October of 1814 by the Congress of Vienna, with the restoration of George III to his Hanoverian Hanover was a member state of the German Confederation between 1815 and 1866 and in personal union with the United Kingdom until 1837. The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located After the Prussian-Austrian War it was annexed by Prussia in 1866. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Herceg-Bosna (1993-1994)

• The Croats inside Bosnia and Herzegovina declare in 1993 independence as the Croatian Republic of Herceg-Bosna. The Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia (Hrvatska Republika Herceg-Bosna was an unrecognised entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina that existed between 1991 and 1994 as a result of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan It accepts to be part of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1994. Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan

Grand Duchy of Hesse (1813-1867/1871)

• The Grand Duchy of Hesse was a member state of the German Confederation between 1815 and 1866. The Grand Duchy of Hesse (Großherzogtum Hessen was a former state that existed in modern-day Germany. The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to After the Prussian-Austrian War the northern parts of the Grand Duchy became a member state of the North German Federation in 1867. The North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund came into existence in August 1866 as a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany with the Kingdom of In 1871 it became a state of the German Empire in 1871. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Hesse-Homburg (1813-1866: Hessen (-Homburg))

• Hesse-Homburg was a member state of the German Confederation between 1815 and 1866. Hesse-Homburg was formed into a separate landgraviate in 1622 by the landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt to be ruled by his son although it did not become independent The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to In 1866 it was inherited by the Grand Duchy of Hesse but ceded to Prussia later that year. The Grand Duchy of Hesse (Großherzogtum Hessen was a former state that existed in modern-day Germany. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Hesse-Kassel (1813-1866: Kurhessen)

• Kurhessen was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866. The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to It was annexed by Prussia in 1866 after the Prussian-Austrian War. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Hohenzollern-Hechingen (1813-1849)

• Hohenzollern-Hechingen was a member state of the German Confederation between 1815 and 1850. Hohenzollern-Hechingen was a county and principality in southwestern Germany The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to In 1850 it was incorporated into Prussia. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1813-1849)

• The Principality of Sigmaringen was a member state of the German Confederation between 1815 and 1850. The House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen is the Cadet branch of the senior Swabian branch of the Hohenzollern dynasty less known than the Franconian The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to In 1850 it was incorporated into Prussia. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

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Icaria {1912: Ικαρία / Ikaria)

• The Free State of Icaria seceded in 1912 from the Ottoman Empire. For the Utopian place see the entry for Étienne Cabet Icaria, also spelled Ikaria (Ικαρία locally Nikaria Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Later that year it was incorporated into Greece

Ingria, North (1918-1920: Pohjois Inkeri)

• After the Russian Revolution, the Republic of North Ingria seceded from Russia with the support of Finland with the aim to be incorporated into Finland. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The Republic of North Ingria (in Finnish Pohjois-Inkeri) or Republic of Kirjasalo (in Finnish Kirjasalon tasavalta) was a short-lived See also Russian Revolution (1905 The Russian Revolution of 1916 refers to a series of popular revolutions in Russia, and the events surrounding them Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. It ruled parts of Ingria from 1919 until 1920. With the Peace Treaty of Tartu it was re-integrated into Russia. Tartu is the second largest City of Estonia. In contrast to Estonia's political and financial capital Tallinn, Tartu is often considered the intellectual Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending

Ionian Islands (1800-1807 and 1815-1864: Ιόνιοι Νήσοι / Isole Ionie)

• The Ionian Islands, formerly part of the Venetian Republic, became after periods of occupation by various foreign countries (French Republic 1797-1799, Russian and Ottoman Empires 1799-1800, French Empire 1807-1815 and the United Kingdom 1809-1815), in 1800 the Septinsular Republic (Επτάνησος Πολιτεία / Repubblica Settinsulare), a republic under the suzerainty of the Ottoman and the protection of the Russian Empires and in 1815 the United States of the Ionian Islands (Ηνωμένον Κράτος των Ιονίων Νήσων / Stati Uniti delle Isole Ionie), a republic under British protectorate. This article is about the group of islands west of Greece For the ancient region in western Anatolia see Ionia. The Most Serene Republic of Venice ((Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia Serenissima Repubblica On postage stamps issued in 1859 the country is referred as Ιονικόν Κράτος (Ionian State). The islands were incorporated into the Kingdom of Greece in 1864. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία

Irish Republic (1916-1922: Saorstát Éireann / Poblacht na hÉireann)

• The Irish Republic was declared during the 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin. The Irish Republic ( Irish: Poblacht na hÉireann or Saorstát Éireann) was a unilaterally declared independent state of Ireland proclaimed Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The Easter Rising (Éirí Amach na Cásca was a rebellion staged in Ireland in Easter Week, 1916 Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. In 1919, the Sinn Féin members elected to the British House of Commons convened in Dublin as Dáil Éireann and ratified the establishment of the 1916 Republic. Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Sinn Féin () is a political party in Ireland. The current party led by Gerry Adams was formed following a split in January 1970 The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords ga '''Dáil Éireann''' ( English House of Representatives of Ireland) is the principal chamber of the Oireachtas (Irish parliament By approving the Anglo-Irish Treaty in December 1921 and the Constitution of the Irish Free State in October 1922, the Dáil agreed to the dissolution of the Irish Republic and its replacement with the Irish Free State. The Anglo-Irish Treaty (An Conradh Angla-Éireannach officially called the Articles of Agreement for a Treaty Between Great Britain and Ireland, was a Treaty Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Irish Free State (Saorstát Éireann (1922&ndash1937 was the state established as a Dominion on 6 December 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty, signed by It is now divided between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of

K

Kruševo Republic (1903: Крушевo / Kruševo)

• During the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising in Macedonia against the Ottoman Empire in 1903 the Kruševan Republic is proclaimed in the liberated part of Macedonia. Macedonia is a Geographical and historical region of the Balkan peninsula in southeastern Europe whose area was re-defined in the early 20th century The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting The Kruševan Republic lasted for 10 days before it was re-taken by the forces of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Nowadays it is part of the Republic of Macedonia. The Republic of Macedonia (Република

