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Formaldehyde
IUPAC name Methanal
Other names formol, methyl aldehyde, methylene oxide
Identifiers
CAS number [50-00-0]
RTECS number LP8925000
SMILES C=O
Properties
Molecular formula CH2O
Molar mass 30. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances ( RTECS) is a Database of Toxicity information compiled from the open scientific literature without reference A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 03 g·mol−1
Appearance colorless gas
Density 1 kg·m−3, gas
Melting point

-117 °C (156 K)
Boiling point

-19. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid 3 °C (253. 9 K)
Solubility in water > 100 g/100 ml (20 °C)
Structure
Molecular shape trigonal planar
Dipole moment 2. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Molecular geometry or molecular structure is the three- Dimensional arrangement of the Atoms that constitute a Molecule. In physics there are two kinds of dipoles ( Hellènic: di(s- = two- and pòla = pivot hinge An electric dipole is a 33168(1) D
Hazards
Main hazards toxic, flammable
NFPA 704
2
3
2
 
R-phrases R23/24/25, R34, R40, R43
S-phrases (S1/2), S26, S36/37, S39, S45, S51
Flash point -53 °C
Related compounds
Related aldehydes acetaldehyde

benzaldehyde
Related compounds ketones

carboxylic acids
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for
materials in their standard state
(at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox disclaimer and references

Formaldehyde is a chemical compound with the formula H2CO. The debye (symbol D) is a non- SI, CGS unit of electrical dipole moment. Occupational safety and health is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the Safety, Health and welfare of people engaged in Symbolism The four divisions are typically color-coded with blue indicating level of Health Hazard, red indicating R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. The flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest Temperature at which it can form an ignitable mixture in air An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a terminal Carbonyl group. Acetaldehyde, sometimes known as ethanal, is an organic chemical compound with the formula C[[Hydrogen H]]3CH O or MeCHO Benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO is a chemical compound consisting of a Benzene ring with an Aldehyde substituent A ketone (pronounced as key tone) is either the Functional group characterized by a Carbonyl group (O=C linked to two other Carbon atoms or Carboxylic acids are Organic acids characterized by the presence of a Carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=OOH usually written -COOH or -CO2H In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes It is the simplest aldehyde—an organic compound containing a terminal carbonyl group: it consists of exactly one carbonyl. An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a terminal Carbonyl group. In Organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a Functional group composed of a Carbon Atom double-bonded to an Oxygen It was first synthesized by the Russian chemist Aleksandr Butlerov (1828-1886), but was conclusively identified by August Wilhelm von Hofmann. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Aleksandr Mikhailovich Butlerov (Александр Михайлович Бутлеров ( September 15, 1828 &ndash August 17, 1886, August Wilhelm von Hofmann ( April 8, 1818 &ndash May 5, 1892) was a German Chemist. [1] Formaldehyde exists in several forms aside from H2CO: the cyclic trimer trioxane and the polymer paraformaldehyde. Trioxane refers to a pair of Isomeric Organic compounds having the Molecular formula C3H6O3 Polyoxymethylene (POM in the USA also commonly known under DuPont 's brand name Delrin, is an Engineering plastic, a Polymer with the chemical It exists in water as the hydrate H2C(OH)2. Aqueous solutions of formaldehyde are referred to as formalin. "100%" formalin consists of a saturated solution of formaldehyde (roughly 40% by mass) in water, with a small amount of stabilizer, usually methanol to limit oxidation and polymerization. In Chemistry a stabilizer is a chemical which tends to inhibit the reaction between two or more other chemicals Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state In Polymer chemistry, polymerization is a process of reacting Monomer Molecules together in a Chemical reaction to form three-dimensional networks

