A forest is an area with a high density of trees. A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or There are many definitions of a forest, based on various criteria. [1] These plant communities cover approximately 9. 4% of the Earth's surface (or 30% of total land area) and function as habitats for organisms, hydrologic flow modulators, and soil conservers, constituting one of the most important aspects of the Earth's biosphere. A habitat (which is Latin for "it inhabits" is an Ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular Species. The Earth 's Water is always in movement and the water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on above In Telecommunications, modulation is the process of varying a periodic Waveform, i Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 The biosphere is the broadest level of ecological study the global sum of all Ecosystems. Historically, "forest" meant an uncultivated area legally set aside for hunting by feudal nobility, and these hunting forests were not necessarily wooded much if at all (see Royal Forest). Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society Hunting is the practice of pursuing Animals for Food, Recreation, or Trade. Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed Nobility is a government-privileged title which may be either hereditary (see Hereditary titles) or for a lifetime A royal forest is an area of land where certain rights are reserved for a Monarch or the Aristocracy, usually set aside for Hunting (see Medieval hunting However, as hunting forests did often include considerable areas of woodland, the word forest eventually came to mean wooded land more generally. A woodland is ecologically distinct from a forest. Ecologically a woodland is an area covered in trees differentiated from a Forest.
Contents |
Distribution
Forests can be found in all regions capable of sustaining tree growth, at altitudes up to the tree line, except where natural fire frequency is too high, or where the environment has been impaired by natural processes or by human activities. The tree line or timberline is the edge of the habitat at which Trees are capable of growing As a general rule, forests dominated by angiosperms (broadleaf forests) are more species-rich than those dominated by gymnosperms (conifer, montane, or needleleaf forests), although exceptions exist. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Gymnosperm (Gymnospermae are a group of Spermatophyte seed-bearing Plants with Ovules on the edge or blade of an open Sporophyll, which are Forests sometimes contain many tree species within a small area (as in tropical rain and temperate deciduous forests), or relatively few species over large areas (e. Tropical rainforests are generally found near the Equator. They are common in Asia, Australia, Africa, South America, Central g. , taiga and arid montane coniferous forests). Forests are often home to many animal and plant species, and biomass per unit area is high compared to other vegetation communities. Biomass, in Ecology, is the mass of living biological organisms in a given area or Ecosystem at a given time Much of this biomass occurs below ground in the root systems and as partially decomposed plant detritus. In Biology, detritus is non-living particulate organic material (as opposed to dissolved organic material The woody component of a forest contains lignin, which is relatively slow to decompose compared with other organic materials such as cellulose or carbohydrate. Lignin or lignen is a complex Chemical compound most commonly derived from Wood and an integral part of the secondary Cell walls of Plants Decomposition (or spoilage) refers to the break down of tissue of a formerly living Organism into simpler forms of matter Cellulose is an Organic compound with the formula, a Polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β(1→4
Forests are differentiated from woodlands by the extent of canopy coverage: in a forest the branches and the foliage of separate trees often meet or interlock, although there can be gaps of varying sizes within an area referred to as forest. Ecologically a woodland is an area covered in trees differentiated from a Forest. The canopy is one of the uppermost levels of a Forest, below the emergent layer, formed by the Tree crowns Canopy trees refers to the trees A woodland has a more continuously open canopy, with trees spaced further apart, which allows more sunlight to penetrate to the ground between them (see also savanna). A savanna or savannah is a Tropical or Subtropical Grassland or Woodland Ecosystem.
Among the major forested biomes are:
- rain forest (tropical and temperate)
- taiga
- temperate hardwood forest
- tropical dry forest
Classification
Forests can be classified in different ways and to different degrees of specificity. One such way is in terms of the "biome" in which they exist, combined with leaf longevity of the dominant species (whether they are evergreen or deciduous). In Botany, an Evergreen plant is a plant having leaves all year round Botany Autumn leaf color. See --> In Botany and Horticulture, deciduous Plants, including Another distinction is whether the forests composed predominantly of broadleaf trees, coniferous (needle-leaved) trees, or mixed.