L

Labin Republic (1921)

• The Labin Republic was a short lived republic declared by miners in Labin, Istria, in 1921. The Labin Republic was a short-lived miner-established republic in Labin, Istria, in 1921 Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar Labin (Albona is a town in Istria, Croatia, population 7904 (2001 with 12426 in the municipality (which also includes small towns of Rabac and Vinež This article is about a geographical region bordering the Adriatic Sea The republic lasted from March 2 until April 8. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian Nowadays it is part of Croatia. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between

Lajtabansag State (1921: Lajtabánság)

• Lajtabánság was a short lived Hungarian state in the territory of nowadays Burgenland after the Treaty of Trianon after the Hungarian Army left the territory but before the Austrian annexation. Lajtabánság ( Leitha - Banat) was a short lived Hungarian state in the current territory of the Austrian federal state of Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. Burgenland ( Croatian Gradišće, Slovenian Gradiščansko, Hungarian Várvidék, Őrvidék or Felsőőrvidék The Treaty of Trianon is the peace treaty concluded at the end of World War I by the Allies of World War I, on one side and Hungary, seen as a successor Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The state existed from 4 October 1921 to 5 November 1921.

Latvia (1918-1940: Latvija)

• After attempts to create an independent Latvia in early 1918, German puppet states of Courland and the Baltic State are formed. Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. Courland (Kurzeme Kurland Latin: Curonia / Couronia; Kuršas Kuramaa Kurlandia Курляндия Курляндія Kuurinmaa is one of the historical The United Baltic Duchy (Vereinigtes Baltisches Herzogtum Apvienotā Baltijas hercogiste Ühendatud Balti Hertsogiriik was a proposal to unite the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia Courland joined the Baltic State later that year, but after the German defeat, Latvia became independent as the Republic of Latvia in the end of 1918. Russia took over power in 1919 and established the Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Later in 1919 the Republic of Latvia is restored. After the occupation by the USSR in 1940, it was again renamed Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic and incorporated in the USSR. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 During the first days of the German attack on the USSR in 1941 an independent republic of Latvia was declared, as was the case for 1 day in 1945. Nowadays it is independent again.

Lemko-Rusyn (1918-1920: Ruska Lemkivshchyna)

• In 1918 the Lemko-Rusyn Republic was formed after the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Lemkos (Лeмки Lemko: Лeмкы translit Lemky; sing Лeмкo Lemko) one of several quantitatively and territorially small nationalities Lemko-Rusyn Republic or Ruska Narodna Respublika Lemkiv was founded in Florynka on December 5 1918 in the aftermath of World War I, after the dissolution of It was incorporated into Poland in 1920. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland

Limerick Soviet (1919)

• During the Irish War of Independence the Limerick Trades and Labour Council declared a general strike and formed the Limerick Soviet. In the midst of the Irish War of Independence and the more general wave of Revolutions of 1917-23, the Limerick Soviet ( Sóivéid Luimnigh) was The Irish War of Independence (or Tan War, or Anglo-Irish War, Irish: Cogadh na Saoirse) from January 1919 to July 1921 was a guerrilla In the midst of the Irish War of Independence and the more general wave of Revolutions of 1917-23, the Limerick Soviet ( Sóivéid Luimnigh) was It lasted from April 15 to April 27 1919 Nowadays it is part of the Republic of Ireland. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe.

Lippe (1813-1867)

• Lippe was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866. This article is about the district Lippe. For the like-named river see Lippe River. The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Federation in 1867. The North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund came into existence in August 1866 as a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany with the Kingdom of In 1871 it became a member state of the German Empire. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Litbel (1919: Litbelas)

• In 1919 the two soviet republics of Lithuania and Byelorussia merge into the Lithuanian-Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (abbreviated as Byelorussian SSR or BSSR) (Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка Later that year the republic is defeated and the territory divided between Lithuania and Poland. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland

Lithuania (1918-1940: Lietuva)

• After the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1918 the independence of the State of Lithuania is proclaimed. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya It is renamed Kingdom of Lithuania and subsequently Republic of Lithuania the same year. Parts of the country came under control of the Russian puppet state of Litbel in 1918 and 1919, but Lithuanian rule is restored. Poland occupied parts of Lithuania to create Central Lithuania in 1920. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland After the occupation by the USSR in 1940, it is renamed Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic and incorporated in the USSR. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 During the first days of the German attack on the USSR in 1941 an independent republic of Lithuania is declared. Nowadays it is independent again.

Lübeck (1813-1867)

• Lübeck was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866. Lübeck ( is the second largest City in Schleswig-Holstein, in Northern Germany, and one of the major The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Federation in 1867. The North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund came into existence in August 1866 as a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany with the Kingdom of In 1871 it became a member state of the German Empire in 1871. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Lucca (1817-1847)

• After periods of French and Austrian occupation, the Duchy of Lucca, an Italian state since 1288, was restored in 1817. Lucca is a city in Tuscany, northern central Italy, situated on the river Serchio in a fertile plain near (but not on the Ligurian Sea It was annexed by Tuscany in 1847. Tuscany (Toscana is a region in Italy. It has an area of 22990 km² and a population of about 3 Nowadays it is part of Italy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest

M

Massa and Carrara (1814-1859)

• After periods of French occupation, the double state of the Duchy of Massa and Principality of Carrara, an Italian state since 1467, was restored in 1814. The Duchy of Massa and Carrara was the duchy that controlled the towns of Massa di Carrara and Carrara; the area is now part of unified Italy, but retains It was annexed by Modena in 1859. Modena (ˈmɔːdena Mòdna in Modenese dialect is a city and a Comune ( Municipality) on the south side of the Po valley, in the Nowadays it is part of Italy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest

Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1813-1867)