Formaldehyde is an intermediate in the oxidation (or combustion) of methane as well as other carbon compounds, e. Combustion or burning is a complex sequence of Exothermic chemical reactions between a Fuel and an Oxidant accompanied by the production of Methane is a Chemical compound with the molecular formula. It is the simplest Alkane, and the principal component of Natural gas. g. forest fires, in automobile exhaust, and in tobacco smoke. A wildfire, also known as a wildland fire, forest fire, brush fire, vegetation fire, grass fire, Peat fire, Tobacco Smoking is the inhalation of smoke from burned dried or cured leaves of the Tobacco plant most often in the form of a Cigarette. It is produced in the atmosphere by the action of sunlight and oxygen on atmospheric methane and other hydrocarbons; thus, it becomes part of smog. Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Methane is a Chemical compound with the molecular formula. It is the simplest Alkane, and the principal component of Natural gas. In Organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an Organic compound consisting entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon. Smog is a kind of Air pollution; the word "smog" is a Portmanteau of Smoke and Fog. Small amounts of formaldehyde are produced as a metabolic byproduct in most organisms, including humans. Metabolism is the set of Chemical reactions that occur in living Organisms in order to maintain Life. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus

Contents

Production

Formaldehyde is produced industrially by the catalytic oxidation of methanol. Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound The most common catalysts are silver metal or a mixture of an iron oxide with molybdenum and vanadium. Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Altogether there are sixteen known Iron Oxides and oxyhydroxides Molybdenum (məˈlɪbdənəm from the Greek word for the metal " Lead " is a Group 6 Chemical element with the symbol Mo Vanadium (vəˈneɪdiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol V and Atomic number 23 In the more commonly used FORMOX process methanol and oxygen react at ca 250-400 °C in presence of iron oxide in combination with molybdenum and/or vanadium to produce formaldehyde according to the chemical equation

2 CH3OH + O2 → 2 H2CO + 2 H2O

The silver-based catalyst is usually operated at a higher temperature, about 650 °C. A chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a Chemical reaction. Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Water ( H2[[oxygen O]] H OH) is the most abundant Molecule on Earth 's surface composing of about 70% of the Earth's surface as Two chemical reactions on it simultaneously produce formaldehyde: that shown above and the dehydrogenation reaction

CH3OH → H2CO + H2

Formaldehyde is readily oxidized by atmospheric oxygen to form formic acid. Dehydrogenation is a chemical reaction that involves the elimination of Hydrogen (H2 Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest Carboxylic acid. Formic acid is found in ppm levels in commercial formaldehyde.

Formalin can be produced on a smaller scale using a whole range of other methods including conversion from ethanol instead of the normally-fed methanol feedstock. Such methods are of less commercial importance.

Organic chemistry

Formaldehyde is a central building block in the synthesis of many other compounds. It exhibits most of the chemical properties of other aldehydes but is more reactive. Formaldehyde is a good electrophile, participating in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions with aromatic compounds, and can undergo electrophilic addition reactions with alkenes. In Chemistry, an electrophile (literally electron-lover) is a Reagent attracted to Electrons that participates in a chemical reaction by accepting Electrophilic aromatic substitution or EAS is an Organic reaction in which an atom usually Hydrogen, appended to an aromatic system is replaced In Organic chemistry, an electrophilic addition reaction is an Addition reaction where in a Chemical compound, a Pi bond is removed by the creation In Organic chemistry, an alkene, olefin, or olefine is an unsaturated Chemical compound containing at least one Carbon Formaldehyde undergoes a Cannizzaro reaction in the presence of basic catalysts to produce formic acid and methanol. The Cannizzaro reaction, named after its discoverer Stanislao Cannizzaro, is a Chemical reaction that involves the base -induced Disproportionation In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest Carboxylic acid.

Condensation with acetaldehyde affords pentaerythritol. Pentaerythritol is the Organic compound with the formula C(CH2OH4 [2] Condensation with phenols gives phenol-formaldehyde resins. The earliest commercial synthetic Resin is based on a Phenol formaldehyde resin (PF with the commercial name Bakelite, and is formed from an Elimination With 4-substituted phenols one obtains calixarenes. [3]

When combined with hydrogen sulfide it forms trithiane. [4]