- Boreal forests occupy the subarctic zone and are generally evergreen and coniferous. Taiga (ˈtaɪgə from Turkic or Mongolian) is a Biome characterized by Coniferous forests The Subarctic is a region in the Northern Hemisphere immediately south of the true Arctic and covering much of Alaska, Canada and
- Temperate zones support both broadleaf deciduous forests (e. g. , temperate deciduous forest) and evergreen coniferous forests (e. Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests temperate deciduous forest) --> are a Temperate and Humid Biome. g. , Temperate coniferous forests and Temperate rainforests). Temperate coniferous forest is a terrestrial Biome found in temperate regions of the world with warm summers and cool winters and adequate rainfall to sustain a forest Temperate rainforests are Coniferous or broadleaf Forests that occur in the Temperate zone and receive high rainfall Warm temperate zones support broadleaf evergreen forests, including laurel forests. Laurel forest is a subtropical or mild temperate Forest, found in areas with high humidity and relatively stable and mild temperatures
- Tropical and subtropical forests include tropical and subtropical moist forests, tropical and subtropical dry forests, and tropical and subtropical coniferous forests. The Tropics are centered on the Equator and limited in Latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere at approximately 23°26' (23 The subtropics are the zones of the Earth immediately north and south of the tropic zone which is bounded by the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests (TSMF also known as tropical moist forests, are a Tropical and Subtropical Forest The tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forest Biome, also known as tropical dry forest, is located at tropical and subtropical latitudes Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests are a Forest Biome.
- Physiognomy classifies forests based on their overall physical structure or developmental stage (e. Physiognomy ( Gk physis, nature and gnomon, judge interpreter is the assessment of a person's character or personality from their outer appearance especially g. old growth vs. Ancient Woodland Old growth forest, (also termed primary forest, ancient forest, virgin forest, primeval forest, frontier second growth). Secondary, or second-growth, forest is a Forest or Woodland area which has re-grown after a major disturbance such as Fire, Insect
- Forests can also be classified more specifically based on the climate and the dominant tree species present, resulting in numerous different forest types (e. A forest is an area with a high density of Trees There are many definitions of a forest based on various criteria g. , ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forest).
A number of global forest classification systems have been proposed but none has gained universal acceptance. [2]UNEP-WCMC's forest category classification system is a simplification of other more complex systems (e. g. UNESCO's forest and woodland 'subformations'). This system divides the world's forest into 26 major types, which reflect climatic zones as well as the principal types of trees. These 26 major types can be reclassified into 6 broader categories:
Temperate needleleaf forests mostly occupy the higher latitude regions of the northern hemisphere, as well as high altitude zones and some warm temperate areas, especially on nutrient-poor or otherwise unfavourable soils. These forests are composed entirely, or nearly so, of coniferous species (Coniferophyta). In the Northern Hemisphere pines Pinus, spruces Picea, larches Larix, silver firs Abies, Douglas firs Pseudotsuga and hemlocks Tsuga, make up the canopy, but other taxa are also important. This article is about the tree For other uses of the term "pine" see Pine (disambiguation. Spruce refers to Trees of the genus Picea, a genus of about 35 species of Coniferous Evergreen trees in the Family Pinaceae Larches are Conifers in the genus Larix, in the family Pinaceae. Firs ( Abies) are a genus of between 45-55 species of Evergreen conifers in the family Pinaceae. Douglas-fir is the common name applied to coniferous Trees of the Genus Pseudotsuga in the family Pinaceae. Tsuga (from ツガ ja 栂 the name for Tsuga sieboldii) is a genus of conifers in the family Pinaceae. In the southern hemisphere most coniferous trees, members of the Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae, occur in mixtures with broadleaf species that are classed as broadleaf and mixed forests. The Araucariaceae are a very ancient family of Conifers They achieved maximum diversity in the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods when they existed almost Podocarpaceae is a large family of mainly Southern Hemisphere Conifers with 18-19 genera and about 170-200 species of Evergreen Trees and
- Temperate broadleaf and mixed