• Mecklenburg-Schwerin was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866. Mecklenburg-Schwerin was a Duchy (from 1815 a Grand duchy) in northern Germany, formed by a partition of the Duchy of Mecklenburg. The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Federation in 1867. The North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund came into existence in August 1866 as a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany with the Kingdom of In 1871 it became a member state of the German Empire. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1813-1867)

• Mecklenburg-Strelitz was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866. Mecklenburg-Strelitz was a Duchy and later Grand duchy in northern Germany, roughly consisting of the present day district of Mecklenburg-Strelitz The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Federation in 1867. The North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund came into existence in August 1866 as a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany with the Kingdom of In 1871 it became a member state of the German Empire. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Memel Territory (1920-1923: Memelgebiet, Memelland, Klaipėda region)

• In 1920, area on the northern bank of the Neman River up to the city of Memel and surroundings were detached from Germany. The Klaipėda Region (Klaipėdos kraštas or Memel Territory (Memelland or Memelgebiet Territoire de Memel was defined by the Treaty of Versailles "Nieman" and "Niemen" redirects here For other uses see Neman and Nieman (disambiguation. A form of free state was established as Memelland. In 1923 it was annexed by Lithuania under the name of Klaipėda Region. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the The Klaipėda Region (Klaipėdos kraštas or Memel Territory (Memelland or Memelgebiet Territoire de Memel was defined by the Treaty of Versailles

Menton (1848)

• The Free States of Menton and Roquebrune seceded from Monaco in 1848. Menton (mɑ̃tɔ̃ Occitan: Menton in classical norm or Mentan in Mistralian norm Italian: Mentone) is a commune For other uses see Monaco (disambiguation Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco ( French: Principauté de Monaco; Monégasque Later that year it was de facto annexed by Sardinia. Sardinia (sɑrˈdɪnɪə Sardegna Sardigna or Sardinnya is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily) Nowadays it is part of France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.

Mirdita Republic (1921: Mirditë)

• The Republic of Mirdita was proclaimed in northern Albania during the transition period to independence in 1921. The Republic of Mirdita was a short-lived unrecognized republic declared in northern Albania by Gjon Markagjoni and his followers Later that year it was extinguished by Albania. This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics.

Modena (1814-1859: Modena)

• After periods of French occupation, the Duchies of Modena and Reggio, an Italian state since 1289, was restored in 1814. Modena (ˈmɔːdena Mòdna in Modenese dialect is a city and a Comune ( Municipality) on the south side of the Po valley, in the It was renamed Modena in 1859 and annexed by the United Provinces of Central Italy in 1859, Central Italy being annexed by Sardinia the same year. Tuscany (Toscana is a region in Italy. It has an area of 22990 km² and a population of about 3 Sardinia (sɑrˈdɪnɪə Sardegna Sardigna or Sardinnya is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily) Nowadays it is part of Italy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest

Moldavia (1601-1861: Moldova)

• Moldavia, that had become independent from the Ottoman Empire and united with Wallachia in 1593, became finally in 1601 part of the Ottoman Empire as the tributary Principality of Moldavia with a various growing degree of independence. Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The eastern parts of Moldavia were separated by Russia in 1812. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending In 1861 it merged with Wallachia into the United Romanian Principalities (renamed Romania in 1866), that became independent in 1877. This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Parts of the former Principality are now part of Moldova and Ukraine. Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe.

Moldavian Democratic Republic (1918: Moldova)

• In January 1918 Bessarabia, before 1812 part of the Principality of Moldavia secedes from Russia as Moldavian Democratic Republic. The Moldavian Democratic Republic (Republica Democratică Moldovenească was declared on December 16, 1917 by the National Council ( Sfatul Ţării Bessarabia ( Basarabia in Romanian, Бесарабія in Ukrainian, Бессарабия in Russian, Бесарабия in Bulgarian Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending It merged in April 1918 into Romania. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Nowadays it is independent again as Moldova, but some parts in the north and south are part of Ukraine. Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe.

Montenegro (1878-1918, 1941-1944: Црна Гора / Crna Gora)

• In 1878 the independence of the Principality of Montenegro, nominally under Ottoman suzerainty and de facto independent since 1516, was internationally recognized. Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! It was renamed Kingdom of Montenegro in 1910, and, after the Austrian-Hungarian occupation of 1916, was united with Serbia in 1918, and was absorbed later that year into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes under the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles, Kingdom of Yugoslavia since 1929. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Between 1941 and 1944 Montenegro was a Nazi-occupied puppet state. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, it became republic within the state union of Serbia and Montenegro. The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (Државна заједница Србија и Црна Гора / Državna zajednica Srbija i Crna Gora, abbreviated It is now independent again as Montenegro. Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE!

Moresnet (1816-1919)

• In 1816 Neutral Moresnet became a territory under common administration of the Netherlands and Prussia. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state The Netherlands were replaced by Belgium in 1830. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those After World War I in 1919 the territory was ceded to Belgium by Germany under Treaty of Versailles and formally annexed in 1920.

Munster Republic (1922)

• In 1922 Irish Republicans formed the Munster Republic. The Munster Republic was a term used by Irish republicans to refer to the territory they held in the province of Munster at the start of the Irish Civil The republic was defeated later that year and was integrated into the Irish Free State. The Irish Free State (Saorstát Éireann (1922&ndash1937 was the state established as a Dominion on 6 December 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty, signed by Today, the territory is part of the Republic of Ireland. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe.

N

Naissaar (1917-1918)

• During World War I the Soviet Republic of Naissaar was established in 1917. Naissaar (Nargen Nargö is an Island northwest of Tallinn (but belonging to Viimsi Parish) in Estonia. In 1918 it was conquered by Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Nowadays it is part of Estonia. Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region

Nakhichevan (1747-1828, 1918-1921, 1990: Naxçıvan)

• In 1747 the Khanate of Nakhichevan became more or less independent from Persia. The Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası Նախիջևանի Ինքնավար Հանրապետություն Нахичеванская Автономная The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia In 1828 it was annexed by Russia. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending
• Under the name of Republic of Araks it proclaimed independence in 1918, renamed in 1919 into Aradayan Republic. Aradayan was occupied by Armenia in 1919, but after the conquest by soviet forces in 1920 it became the soviet puppet state Soviet Socialist Republic of Nakhichevan. Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Nakhichevan was incorporated into Azerbaijan in 1921. Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South
• In 1990 independence is declared again, without becoming reality.