3 CH2O + 3 H2S → (CH2S)3 + 3 H2O

Biology

Formaldehyde solutions are used as a fixative for microscopy and histology. In the fields of Histology, Pathology, and Cell biology, fixation is a chemical process by which Biological tissues are preserved from decay Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view samples or objects Histology (from the Greek = 'tissue' is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of Plants and Pure solutions that are free of the oxidation product formic acid and of the stabilizer methanol are often produced by depolymerization of paraformaldehyde in hot water. Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest Carboxylic acid. Stabilizer (spelt stabiliser in UK English may mean Stabilizer (aircraft, surfaces to help keep aircraft under control Stabilizer Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound In Polymer chemistry, polymerization is a process of reacting Monomer Molecules together in a Chemical reaction to form three-dimensional networks Paraformaldehyde, also known as polyoxymethylene, is the Condensation product of Formaldehyde with a typical chain length of 8 - 100 units

Formaldehyde (and its oligomers and hydrates) are rarely encountered in living organisms. In Chemistry, an oligomer consists of a limited number of Monomer units (ολιγος or oligos is Greek for "a few" in contrast to a Methanogenesis, which can start from many C1 sources, proceeds via the equivalent of formaldehyde, but this one-carbon species is masked as a methylene group carried by methanopterin. Methanogenesis or biomethanation is the formation of Methane by Microbes known as Methanogens Organisms capable of producing methane have been Methylene is the chemical species R2C named after Methane, in which two of the carbon atom's valence electrons form no bonds Tetrahydromethanopterin, abbreviated H4MPT is a Coenzyme in Methanogenesis. The formaldehyde is the primary cause of the methanol's toxicity, since methanol is metabolised into toxic formaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase. Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH is an enzyme discovered in the mid-1960s in Drosophila melanogaster.

Applications

As a disinfectant and biocide

An aqueous solution of formaldehyde can be useful as a disinfectant as it kills most bacteria and fungi (including their spores). The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have It is also used as a preservative in vaccines. A preservative is a natural or synthetic chemical that is added to products such as foods pharmaceuticals paints biological samples wood etc A vaccine is a biological preparation which is used to establish or improve immunity to a particular disease Formaldehyde solutions are applied topically in medicine to dry the skin, such as in the treatment of warts. A wart (also known as verruca) is generally a small rough Tumor, typically on hands and feet but often other locations that can resemble a Cauliflower Many aquarists use formaldehyde as a treatment for the parasite ichthyophthirius. Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is a species of Ciliate protozoan which parasitizes freshwater fish the disease it causes is usually called ich

Formaldehyde preserves or fixes tissue or cells by irreversibly cross-linking primary amino groups in proteins with other nearby nitrogen atoms in protein or DNA through a -CH2- linkage. In the fields of Histology, Pathology, and Cell biology, fixation is a chemical process by which Biological tissues are preserved from decay Amines are Organic compounds and Functional groups that contain a basic Nitrogen Atom with a Lone pair. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known This is exploited in ChIP-on-chip transcriptomics experiments. ChIP-on-chip (also known as ChIP-chip) is a technique that combines Chromatin immunoprecipitation ( "ChIP") with microarray technology

Formaldehyde is also used as a detergent in RNA gel electrophoresis, preventing RNA from forming secondary structures. Ribonucleic acid ( RNA) is a Nucleic acid that consists of a long chain of Nucleotide units Electrophoresis is the most well-known electrokinetic phenomenon.

Formaldehyde is converted to formic acid in the body, leading to a rise in blood acidity (acidosis). Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest Carboxylic acid. Acidosis is an increased Acidity (ie an increased Hydrogen ion Concentration)

Industry

Formaldehyde is a common building block for the synthesis of more complex compounds and materials.

