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A deciduous beech forest in Slovenia.
A deciduous beech forest in Slovenia. Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west

Forestry , science, and practice of studying and managing forests and tree plantations, and related natural resources. A forest is an area with a high density of Trees There are many definitions of a forest based on various criteria A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or Fundamentally a plantation is usually a large Farm or estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country on which Cotton, Tobacco Natural resources are naturally occurring substances that are considered valuable in their relatively unmodified ( natural) form Silviculture, a related science, involves the growing and tending of trees and forests. Silviculture is the art and science of controlling the establishment growth composition health and quality of Forests to meet diverse needs and values of the many landowners Modern forestry generally concerns itself with: assisting forests to provide timber as raw material for wood products; wildlife habitat; natural water quality regulation; recreation; landscape and community protection; employment; aesthetically appealing landscapes; biodiversity management; watershed management; and a 'sink' for atmospheric carbon dioxide. Lumber or timber is Wood in any of its stages from felling through readiness for use as structural Material for Construction, or Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs Wildlife includes all non-domesticated plants animals and other organisms Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Recreation or fun is the expenditure of time in a manner designed for therapeutic refreshment of one's Body or Mind. Landscape comprises the visible features of an area of land including physical elements such as Landforms living elements of flora and fauna abstract elements such as lighting Biodiversity is the variation of Life forms within a given Ecosystem, Biome or for the entire Earth. Watershed management is the process of creating and implementing plans programs and projects to sustain and enhance watershed functions that affect the Plant Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single A practitioner of forestry is known as a forester. A forester is a person who practices Forestry, the science and profession of managing forests

Forest ecosystems have come to be seen as one of the most important components of the biosphere, and forestry has emerged as a vital field of science, applied art, and technology. The biosphere is the broadest level of ecological study the global sum of all Ecosystems.

Contents

Activities

Manual tree planting is a common forestry tool
Manual tree planting is a common forestry tool
Replanting native eucalyptus where willows once grew. On the banks of Tambo River, Australia.
Replanting native eucalyptus where willows once grew. Treeplanting is the Process of Transplanting tree seedlings, generally for forestry land reclamation or landscaping purposes Eucalyptus (From Greek ευκάλυπτος meaning "well covered" is a diverse Genus of Trees (and a few shrubs the members of which Willows, sallows and osiers form the Genus Salix, around 400 species of Deciduous Trees and Shrubs found primarily On the banks of Tambo River, Australia. The Tambo River is a Peruvian River on the eastern slopes of the South American Andes. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.

Foresters may be employed by industry, government agencies, conservation groups, urban parks boards, citizens' associations, or private landowners. Industrial foresters are predominantly involved in planning the timber harvests and forest regeneration. Other foresters have the specific jobs which include a broad array of responsibilities. For example, urban foresters work within city environments to enhance urban trees with their unique needs. Some foresters work in tree nurseries growing seedlings for regeneration projects. A nursery is a place where Plants are propagated and grown to usable size A seedling is a young plant Sporophyte developing out of a plant embryo from a Seed. Others are involved with tree genetics or developing new building systems as forest engineers. Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is The profession has expanded to include a wide diversity of jobs, typically requiring a college bachelor's degree up to the PhD level for highly specialized areas of work.

Traditionally, professional foresters develop and implement "forest management plans". These plans rely on tree inventories showing an area's topographical features as well as its distribution of trees (by species) and other plant cover. Topography ( topo-, "place" and graphia, "writing" is the study of Earth 's Surface features or those of Planets In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. They also include roads, culverts, proximity to human habitation, hydrological conditions, and soil reports ecological sensitive areas. A culvert is a conduit used to enclose a flowing body of Water. Hydrology (from Greek Yδωρ hudōr, "water" and λόγος logos, "study" is the study of the movement distribution and quality of Finally, forest management plans include the projected use of the land and a timetable for that use.

Plans for harvest and subsequent site treatment are influenced by the objectives of the land's owner or leaseholder (for instance, a timber company that holds cutting rights to a given tract of land, or the government in the case of state-owned forests). In Agriculture, the harvest is the process of Gathering mature crops from the fields Reaping is the cutting of Grain There is an increasing trend to consider the needs of other stakeholders (e. g. , nearby communities or neighborhoods, or rural residents living within or adjacent to the forest tract). Plans are developed with the prevailing forest harvest laws and regulations in mind. They ultimately result in a prescription for the harvest of trees, and indicate whether road building or other forest engineering operations are required.