Nassau (1813-1866)

• Nassau was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866. Nassau was a German state within the Holy Roman Empire and later in the German Confederation. The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to After the Prussian-Austrian War it was annexed in 1866 by Prussia. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

O

Oldenburg (1813-1867)

• Oldenburg was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866 and was renamed in 1829 into Grand Duchy of Oldenburg. Oldenburg ( Low German: Ollnborg) is a historical state in today's Germany named for its capital Oldenburg. The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Federation in 1867. The North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund came into existence in August 1866 as a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany with the Kingdom of In 1871 it became a member state of the German Empire. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Ottoman Empire (1307-1920: Aliye-i Osmaniye)

• In 1307 the Ottoman Emirate was formed. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish It gradually developed into the Ottoman Empire in 1473, a country that ruled large parts of South-Eastern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. In 1920 it was dissolved and continued in a smaller form by Turkey. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches

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Palatinate (1923: Pfalz)

• Separatists seceded in 1923 from Germany and proclaimed the Palatinate Republic. The Palatinate (Pfalz Pfälzer dialect Palz) historically also Rhenish Palatinate (palatinatum Renensis Rheinpfalz is a region in south-western Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. This effort collapsed within months.

Papal States (1814-1870: Stati Pontificii)

• After periods of French occupation, the Papal States, an Italian state since 754 ruled by the Pope, was restored in 1814. The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and It was temporarily named United Italian Provinces in 1831 and Roman Republic in 1849. See also Roman Republic, Roman Republic (18th century The Roman Republic was a short-lived (four months state established on February 8 In 1870 it was annexed by Italy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest In 1929, during Mussolini's rule, Italy recognized the continuing sovereignty of the pope over the much smaller Vatican City State. Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory

Parma and Piacenza (1814-1859: Parma e Piacenza)

• After periods of French occupation, the Duchies of Parma and Piacenza, an Italian state since 1545, was restored in 1814. The Duchy of Parma was created in 1545 from that part of the Duchy of Milan south of the Po River, as a fief for Pope Paul III 's illegitimate son It was temporarily annexed by Austria in 1848 and Sardinia in 1859. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Sardinia (sɑrˈdɪnɪə Sardegna Sardigna or Sardinnya is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily) The duchies were annexed by Modena in 1859. Modena (ˈmɔːdena Mòdna in Modenese dialect is a city and a Comune ( Municipality) on the south side of the Po valley, in the Nowadays it is part of Italy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest

Piana degli Albanesi (June 1940-December 1940)

• This small town in Sicily declared the Independent Arbëresh (Albanian) State of Hora e Arbëreshëvet for a small period during the fascist regime in Italy and the Second World War. Piana degli Albanesi is an Italian Comune in the Province of Palermo, Sicily. Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. Arbëreshë are an ethnic community living in Italy, especially the regions of Calabria and Sicily. The term Italian Fascism denotes the totalitarian Fascismo political movement that ruled Italy from 1922 until 1943 under leader Benito Mussolini World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including It was a communist state but allowed the Byzantine Catholic church. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The Greek Byzantine Catholic Church is a Sui iuris Particular Church within the Catholic Church and uses the Byzantine liturgical rite

Pindus (1941-1945: Pindo)

• The Italian and Bulgarian occupiers of Southern Yugoslavia and northwest Greece created the puppet state Principality of Pindus. The Principality of Pindus and Voivodship of Macedonia (also Pindo or Pindos, sometimes Pindus and Moglena; Principato del Pindo Printsipat di la Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία It was abolished in 1945. Nowadays it is part of Greece and the Republic of Macedonia. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The Republic of Macedonia (Република

Poland (November 1918-September 1939)

• The Second Republic of Poland. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Nowadays Poland is independent again.

Pontecorvo (1820-1821)

• In 1820 the Republic of Pontecorvo seceded from the Papal States, but Papal rule was restored in 1821. Pontecorvo is a town in the Province of Frosinone, Lazio, Italy. The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa

Republic of Prekmurje (1919)

• The declare their independence of the Prekmurian Slovenian state from Hungary. The Republic of Prekmurje or Mura Republica (also known Vendvidéki Köztársaság Mura Köztársaság Murska Republika Republika Prekmurje Prekmurian: Republika Prekmurje (Muravidék is the easternmost region of Slovenia. It borders Hungary to the north-east Austria to the north-west Croatia to the Slovenes or Slovenians ( Slovene Slovenci, dual Slovenca, singular Slovenec, feminine Slovenke, dual Slovenki Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Existed for 6 days.

Prussia (1525-1867)

• Inside and outside the Holy Roman Empire the merger of the Markgraviate of Brandenburg and the Duchy of Prussia, leads in 1618 to the formation of the double state Electorate Brandenburg and Duchy of Prussia, the latter renamed in 1701 Kingdom of Prussia. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in In 1772 the double state becomes known as the Royal Prussian States. It was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866. The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to After the Prussian-Austrian War it became the leading member state of the North German Federation in 1867. The North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund came into existence in August 1866 as a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany with the Kingdom of It was a leading force in the creation of the German Empire in 1871. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Prussia as a state was abolished de facto by the Nazis in 1934 and de jure by the Allies of World War II in 1947. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War.