Most formaldehyde is used in the production of polymers and other chemicals. A polymer is a large Molecule ( Macromolecule) composed of repeating Structural units typically connected by Covalent Chemical bonds When reacted with phenol, urea, or melamine formaldehyde produces, respectively, hard thermoset phenol formaldehyde resin, urea formaldehyde resin, and melamine resin. Phenol, is a toxic colourless Crystalline Solid with a sweet tarry odor commonly referred to as a "hospital smell" Urea is an Organic compound with the Chemical formula ( N[[hydrogen H]]22 C[[oxygen O]] This article is about the chemical substance called melamine The term "melamine" may also be used to refer to the plastic Melamine resin. Thermosetting plastics thermosets are Polymer materials that irreversibly cure form The earliest commercial synthetic Resin is based on a Phenol formaldehyde resin (PF with the commercial name Bakelite, and is formed from an Elimination Urea-formaldehyde, also known as urea-methanal, named so for its common synthesis pathway and overall structure is a transparent thermosetting Resin Melamine resin or melamine formaldehyde (also shortened to melamine) is a hard Thermosetting plastic material made from Melamine and These resins are commonly used in permanent adhesives such as those used in plywood or carpeting. Plywood is a type of Engineered board made from thin sheets of Wood, called plies or veneers A carpet is any loom-woven felted textile or grass floor covering It is used as the wet-strength resin added to sanitary paper products such as (listed in increasing concentrations injected into the paper machine headstock chest) facial tissue, table napkins, and roll towels. They are also foamed to make insulation, or cast into moulded products. The term thermal insulation can refer to materials used to reduce the rate of Heat transfer, or the methods and processes used to reduce heat transfer Casting is a manufacturing process by which a liquid material is (usually poured into a mold which Production of formaldehyde resins accounts for more than half of formaldehyde consumption.

Many of these are polyfunctional alcohols such as pentaerythritol, which is used to make paints and explosives. In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon Pentaerythritol is the Organic compound with the formula C(CH2OH4 Paint is any Liquid, liquifiable or mastic composition which after application to a substrate in a thin layer is converted to an opaque Solid An explosive material is a material that either is chemically or otherwise Energetically unstable or produces a sudden expansion of the material usually accompanied Other formaldehyde derivatives include methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, an important component in polyurethane paints and foams, and hexamine, which is used in phenol-formaldehyde resins as well as the explosive RDX. Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, most often abbreviated as MDI, is an aromatic diisocyanate. A polyurethane, commonly abbreviated PU, is any Polymer consisting of a chain of organic units joined by urethane links Hexamine, also called hexamethylenetetramine or methenamine ( INN) is a heterocyclic Organic compound that can be prepared by the reaction Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine, also known as RDX, cyclonite, hexogen, and T4, is an Explosive Nitroamine widely used

Formaldehyde is still used in low concentrations for process C-41 (color negative film) stabilizer in the final wash step, as well as in the process E-6 pre-bleach step, to obviate the need for it in the final wash. The E-6 process (often abbreviated to just E-6) is a Photographic processing system for developing Ektachrome, Fujichrome, and other color

Formaldehyde is used to produce glues used in the manufacture of particleboard, plywood, veneers, and other wood products, as well as spray-on insulating foams. Particle board, or particleboard, (called "chipboard" in some countries is an Engineered wood product manufactured from Wood particles such Plywood is a type of Engineered board made from thin sheets of Wood, called plies or veneers

Formaldehyde, along with 18 M (concentrated) sulfuric acid (the entire solution often called the Marquis reagent)[5], is used as an MDMA "testing kit" by such groups as Dancesafe as well as MDMA consumers. In Chemistry, concentration is the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. The Marquis reagent is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify Alkaloids as well as other compounds MDMA ( 34-methylenedioxy- N -methylamphetamine) most commonly known today by the street name Ecstasy (often abbreviated E, X, DanceSafe is a nonprofit organization with 28 local chapters in the US and Canada The solution alone cannot verify the presence of MDMA but reacts with many other chemicals that the MDMA tablet itself may be adulterated with. The reaction itself produces colors that correlate with these components.

The textile industry uses formaldehyde-based resins as finishers to make fabrics crease-resistant. The Textile industry (also known in the United Kingdom and Australia as the Rag Trade) is a term used for industries primarily concerned with the design

Embalming

Formaldehyde-based solutions are used in embalming to disinfect and temporarily preserve human remains. Embalming, in most modern Cultures is the Art and Science of temporarily preserving human remains to forestall Decomposition It is the ability of formaldehyde to fix the tissue that produces the tell-tale firmness of flesh in an embalmed body. Whereas other heavier aldehydes produce a similar firming action none approaches the completeness of formaldehyde. An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a terminal Carbonyl group. Several European countries restrict the use of formaldehyde, including the import of formaldehyde-treated products and embalming, and the European Union is considering a complete ban on formaldehyde usage (including embalming), subject to a review of List 4B of the Technical Annex to the Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the Evaluation of the Active Substances of Plant Protection Products by the European Commission Services. Countries with a strong tradition of embalming corpses, such as Ireland and other colder-weather countries, have raised concerns. The European Union decided on September 22, 2007 to ban Formaldehyde use throughout Europe due to its carcinogenic properties. [6]