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests include a substantial component of trees in the Anthophyta. The anthophytes were thought to be a clade comprising plants bearing flower-like structures They are generally characteristic of the warmer temperate latitudes, but extend to cool temperate ones, particularly in the southern hemisphere. They include such forest types as the mixed deciduous forests of the USA and their counterparts in China and Japan, the broadleaf evergreen rain forests of Japan, Chile and Tasmania, the sclerophyllous forests of Australia, the Mediterranean and California, and the southern beech Nothofagus forests of Chile and New Zealand. Sclerophyll is a type of vegetation that has hard leaves and short internodes (the distance between leaves along the stem Nothofagus, also known as the southern beeches, is a genus of about 35 Species of Trees and shrubs native to the temperate oceanic
- Tropical moist
Tropical moist forests include many different forest types. The best known and most extensive are the lowland evergreen broadleaf rainforests include, for example: the seasonally inundated varzea and igapó forests and the terra firme forests of the Amazon Basin; the peat forests and moist dipterocarp forests of Southeast Asia; and the high forests of the Congo Basin. Peat is an accumulation of partially Decayed Vegetation matter. Dipterocarpaceae is a family of 17 genera and approximately 500 species of mainly Tropical lowland Rainforest Trees The family name from The forests of tropical mountains are also included in this broad category, generally divided into upper and lower montane formations on the basis of their physiognomy, which varies with altitude. Montane is a biogeographic term which refers to highland areas located below the Subalpine zone The montane forests include cloud forest, those forests at middle to high altitude, which derive a significant part of their water budget from cloud, and support a rich abundance of vascular and nonvascular epiphytes. A cloud forest, also called a fog forest, is a generally Tropical or Subtropical evergreen Montane moist forest characterized by a This is an article about vascular tissue in plants For transport in animals see Circulatory system. An epiphyte is an organism that grows upon or attaches to a living plant Mangrove forests also fall within this broad category, as do most of the tropical coniferous forests of Central America. Mangroves (generally are Trees and Shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the Tropics and Subtropics.
- Tropical dry
Tropical dry forests are characteristic of areas in the tropics affected by seasonal drought. A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply The seasonality of rainfall is usually reflected in the deciduousness of the forest canopy, with most trees being leafless for several months of the year. However, under some conditions, e. g. less fertile soils or less predictable drought regimes, the proportion of evergreen species increases and the forests are characterised as "sclerophyllous". Sclerophyll is a type of vegetation that has hard leaves and short internodes (the distance between leaves along the stem Thorn forest, a dense forest of low stature with a high frequency of thorny or spiny species, is found where drought is prolonged, and especially where grazing animals are plentiful. On very poor soils, and especially where fire is a recurrent phenomenon, woody savannas develop (see 'sparse trees and parkland'). A savanna or savannah is a Tropical or Subtropical Grassland or Woodland Ecosystem.
- Sparse trees and parkland
Sparse trees and parkland are forests with open canopies of 10-30% crown cover. They occur principally in areas of transition from forested to non-forested landscapes. The two major zones in which these ecosystems occur are in the boreal region and in the seasonally dry tropics. At high latitudes, north of the main zone of boreal forest or taiga, growing conditions are not adequate to maintain a continuous closed forest cover, so tree cover is both sparse and discontinuous. This vegetation is variously called open taiga, open lichen woodland, and forest tundra. Lichens (ˈlaɪkən or /lɪtʃən/ are symbiotic associations of a Fungus (the mycobiont with a photosynthetic partner (the photobiont also known as It is species-poor, has high bryophyte cover, and is frequently affected by fire. Bryophytes are all Embryophytes ('land Plants) that are non-vascular: they have tissues and enclosed reproductive systems but they lack Vascular tissue
- Forest plantations
Forest plantations, generally intended for the production of timber and pulpwood increase the total area of forest worldwide. Lumber or timber is Wood in any of its stages from felling through readiness for use as structural Material for Construction, or Pulpwood refers to Timber grown with the principal purpose of making Wood pulp for Paper production Commonly mono-specific and/or composed of introduced tree species, these ecosystems are not generally important as habitat for native biodiversity. However, they can be managed in ways that enhance their biodiversity protection functions and they are important providers of ecosystem services such as maintaining nutrient capital, protecting watersheds and soil structure as well as storing carbon. A drainage basin is an extent of Land where Water from Rain or Snow melt drains downhill into a body of water such as a River, They may also play an important role in alleviating pressure on natural forests for timber and fuelwood production.