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Reuß Junior Line (1813-1867: Reuß jüngere Linie)

• The Principality of Reuß Junior Line was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866. Reuss (Reuß was the name of several historical states located in present-day Thuringia, Germany. The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Federation in 1867. The North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund came into existence in August 1866 as a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany with the Kingdom of In 1871 it became a member state of the German Empire. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Reuß Senior Line (1813-1867: Reuß ältere Linie)

• The Principality of Reuß Senior Line was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866. Reuss (Reuß was the name of several historical states located in present-day Thuringia, Germany. The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Federation in 1867. The North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund came into existence in August 1866 as a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany with the Kingdom of In 1871 it became a member state of the German Empire. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Rhenish Republic (1923: Rheinland)

• Separatists supported by French and Belgian occupation forces seceded in 1923 from Germany and proclaimed the Rhine Republic. The Rhenish Republic (Rheinische Republik was proclaimed at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle in October 1923 during the Occupation of the Ruhr by troops from France Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. This effort collapsed within months.

Roquebrune (1848)

• The Free States of Menton and Roquebrune seceded from Monaco in 1848. Roquebrune-Cap-Martin ( Roccabruna-Capo Martino in Italian is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France For other uses see Monaco (disambiguation Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco ( French: Principauté de Monaco; Monégasque Later that year it was de facto annexed by Sardinia. Sardinia (sɑrˈdɪnɪə Sardegna Sardigna or Sardinnya is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily) Nowadays it is part of France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.

Russian Empire (1547-1922: Россия / Rossija)

• In 1547 Muscovy was succeeded by the Russian Tsardom, since 1721 known as Russian Empire. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The Grand Duchy of Moscow (Великое княжество Московское was a medieval Russian polity centered on Moscow between 1340 and In 1917 the polity used the names of Russia, Russian Republic, Russian Soviet Republic, followed in 1918 by Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. It united with the soviet republics in Ukraine, Belarus and Transcaucasia into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1922. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east The South Caucasus is a mountainous geopolitical area of south-central Eurasia, also referred to as Transcaucasia, or The Transcaucasus. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Nowadays most of its former territory forms the Russian Federation. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending

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Saar Territory (1920-1935: Saargebiet)

• The League of Nations separated the Saar region from Germany and established the Saar Territory under its administration. The Territory of the Saar Basin (in French: Le Territoire du Bassin de la Sarre, in German: Saarbeckengebiet) also referred as the Saar The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. It was reincorporated by plebiscite into Germany in 1935.

Saarland (1947-1957)

• In 1947 the French occupation territories in Germany created Saarland, a state closely related to France. The Saar or Saar Area or Saar Protectorate or Saar Region was a French-German borderland territory twice temporarily made a protectorate Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Saarland became part of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Samegrelo (1557-1857)

• The Principality of Mingrelia, or Samegrelo, was under Russian suzerainty from 1803 and finally annexed in 1857. Megrelia, Mingrelia or Samegrelo / Samargalo (სამეგრელო Samegrelo; Mingrelian: სამარგალო Samargalo Nowadays it is part of Georgia. Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between

Sardinia (1720-1861: Sardegna). Kingdom of Sardinia, also known as Piedmont-Sardinia or Sardinia-Piedmont, was the name given to the possessions of the House of Savoy in 1720 when the

• The islands of Sardinia became the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1326, in a personal union with Aragon. Sardinia (sɑrˈdɪnɪə Sardegna Sardigna or Sardinnya is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily) Aragon ( Spanish: "Aragón") is an autonomous community of Spain. In 1720 it is acquired by the House of Savoy, giving the name Kingdom of Sardinia or informally Piedmont-Sardinia to the combined Savoy ruled territories. For the two French départements of the region of Savoy see Savoie and Haute-Savoie Savoy ( French The mainland parts of the countries were occupied between 1800 and 1814. Between 1859 and 1861 it annexed most other Italian states and after the unification with the Two Sicilies succeeded by Italy. The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ( Regno delle Due Sicilie) commonly known as just the Two Sicilies, was the name of a Kingdom in Europe. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest

Saxe-Altenburg (1813-1867: Sachsen-Altenburg)

• The Principality of Saxe-Altenburg was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866 and is until 1826 in a personal union with Saxe-Gotha. Saxe-Altenburg (Sachsen-Altenburg was one of the Saxon duchies held by the Ernestine branch of the Wettin dynasty The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to Saxe-Gotha (Sachsen-Gotha was a historical state in today's Thuringia, Germany. After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Federation in 1867. The North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund came into existence in August 1866 as a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany with the Kingdom of In 1871 it became a member state of the German Empire. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Saxe-Coburg (1815-1826: Sachsen-Coburg)

• Sachsen-Coburg was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815. Saxe-Coburg (Sachsen-Coburg is a historical state in today's Bavaria, Germany. The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to In 1826 it merged with Saxe-Gotha into Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Saxe-Gotha (Sachsen-Gotha was a historical state in today's Thuringia, Germany. Saxe-Coburg and Gotha or Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha served as the name of the two German duchies of Saxe-Coburg and Saxe-Gotha in Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (1826-1867: Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha)

• Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Saxe-Gotha become a combined double state 1826 named Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Saxe-Coburg and Gotha or Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha served as the name of the two German duchies of Saxe-Coburg and Saxe-Gotha in The Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld was one of the Saxon Duchies held by the Ernestine line of the Wettin Dynasty Saxe-Gotha (Sachsen-Gotha was a historical state in today's Thuringia, Germany. The small Thuringian state was a member state of the German Confederation until 1866. The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Federation in 1867. The North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund came into existence in August 1866 as a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany with the Kingdom of In 1871 it became a member state of the German Empire. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Saxe-Gotha (1813-1826: Sachsen-Gotha)

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Principality of Saxe-Gotha, also known as Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, a German state since 1572, became more or less independent. Saxe-Gotha (Sachsen-Gotha was a historical state in today's Thuringia, Germany. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in The Confederation of the Rhine or Rhine Confederation (Rheinbund États confédérés du Rhin officially and Confédération du Rhin in practice) lasted The small Thuringian state was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815. The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to In 1826 it merged with Saxe-Coburg into Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Saxe-Coburg (Sachsen-Coburg is a historical state in today's Bavaria, Germany. Saxe-Coburg and Gotha or Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha served as the name of the two German duchies of Saxe-Coburg and Saxe-Gotha in Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Saxe-Hildburghausen (1813-1826: Sachsen-Hildburghausen)