Safety

Occupational exposure to formaldehyde by inhalation is mainly from three types of sources: thermal or chemical decomposition of formaldehyde-based resins, formaldehyde emission from aqueous solutions (for example, embalming fluids), and the production of formaldehyde resulting from the combustion of a variety of organic compounds (for example, exhaust gases). For the biological process see Decomposition. For chemical decomposition in general see Chemical decomposition. Chemical decomposition or analysis is the separation of a Chemical compound into elements or smaller compounds Combustion or burning is a complex sequence of Exothermic chemical reactions between a Fuel and an Oxidant accompanied by the production of Formaldehyde can be toxic, allergenic, and carcinogenic. [7] Because formaldehyde resins are used in many construction materials it is one of the more common indoor air pollutants. [8] At concentrations above 0. 1 ppm in air formaldehyde can irritate the eyes and mucous membranes, resulting in watery eyes. The mucous membranes (or mucosae; singular mucosa) are linings of mostly endodermal origin covered in Epithelium, which are involved in Formaldehyde inhaled at this concentration may cause headaches, a burning sensation in the throat, and difficulty breathing, as well as triggering or aggravating asthma symptoms. [9]

Formaldehyde is classified as a probable human carcinogen by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that there is "sufficient evidence" that occupational exposure to formaldehyde causes nasopharyngeal cancer in humans. [10] The United States Environmental Protection Agency USEPA allows no more than 0. 016 ppm formaldehyde in the air in new buildings constructed for that agency. [11]

Formaldehyde can cause allergies and is part of the standard patch test series. People with formaldehyde allergy are advised to avoid formaldehyde releasers as well (e. A formaldehyde releaser is a Chemical compound that slowly releases Formaldehyde. g. , Quaternium-15, imidazolidinyl urea, and diazolidinyl urea). Quaternium-15 is a Quaternary ammonium salt used as a Preservative in many cosmetics and industrial substances Imidazolidinyl urea is an Antimicrobial Preservative used in Cosmetics. Diazolidinyl urea is an Antimicrobial Preservative used in Cosmetics. [12] Formaldehyde has been banned in cosmetics in both Sweden and Japan. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics.

FEMA Trailer Formaldehyde Exposures

The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) provided travel trailers and mobile homes starting in 2006 for habitation by Gulf Coast residents displaced by Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita. The purpose of FEMA is to coordinate the response to a Disaster which has occurred in the United States and which overwhelms the resources of local and state authorities Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Hurricane Katrina of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the costliest hurricane, as well as one of the five deadliest in the history of the United States Hurricane Rita was the fourth-most intense Atlantic hurricane ever recorded and the most intense Tropical cyclone ever observed in the Gulf of Mexico Some of the people who moved into the trailers complained of breathing difficulties, nosebleeds, and persistent headaches. Formaldehyde exposure can cause burning eyes and nose, coughing, difficulty breathing, headaches, and has been shown to be carcinogenic, causing nasal and nasopharyngeal cancer and possibly leukemia. Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled [13] Formaldehyde-catalyzed resins are used in the manufacture of engineered wood products such as particle board, medium-density fibreboard (MDF), plywood, and oriented strand board (OSB), all of which have applications in site-built homes, mobile homes, and travel trailers. Resin, not to be confused with Rosin, is a Hydrocarbon Secretion of many Plants particularly coniferous trees. Engineered wood, also called composite wood, "man made wood" or "manufactured wood" includes a range of derivative Wood products which are Particle board, or particleboard, (called "chipboard" in some countries is an Engineered wood product manufactured from Wood particles such Medium-density fiberboard ( MDF or MDFB) is an Engineered wood product formed by breaking down Softwood into Wood fibers often in Plywood is a type of Engineered board made from thin sheets of Wood, called plies or veneers Oriented strand board, or OSB, or waferboard or Sterling board (UK is an Engineered wood product formed by layering strands (flakes of