26 forest categories are used to enable the translation of forest types from national and regional classification systems to a harmonised global one:
Temperate and boreal forest types
(1) Evergreen needleleaf forest - Natural forest with > 30% canopy cover, in which the canopy is predominantly (> 75%) needleleaf and evergreen.
(2) Deciduous needleleaf forest - Natural forests with > 30% canopy cover, in which the canopy is predominantly (> 75%) needleleaf and deciduous.
(3) Mixed broadleaf/needleleaf forest - Natural forest with > 30% canopy cover, in which the canopy is composed of a more or less even mixture of needleleaf and broadleaf crowns (between 50:50% and 25:75%).
(4) Broadleaf evergreen forest - Natural forests with > 30% canopy cover, the canopy being > 75% evergreen and broadleaf.
(5) Deciduous broadleaf forest - Natural forests with > 30% canopy cover, in which > 75% of the canopy is deciduous and broadleaves predominate (> 75% of canopy cover).
(6) Freshwater swamp forest - Natural forests with > 30% canopy cover, composed of trees with any mixture of leaf type and seasonality, but in which the predominant environmental characteristic is a waterlogged soil.
(7) Sclerophyllous dry forest - Natural forest with > 30% canopy cover, in which the canopy is mainly composed of sclerophyllous broadleaves and is > 75% evergreen. Sclerophyll is a type of vegetation that has hard leaves and short internodes (the distance between leaves along the stem
(8) Disturbed natural forest - Any forest type above that has in its interior significant areas of disturbance by people, including clearing, felling for wood extraction, anthropogenic fires, road construction, etc. Anthropogenic effects processes objects or materials are those that are derived from Human activities as opposed to those occurring in Natural environments without
(9) Sparse trees and parkland - Natural forests in which the tree canopy cover is between 10-30%, such as in the steppe regions of the world. In physical Geography, a steppe ( German, from степь - "a flat and arid land" степ - /stɛp/ тал - tal дала - /dɑlɑ/ pronounced Trees of any type (e. g. , needleleaf, broadleaf, palms). Arecaceae or Palmae (also known by the name Palmaceae, which is taxonomically invalid or commonly palm tree) the palm family is a family of Flowering
(10) Exotic species plantation - Intensively managed forests with > 30% canopy cover, which have been planted by people with species not naturally occurring in that country.
(11) Native species plantation - Intensively managed forests with > 30% canopy cover, which have been planted by people with species that occur naturally in that country. Endemism is the Ecological state of being unique to a place Endemic species are not naturally found elsewhere
(12)* Unspecified forest plantation - Forest plantations showing extent only with no further information about their type, This data currently only refers to the Ukraine. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe.
(13)* Unclassified forest data - Forest data showing forest extent only with no further information about their type.
Tropical forest types
(14) Lowland evergreen broadleaf rain forest - Natural forests with > 30% canopy cover, below 1200 m altitude that display little or no seasonality, the canopy being >75% evergreen broadleaf. Rainforests are Forests characterized by high Rainfall with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 1750–2000 mm (68-78 inches
(15) Lower montane forest - Natural forests with > 30% canopy cover, between 1200-1800 m altitude, with any seasonality regime and leaf type mixture.
(16) Upper montane forest - Natural forests with > 30% canopy cover, above 1800 m altitude, with any seasonality regime and leaf type mixture.
(17) Freshwater swamp forest - Natural forests with > 30% canopy cover, below 1200 m altitude, composed of trees with any mixture of leaf type and seasonality, but in which the predominant environmental characteristic is a waterlogged soil. Freshwater is a word that refers to bodies of water such as Ponds lakes rivers and streams containing low concentrations of dissolved Salts and other Total dissolved A swamp is a Wetland featuring temporary or permanent inundation of large areas of land by shallow bodies of water
(18) Semi-evergreen moist broadleaf forest - Natural forests with > 30% canopy cover, below 1200 m altitude in which between 50-75% of the canopy is evergreen, > 75% are broadleaves, and the trees display seasonality of flowering and fruiting. A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology.