• After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the dissolution of the succeeding Confederation of the Rhine in 1813, the Principality of Saxe-Hildburghausen, a German state since 1680, became more or less independent. Saxe-Hildburghausen (Sachsen-Hildburghausen was an Ernestine duchy in what is now southern Thuringia, Germany. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in The Confederation of the Rhine or Rhine Confederation (Rheinbund États confédérés du Rhin officially and Confédération du Rhin in practice) lasted The small Thuringian state was a member state of the German Confederation since 1815. The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to In 1826 it became part of Saxe-Meiningen. The Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen was one of the Saxon Duchies held by the Ernestine line of the Wettin Dynasty Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Saxe-Meiningen (1813-1867: Sachsen-Meiningen)

• The Principality of Saxe-Meiningen was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866. The Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen was one of the Saxon Duchies held by the Ernestine line of the Wettin Dynasty The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to It absorbed Saxe-Hildburghausen in 1826. Saxe-Hildburghausen (Sachsen-Hildburghausen was an Ernestine duchy in what is now southern Thuringia, Germany. After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Federation in 1867. The North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund came into existence in August 1866 as a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany with the Kingdom of In 1871 it became a member state of the German Empire. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1813-1867: Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach)

• The Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenachwas a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866. The Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (Herzogtum Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach was created in 1809 by the merger of the Ernestine duchies of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Federation in 1867. The North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund came into existence in August 1866 as a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany with the Kingdom of In 1871 it became a member state of the German Empire. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Saxony (1813-1867: Sachsen)

• The Kingdom of Saxony was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866. The Free State of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen ˈzaksən Swobodny Stat Sakska is the easternmost federal state of Germany. The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Federation in 1867. The North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund came into existence in August 1866 as a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany with the Kingdom of In 1871 it became a member state of the German Empire in 1871. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Nowadays it is a state of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Schaumburg-Lippe (1813-1867)

• The Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866. Schaumburg-Lippe was a small state in Germany, in the present day state of Lower Saxony, with its capital at Bückeburg. The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Federation in 1867. The North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund came into existence in August 1866 as a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany with the Kingdom of In 1871 it became a member state of the German Empire. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (1813-1867)

• The Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866. Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt was a small state in Germany, in the present-day state of Thuringia formed in a resettlement of Schwarzburg dynasty family lands The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Federation in 1867. The North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund came into existence in August 1866 as a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany with the Kingdom of In 1871 it became a member state of the German Empire. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (1813-1867)

• The Principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866. Schwarzburg-Sondershausen was a small Principality in Germany in the present day state of Thuringia, with capital at Sondershausen. The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Federation in 1867. The North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund came into existence in August 1866 as a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany with the Kingdom of In 1871 it became a member state of the German Empire. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Serbia (1878-1918, 1941-1944: Србија / Srbija)

• In 1878 the independence of the Principality of Serbia, nominally under Ottoman suzerainty and de facto independent since 1815, is internationally recognized. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country It was renamed Kingdom of Serbia in 1882. It gradually enlarged its territory and became in 1918 part the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (which later became Yugoslavia). The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian Between 1941 and 1944 Serbia was a Nazi-occupied puppet state. It is now independent again as Serbia. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country

Serbia and Montenegro (2003-2006: Srbija i Crna Gora)

• In 2003 as a result of compromise of the Republics of Montenegro and Serbia, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was trasnformed into the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (Државна заједница Србија и Црна Гора / Državna zajednica Srbija i Crna Gora, abbreviated Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Савезна Република Југославија / Savezna Republika Jugoslavija) or FRY was a federal state The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (Државна заједница Србија и Црна Гора / Državna zajednica Srbija i Crna Gora, abbreviated After a Montenegrin independence referendum in 2006, the state union was dissolved. Nowadays independent Serbia and Montenegro

Slovakia (1939-1945: Slovensko)

• The Slovak Republic was declared in 1939 under Nazi-Germany's "protection". Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! The Slovak Republic ( Slovak: Slovenská republika) was an independent national Slovak state which existed from 14 March 1939 It arose from Czechoslovakia, which split into the Slovak Republic, Carpatho-Ukraine (occupied by Hungary), and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Carpatho-Ukraine (Карпатська Україна Karpats’ka Ukrayina) was an autonomous region within Czechoslovakia from late 1938 to March 15 The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (Reichsprotektorat Böhmen und Mähren Protektorát Čechy a Morava was the majority ethnic-Czech Protectorate which After the German capitulation it became part of Czechoslovakia again. Nowadays it is part of the territory of Slovakia

Sonderbund (1845-1847)

• Seven cantons from Switzerland created their own confederation, Sonderbund, in 1845. Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million The Sonderbund Swiss civil war of November 1847 ensued after the Sonderbund (meaning "separate alliance" in German) was created in 1845 It was reincorporated into Switzerland in 1847. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation

Srpska (1992-1995: Српска / Srpska)

• Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence in 1992 as the Republika Srpska (Serb Republic). Republika Srpska ( Serbian: Република Српска Republika Srpska ( often abbreviated PC or RS) also Српска Srpska Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) The republic became one of the two entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1995. Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995

Srpska Krajina (1991-1997: Српска Крајина / Srpska Krajina)

• Serbs in Croatia created the Republika Srpska Krajina in 1991 after the breakup of Socialist Yugoslavia. The Republic of Serbian Krajina abbreviated RSK (Република Српска Крајина РСК sometimes also translated "Republic of Serb Krajina" Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian In 1995 it was mostly captured by the Croatian forces after the military operation named Operation Storm (Oluja). Operation Storm ( Croatian: Operacija Oluja, Serbian Cyrillic: Oпeрaциja Oлуja was the Code name given to a large-scale military operation The remainder of Srpska Krajina (Srem-Baranja Oblast) was peacefully incorporated into Croatia in 1997. SAO Eastern Slavonia Baranja and Western Srem ( Serbian: SAO Istočna Slavonija Baranja i Zapadni Srem / САО Источна Nowadays it is part of Croatia. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between