The United States Centers For Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) performed indoor air quality testing for formaldehyde [14] in some of the units. On Thursday, February 14, 2008 the CDC announced that potentially hazardous levels of formaldehyde were found in many of the travel trailers and mobile homes provided by the agency. [15][16] The CDC's preliminary evaluation of a scientifically established random sample of 519 travel trailers and mobile homes tested between Dec. 21, 2007 and Jan. 23, 2008 (2+ years after manufacture) showed average levels of formaldehyde in all units of about 77 parts per billion (ppb). Long-term exposure to levels in this range can be linked to an increased risk of cancer and, at levels above this range, there can also be a risk of respiratory illness. These levels are higher than expected in indoor air, where levels are commonly in the range of 10-20 ppb, and are higher than the Agency for Toxic Substance Disease Registry (ATSDR, division of the CDC) Minimal Risk Level (MRL) of 8 ppb [17]. Levels measured ranged from 3 ppb to 590 ppb. [18]

The Federal Emergency Management Agency, which requested the testing by the CDC, said it would work aggressively to relocate all residents of the temporary housing as soon as possible. Lawsuits are being filed against FEMA as a result of the exposures. [19]

See also

References

  1. ^ J Read, Text-Book of Organic Chemistry, G Bell & Sons, London, 1935
  2. ^ H. An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a terminal Carbonyl group. Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest Carboxylic acid. Paraformaldehyde, also known as polyoxymethylene, is the Condensation product of Formaldehyde with a typical chain length of 8 - 100 units B. J. Schurink (1941). "Pentaerythritol". Org. Synth. 1: 425; Coll. Organic Syntheses is a Scientific journal that since 1921 has provided the Chemistry community with annual collections of detailed and checked procedures Vol. 1.  
  3. ^ Gutsche, C. D. ; Iqbal, M. (1993). "p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene". Org. Synth.; Coll. Organic Syntheses is a Scientific journal that since 1921 has provided the Chemistry community with annual collections of detailed and checked procedures Vol. 8: 75.  
  4. ^ Bost, R. W. ; Constable, E. W. (1943). "sym-Trithiane". Org. Synth.; Coll. Organic Syntheses is a Scientific journal that since 1921 has provided the Chemistry community with annual collections of detailed and checked procedures Vol. 2: 610.  
  5. ^ DanceSafe: testing kit info
  6. ^ Formaldehyde Ban set for 22 Sept 2007
  7. ^ IARC Press Release June 2004, http://www.iarc.fr/ENG/Press_Releases/archives/pr153a.html
  8. ^ Indoor Air Pollution in California, Final Report, California Air Resources Board (2005) http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/indoor/ab1173/finalreport.htm, at pages 65 – 70.
  9. ^ Symptoms of Low-Level Formaldehyde Exposures, Health Canada, http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/iyh-vsv/environ/formaldehyde_e.html
  10. ^ http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol88/volume88.pdf "Formaldehyde".
  11. ^ Testing for Indoor Air Quality, Baseline IAQ, and Materials, http://www.epa.gov/rtp/new-bldg/environmental/s_01445.htm
  12. ^ Formaldehyde allergy: What is formaldehyde and where is it found?. DermNet NZ.
  13. ^ Formaldehyde and Cancer: Questions and Answers. National Cancer Institute (2004-07-30). The National Cancer Institute (NCI is part of the United States Federal government's National Institutes of Health. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off
  14. ^ http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nmam/pdfs/2016.pdf
  15. ^ Formaldehyde Levels in FEMA-Supplied Trailers
  16. ^ Mike Brunker. "Are FEMA trailers ‘toxic tin cans’?", MSNBC, 2006-07-25. MSNBC is a 24-hour cable television news channel based in the United States and available in Canada. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler  
  17. ^ ATSDR - Minimal Risk Levels for Hazardous Substances (MRLs)
  18. ^ FEMA: CDC Releases Results Of Formaldehyde Level Tests
  19. ^ Suit Filed Over FEMA Trailer Toxins - washingtonpost.com

External links

For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.

Dictionary

formaldehyde

-noun

  1. (organic chemistry) The simplest aldehyde, H-CHO, a colourless gas having many industrial applications; it dissolves in water to give formalin.
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