Traditional forest management plans are chiefly aimed at providing logs as raw material for timber, veneer, plywood, paper, wood fuel or other industries. Lumber or timber is Wood in any of its stages from felling through readiness for use as structural Material for Construction, or Plywood is a type of Engineered board made from thin sheets of Wood, called plies or veneers Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging Hence, considerations of product quality and quantity, employment, and profit have been of central, though not always exclusive, importance.

Foresters also frequently develop post-harvest site plans. These may call for reforestation (tree planting by species), weed control, fertilization, or the spacing of young trees (thinning of trees that are crowding one another). Reforestation is the restocking of existing forests and woodlands which have been depleted with native tree stock In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Weed control is the botanical component of Pest control, stopping weeds from reaching a mature stage of growth when they could be harmful to Domesticated Plants For soil improvement see Fertilization (soil.

While other duties of foresters may include preventing and combatting insect infestation, disease, forest and grassland fires, there is an increasing movement towards allowing these natural aspects of forest ecosystems to run their course, where possible, usually excepting epidemics or risk of life or property. In Epidemiology, an epidemic (from Greek epi- upon + demos people is a classification of a disease that appears as new cases in a Foresters are specialists in measuring and modelling the growth of forests (forest mensuration). Increasingly, foresters may be involved in wildlife conservation planning and watershed protection. The conservation movement also known as nature conservation is a political social and to some extent scientific movement that seeks to protect natural resources including

History

The use and management of forest resources has a long history in China, dating from the Han Dynasty and taking place under the landowning gentry. The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. Gentry generally refers to people of high Social class, especially in the past It was also later written of by the Ming Dynasty Chinese scholar Xu Guangqi (1562-1633). The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led Xu Guangqi ( 1562–1633 Courtesy name Zixian (子先 was a Chinese bureaucrat agricultural scientist astronomer and mathematician in the Ming Dynasty In the Western world, formal forestry practices developed during the Middle Ages, when land was largely under the control of kings and barons. Baron is a specific Title of nobility. The word baron comes from Old French baron, itself from Old High German and Latin (liber Control of the land included hunting rights, and though peasants in many places were permitted to gather firewood and building timber and to graze animals, hunting rights were retained by the members of the nobility. Systematic management of forests for a sustainable yield of timber is said to have begun in about in the 16th century in both the German states and Japan [1] Typically, a forest was divided into specific sections and mapped; the harvest of timber was planned with an eye to regeneration. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics.

The practice of establishing tree plantations was promoted by John Evelyn; it had already acquired some popularity in the British Isles. John Evelyn ( 31 October 1620 – 27 February 1706) was an English writer gardener and diarist Schools of forestry were established after 1825; most of these schools were in Germany and France. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, forest preservation programs were established in the United States, Europe, and British India. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British Many foresters were either from continental Europe (like Sir Dietrich Brandis), or educated there (like Gifford Pinchot). Sir Dietrich Brandis FRS, KCIE ( March 31, 1824 &ndash May 29, 1907, Bonn) was a German Forester Gifford Pinchot ( August 11 1865 October 4 1946) was the first Chief of the United States Forest Service (1905–1910 and the

Timber harvest is a common component of forestry
Timber harvest is a common component of forestry

The enactment and evolution of forestry laws and binding regulations occurred in most Western nations in the 20th century in response to growing conservation concerns and the increasing technological capacity of logging companies. Logging is the process in which Trees are cut down for Forest management and Timber. Logging is the process in which Trees are cut down for Forest management and Timber.

Tropical forestry is a separate branch of forestry which deals mainly with equatorial forests that yield woods such as teak and mahogany. Teak ( Tectona) is a genus of tropical Hardwood Trees in the family Verbenaceae, native to the south and southeast of Asia The name mahogany is used when referring to numerous varieties of dark-colored wood originally the wood of the species Swietenia mahagoni, known as West Sir Dietrich Brandis is considered the father of tropical forestry. Sir Dietrich Brandis FRS, KCIE ( March 31, 1824 &ndash May 29, 1907, Bonn) was a German Forester

Today

A modern sawmill
A modern sawmill

Today a strong body of research exists regarding the management of forest ecosystems, selection of species and varieties, and tree breeding. A sawmill is a facility where logs are cut into boards Sawmill process A sawmill's basic operation is much like those of 100 years ago a log enters Tree breeding is the application of genetic principles to the genetic improvement and management of forest trees Forestry also includes the development of better methods for the planting, protecting, thinning, controlled burning, felling, extracting, and processing of timber. One of the applications of modern forestry is reforestation, in which trees are planted and tended in a given area. Reforestation is the restocking of existing forests and woodlands which have been depleted with native tree stock