State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (1918: Država Slovenaca, Hrvata i Srba / Држава Словенаца, Хрвата и Срба / Država Slovencev, Hrvatov in Srbov)

• The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs was a short-lived state formed from the southernmost parts of the Austrian-Hungarian monarchy after its dissolution at the end of the World War I by the resident population of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. The State of Slovenes Croats and Serbs was a short-lived state formed from the southernmost parts of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy after its dissolution at the end of World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Slovenes or Slovenians ( Slovene Slovenci, dual Slovenca, singular Slovenec, feminine Slovenke, dual Slovenki Croats (Hrvati are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, The state united with Serbia in 1918 to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija

T

Tavolara (1836-1934)

• In 1836 the Kingdom of Tavolara asserted its independence and was recognized by King Charles Albert of Sardinia. In the 19th and 20th centuries Tavolara island off the northeast coast of Sardinia was ruled by the Bertoleoni family as the Kingdom of Tavolara, one of Biography He was born in Turin in 1798 to Charles Emmanuel of Savoy 6th Prince of Carignano and Albertina Maria Cristina of Saxony. Sardinia (sɑrˈdɪnɪə Sardegna Sardigna or Sardinnya is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily) Queen Mariangela died in 1934, leaving the kingdom to Italy.

Transcaucasia (1918, 1922: Закавказье / Zakavkazye)

• After the Communists took power in Russia in 1918, the Democratic Federative Republic of Transcaucasia seceded from Russia. The South Caucasus is a mountainous geopolitical area of south-central Eurasia, also referred to as Transcaucasia, or The Transcaucasus. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Later that year, Transcaucasia separated into Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between
• In 1922 these countries were united by Soviet occupiers into the Federative Union of Soviet Socialist Republics of Transcaucasia, later in 1922 renamed the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. The TSFSR became in the same month part of the USSR. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991

Transylvania (1918: Transilvania / Erdély / Siebenbürgen)

• In 1918 Transylvania seceded from Austria-Hungary. Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian Later that year it joined Romania. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania

Trieste (1947-1954: Trieste / Trst)

• After the Italian defeat in World War II, the Anglo-American and Yugoslav occupation authorities form in 1947 under United Nations mandate the Free Territory of Trieste . The Free Territory of Trieste or Free State of Trieste ( Italian Territorio libero di Trieste, Slovenian Svobodno tržaško ozemlje World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The Free Territory of Trieste or Free State of Trieste ( Italian Territorio libero di Trieste, Slovenian Svobodno tržaško ozemlje In 1954 the territory was divided between Italy and Yugoslavia and in 1990 the Yugoslavian part was sub-divided between Slovenia and Croatia. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between

Tuscany (1814-1859: Toscane)

• After periods of French occupation, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, an Italian state since 1197 as Florence, was restored in 1814. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Granducato di Toscana Magnus Ducatus Tusciae was a state in central Italy that existed from 1569 to 1859 replacing the Duchy of Florence Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany It was united with Parma and Modena in the United Provinces of Central Italy in 1859 and incorporated into Sardinia in 1860. Parma is a City in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna near Modena famous for its Architecture and the fine countryside around it Modena (ˈmɔːdena Mòdna in Modenese dialect is a city and a Comune ( Municipality) on the south side of the Po valley, in the The United Provinces of Central Italy, also known as Union of Central Italy, Confederation of Central Italy or Government General of Central Italy, Sardinia (sɑrˈdɪnɪə Sardegna Sardigna or Sardinnya is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily) Nowadays it is part of Italy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest

Two Sicilies (1759-1861: Due Sicilie)

• The southern parts of mainland Italy and Sicily become in 1130 the Kingdom of Sicily. The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ( Regno delle Due Sicilie) commonly known as just the Two Sicilies, was the name of a Kingdom in Europe. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. In 1281 the kingdom was split into the Kingdom of Naples and the Kingdom of Sicily. Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the The two kingdoms were sometimes in personal union and ruled by Aragon, Spain and Austria between 1442 and 1759. Aragon ( Spanish: "Aragón") is an autonomous community of Spain. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich From 1759 the two kingdoms had a joint king, the king of Naples. Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the After the French period the country was reunited as the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1816. Between 1848 and 1849 the entities had two separate administrations. It was united with Sardinia in 1860. Sardinia (sɑrˈdɪnɪə Sardegna Sardigna or Sardinnya is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily) Nowadays it is part of Italy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest

U

Ukraine (1917-1922: Україна / Ukrayina)

• Ukraine seceded in 1917 from Russia as the Ukrainian Democratic Republic. The Ukrainian People's Republic (Українська Народна Республіка Ukrayins’ka Narodna Respublika; also translated as the Ukrainian National Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Owing to the civil war, and the aftermath of World War I, power shifted between communists and non-communists, which led to a succession of names: Ukrainian People's Republic, Ukrainian State, Hetmanate of Ukraine, Ukrainian People's Republic and finally Ukrainian Socialist Conciliar Republic. The latter became in 1922 a founding component of the USSR. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Nowadays it is independent again as Ukraine. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe.

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (1922-1991: Союз Советских Социалистических Республик / Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, SSSR)

• In 1922 Russia formed together with the Soviet Republics of Ukraine, Byelorussia and Transcaucasia the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (abbreviated as Byelorussian SSR or BSSR) (Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка The South Caucasus is a mountainous geopolitical area of south-central Eurasia, also referred to as Transcaucasia, or The Transcaucasus. The USSR was dissolved in 1991 and its member states continue as independent states. In Europe these are Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South

Užice (1941: Ужичка република / Užička Republika)

• The Republic of Užice was a short-lived military state that existed in Autumn 1941 in the western part of Nazi-occupied Serbia. The Republic of Užice ( Serbo-Croatian: Ужичка република Užička Republika) was a short-lived military mini-state that existed in Autumn Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The Republic was established by the fighters of the Partisan resistance movement and its capital was in the town of Užice. Užice ( Serbian Cyrillic: Ужице IPA:) is a town and municipality located in Serbia at 43 In November 1941, German troops occupied this territory again, while the majority of Partisan forces escaped towards Bosnia and Sandžak. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Sandžak ( Serbian: Санџак Sandžak or Рашка Raška; Bosnian: Sandžak; Albanian: Sanxhak or

V

Venice (1848-1849: Venezia)

• Venice, part of Austria since 1813, declared independence twice in 1848 as the Venetian State as a restoration of the Republic of Venice. Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Year 1813 ( MDCCCXIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Most Serene Republic of Venice ((Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia Serenissima Repubblica Austrian rule was restored in 1849. Nowadays it is part of Italy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest

W

Waldeck-Pyrmont (1813-1867)

• The Principality of Waldeck-Pyrmont was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866. Waldeck (or later Waldeck and Pyrmont) was a sovereign principality in the German Empire and German Confederation and until 1929 a constituent state of The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to After the Prussian-Austrian War it became a member state of the North German Federation in 1867. The North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund came into existence in August 1866 as a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany with the Kingdom of Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Wallachia (1593-1861: Ţara Românească or Valahia)

• Wallachia, which briefly gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1593, was subsumed back into the Empire in 1601 as the tributary Principality of Wallachia with a variable degree of independence. This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish In 1861 it merged with Moldavia into the United Romanian Principalities (renamed Romania in 1866), that became independent in 1877. Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania

Western Bosnia (1993-1995: Zapadna Bosna)

• Inside Bosnia and Herzegovina the state of Western Bosnia was formed in 1993. The Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia ( Bosnian, Croatian or Serbian: Autonomna Pokrajina Zapadna Bosna, Аутономна Покрајина Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan It was occupied in 1994, but restored later that year. It was again occupied and annexed by Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1995. Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan

Western Ukraine (1918–1919: Західна Українa / Zakhidna Ukrayina)

• After the defeat of Austria-Hungary in World War I, the Ukrainian State seceded in 1918 from Austria. The West Ukrainian National Republic (Західно-Українська Народна Республика Zakhidno-Ukrayins’ka Narodna Respublyka or ЗУНР ZUNR World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All It was renamed the West Ukrainian People's Republic within a month. In 1919 Western Ukraine united with the Ukrainian National Republic, but was incorporated into Poland in 1920, and annexed by the Soviet Union in 1939. The Ukrainian People's Republic (Українська Народна Республіка Ukrayins’ka Narodna Respublika; also translated as the Ukrainian National Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Today it is part of Ukraine. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe.

Württemberg (1813-1871)

• The Kingdom of Württemberg was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866. Württemberg, formerly known as Wirtemberg, is an area and a former state in Swabia, a region in southwestern Germany. The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to Its more or less independent status ended with the formation of the German Empire in 1871, of which it became a state. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Nowadays it is part of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Y

Yugoslavia (1918-2003: Jugoslavija / Југославија)

• The Kingdom of Serbia united the South Slavic parts of Austria-Hungary (the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs) in 1918 into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian One of the first Serbian states Raška, was founded in the first half of the 7th century on Byzantine territory by the Unknown The South Slavs are a southern branch of the Slavic peoples that live in the Balkans mainly throughout the former Yugoslavia (meaning "Land of The State of Slovenes Croats and Serbs was a short-lived state formed from the southernmost parts of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy after its dissolution at the end of In 1929 it was reconstituated as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Between 1941 and 1944/5 parts of it were occupied by the Axis forces of Nazi Germany, Italy (with Albania), Hungary, and the Kingdom of Bulgaria and created puppet-states: Independent State of Croatia, the Kingdom of Montenegro, the Kingdom of Serbia (with Banat) and the Principality of Pindus. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The Kingdom of Bulgaria (Царство България was established on October 5, 1908 ( September 22 O The Independent State of Croatia ( Croatian: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH was a Puppet state of the Axis powers. The Kingdom of Montenegro ( Serbian Cyrillic: Краљевина Црнa Горa or Kraljevina Crna Gora) was a kingdom in southeastern Europe The Kingdom of Serbia ( Serbian Cyrillic: Краљевина Србија Serbian Latinica Kraljevina Srbija) was created when Prince Milan Obrenović ruler The Banat is a geographical and historical region in Central Europe currently divided between three countries the eastern part lies in Romania (the counties The Principality of Pindus and Voivodship of Macedonia (also Pindo or Pindos, sometimes Pindus and Moglena; Principato del Pindo Printsipat di la In 1943 the Yugoslav Partisans proclaimed a Democratic Federal Yugoslavia, which officially replaced the Kingdom in 1945. The Yugoslav Partisans, or simply the Partisans, ( Serbo-Croatian, Croatian, Serbian, Macedonian, Slovene: Partizani It was reformed in 1946 as the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia, which was in 1963 renamed to Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. After the secessions of the Republics of Slovenia, Croatia and Macedonia (in 1991) and Bosnia and Herzegovina (in 1992) from the federation, the remaining rump of Yugoslavia was reconstituted into a new federal state, named Federal Republic of Yugoslavia after the Republic of Montenegro decided to keep the Yugoslav state with the Republic of Serbia in a 1992 referendum. Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between The Republic of Macedonia (Република Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan In 2003 this federation was transformed into the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro as a result of compromise between the two member-states. The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (Државна заједница Србија и Црна Гора / Državna zajednica Srbija i Crna Gora, abbreviated Nowadays Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Kosovo, Slovenia and Montenegro

External links

• Footnotes to History
• Rulers

Footnotes

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