In many regions the forest industry is of major ecological, economic, and social importance. For other uses of this term see Industry (disambiguation An industry (from Latin industrius, "diligent industrious" Third-party certification systems that provide independent verification of sound forest stewardship and sustainable forestry have become commonplace in many areas since the 1990s. These certification systems were developed as a response to criticism of some forestry practices, particularly deforestation in less developed regions along with concerns over resource management in the developed world. Deforestation is the conversion of Forested areas to non-forest land for use such as Arable land, Pasture, urban use logged area or wasteland Some certification systems are criticised for primarily acting as marketing tools and lacking in their claimed independence.

In topographically severe forested terrain, proper forestry is important for the prevention or minimization of serious soil erosion or even landsliding. Erosion is the carrying away or displacement of solids ( Sediment, Soil, rock and other particles usually by the agents of currents such as wind A landslide is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of ground movement such as rock falls deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows which can occur In areas with a high potential for landsliding, good forestry can act to prevent property damage or loss, human injury, or loss of life.

Public perception of forest management has become controversial, with growing public concern over perceived mismanagement of the forest and increasing demands that forest land be managed for uses other than pure timber production, for example, indigenous rights, recreation, watershed protection and preservation of wilderness and wildlife habitat. Sharp disagreements over the role of forest fires, logging, motorized recreation and others drives debate while the public demand for wood products continues to increase.

Education

Prescribed burning is used by foresters to reduce fuel loads
Prescribed burning is used by foresters to reduce fuel loads

The first dedicated forestry school was established by Georg Hartig at Dillenburg in Germany in 1787, though forestry had been taught much earlier in central Europe. Georg Ludwig Hartig ( September 2, 1764 - February 2, 1837) German agriculturist and writer on Forestry, was Dillenburg is a town in Hesse's Gießen region in Germany. The town was formerly the seat of the old Dillkreis district which is now part of the Lahn-Dill-Kreis Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The first in North America was established near Asheville, North Carolina, by George Vanderbilt after he saw the devastation logging had caused in the area. Asheville is a City in and the County seat of Buncombe County, North Carolina, United North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States George Washington Vanderbilt II ( November 14 1862 – March 6 1914) was a member of the prominent United States Vanderbilt Logging is the process in which Trees are cut down for Forest management and Timber. The grounds of his Biltmore Estate are almost entirely managed forest, which has grown from bare ground to mature trees since 1895. Biltmore House is a French Renaissance inspired chateau near Asheville, North Carolina, built by George Washington Vanderbilt between 1888 and 1895 Another early school was the New York State College of Forestry at Cornell established in 1898. Early North American foresters went to Germany from the nineteenth century to study forestry. Some early German foresters also emigrated to North America.

In South America the first two forestry schools were established in Brazil, specifically in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, and in Curitiba, Paraná. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Viçosa is the name of five cities in Brazil: Nova Viçosa Bahia Viçosa Alagoas Viçosa Minas Gerais Minas Gerais is one of the 26 states of Brazil, the second most populous and fourth largest by area in the federation Curitiba (pron kuɾi'tibɐ or kuɾi'tʃibɐ is the capital City of the Brazilian state of Paraná. Other meanings Paraná Argentina, Paraná River Paraná (paɾaˈna is one of the states of Brazil,

Today, an acceptably trained forester must be educated in general biology, botany, genetics, soil science, climatology, hydrology, economics and forest management. Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is Soil science is the study of Soil as a Natural resource on the surface of the Earth including soil formation, classification and mapping Climatology (from Greek grc κλίμα klima, "region zone" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of Climate, scientifically Hydrology (from Greek Yδωρ hudōr, "water" and λόγος logos, "study" is the study of the movement distribution and quality of Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Forest management includes a range of human interventions that affect Forest Ecosystems. Education in the basics of sociology and political science is often considered an advantage. Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" Political science is a branch of Social sciences that deals with the theory and practice of Politics and the description and analysis of Political systems

An interesting scope of work opens up for foresters interested in international politics. Organizations such as the Forest Policy Education Network (FPEN) are dedicated to facilitate the way into forest politics and to exchange information on the subject.

In India the Forestry Education is imparted in the Agricultural Universities and In Forest Research Institute (Deemed University), Dehradun. Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan (HP) is dedicated for imparting the Forestry education and is the only University of its kind in Asia. Four year Degree programme is conducted in these universities at Undergraduate level. Post Graduation and Doctorate degree facility is also available in these universities

Tropic Ventures Rainforest Enrichment and Sustainable Forestry Project is registered under the Auxiliary Forest Program of Puerto Rico, and is a demonstration project for students and foresters interested in the sustainable management and preservation of tropical rainforest land.

References

  1. ^ Japanese Forestry.

External links

See also

Aldo Starker Leopold ( January 11, 1887 – April 21, 1948) was an American Ecologist, Forester and Environmentalist Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life Climax vegetation is the Vegetation which establishes itself on a given site for given climatic conditions in the absence of Clearcutting or clearfelling is a Forestry / Logging practice in which the clear majority of all trees in a forest sector are cut down "Dead trees" redirects here Dead tree edition discusses the slang term for Paper. "Conservation Biology" redirects here For the Scientific journal, see Conservation Biology (journal. A cultigen is a plant that has been deliberately altered or selected by humans it is the result of Artificial selection. Deforestation is the conversion of Forested areas to non-forest land for use such as Arable land, Pasture, urban use logged area or wasteland Dendrology (from Greek grc δένδρον dendron, "tree" and grc -λογία -logia) is the science of trees, and more Ecological succession, a fundamental concept in Ecology, refers to more-or-less predictable and orderly changes in the composition or structure of an ecological community Forest farming is an Agroforestry practice characterized by the four "I's"- Intentional Integrated Intensive and Interactive management of an existing forested A wildfire, also known as a wildland fire, forest fire, brush fire, vegetation fire, grass fire, Peat fire, Forest management includes a range of human interventions that affect Forest Ecosystems. The Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM is a statutory agency of the Government of Malaysia, under the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Gifford Pinchot ( August 11 1865 October 4 1946) was the first Chief of the United States Forest Service (1905–1910 and the Hardwood timber production is the process of managing stands of Deciduous trees to maximize woody output Károly Bund (1869–1931, was a professional forestry engineer and an early Environmentalist, serving as executive secretary of Hungary's National Forestry Association Logging is the process in which Trees are cut down for Forest management and Timber. Ancient Woodland Old growth forest, (also termed primary forest, ancient forest, virgin forest, primeval forest, frontier Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging A park is a protected area of Land and Water, usually in its natural or semi-natural (landscaped state and set aside for some purpose often to do with human Fundamentally a plantation is usually a large Farm or estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country on which Cotton, Tobacco Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. For other uses of the term "Pruning" see Pruning (disambiguation. Richard St Barbe Baker (1889-1982 was an English forester environmental activist and author who contributed greatly to worldwide Reforestation efforts Salvage logging is the practice of felling trees in forest areas that have been damaged by wildfire, flood severe wind disease insect infestation or other natural disturbance Secondary, or second-growth, forest is a Forest or Woodland area which has re-grown after a major disturbance such as Fire, Insect Selection cutting is the Silvicultural practice of harvesting a proportion of the trees in a stand Silviculture is the art and science of controlling the establishment growth composition health and quality of Forests to meet diverse needs and values of the many landowners The term ‘ Social forestry ’ first used in 1976 by The National Commission on Agriculture Government of India. Sustainable forest management ( SFM) is the management of Forests according to the principles of Sustainable development. Sustainable forest management ( SFM) is the management of Forests according to the principles of Sustainable development. Thinning is a term used in agricultural sciences to mean the removal of some Plants or parts of plants to make room for the growth of others Lumber or timber is Wood in any of its stages from felling through readiness for use as structural Material for Construction, or Urban forestry is the care and management of Urban forests ie Variable retention is a relatively new silvicultural system that follows nature's model by always retaining a significant part of the Forest after harvesting Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs Wood drying (also seasoning lumber or timber seasoning) refers to reducing the Moisture content of wood prior to its use Woodland management is the practice of managing Woodlands whether for the maximising of Timber production or for the conservation of wildlife

Dictionary

forestry

-noun

  1. The science of planting and growing trees in forests.
  2. The art and practice of planting and growing trees in forests.
  3. The art and practice of cultivating, exploiting and renewing forests for commercial purposes.
  4. The science of cultivating, exploiting and renewing forests for commercial purposes.
  5. Commercial tree farming.
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