(19) Mixed broadleaf/needleleaf forest - Natural forests with > 30% canopy cover, below 1200 m altitude, in which the canopy is composed of a more or less even mixture of needleleaf and broadleaf crowns (between 50:50% and 25:75%).
(20) Needleleaf forest - Natural forest with > 30% canopy cover, below 1200 m altitude, in which the canopy is predominantly (> 75%) needleleaf.
(21) Mangroves - Natural forests with > 30% canopy cover, composed of species of mangrove tree, generally along coasts in or near brackish or salt water.
(22) Disturbed natural forest - Any forest type above that has in its interior significant areas of disturbance by people, including clearing, felling for wood extraction, anthropogenic fires, road construction, etc. Anthropogenic effects processes objects or materials are those that are derived from Human activities as opposed to those occurring in Natural environments without
(23) Deciduous/semi-deciduous broadleaf forest - Natural forests with > 30% canopy cover, below 1200 m altitude in which between 50-100% of the canopy is deciduous and broadleaves predominate (> 75% of canopy cover).
(24) Sclerophyllous dry forest - Natural forests with > 30% canopy cover, below 1200 m altitude, in which the canopy is mainly composed of sclerophyllous broadleaves and is > 75% evergreen. Sclerophyll is a type of vegetation that has hard leaves and short internodes (the distance between leaves along the stem
(25) Thorn forest - Natural forests with > 30% canopy cover, below 1200 m altitude, in which the canopy is mainly composed of deciduous trees with thorns and succulent phanerophytes with thorns may be frequent.
(26) Sparse trees and parkland - Natural forests in which the tree canopy cover is between 10-30%, such as in the savannah regions of the world. Trees of any type (e. g. , needleleaf, broadleaf, palms).
(27) Exotic species plantation - Intensively managed forests with > 30% canopy cover, which have been planted by people with species not naturally occurring in that country.
(28) Native species plantation - Intensively managed forests with > 30% canopy cover, which have been planted by people with species that occur naturally in that country.
12* and 13* have been created as a result of data holdings which do not specify the forest type, hence 26 categories are quoted, not 28 shown here. [3]
Forest management and forest loss
The scientific study of forest species and their interaction with the environment is referred to as forest ecology, while the management of forests is often referred to as forestry. Forest ecology is the scientific study of the interrelated patterns processes Flora, Fauna and ecosystems in Forests. Forestry is the Art and Science of managing forests tree Plantations and related Natural resources. Forest management has changed considerably over the last few centuries, with rapid changes from the 1980s onwards culminating in a practice now referred to as sustainable forest management. Sustainable forest management ( SFM) is the management of Forests according to the principles of Sustainable development. Forest ecologists concentrate on forest patterns and processes, usually with the aim of elucidating cause and effect relationships. Foresters who practice sustainable forest management focus on the integration of ecological, social and economic values, often in consultation with local communities and other stakeholders. Sustainable forest management ( SFM) is the management of Forests according to the principles of Sustainable development.
Anthropogenic factors that can affect forests include logging, human-caused forest fires, acid rain, and introduced species, among other things. Logging is the process in which Trees are cut down for Forest management and Timber. A wildfire, also known as a wildland fire, forest fire, brush fire, vegetation fire, grass fire, Peat fire, Acid rain is Rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually Acidic It has harmful effects on plants aquatic animals and infastructure There are also many natural factors that can also cause changes in forests over time including forest fires, insects, diseases, weather, competition between species, etc. A wildfire, also known as a wildland fire, forest fire, brush fire, vegetation fire, grass fire, Peat fire, In 1997, the World Resources Institute recorded that only 20% of the world's original forests remained in large intact tracts of undisturbed forest [4]. More than 75% of these intact forests lie in three countries - the Boreal forests of Russia and Canada and the rainforest of Brazil. Taiga (ˈtaɪgə from Turkic or Mongolian) is a Biome characterized by Coniferous forests In 2006 this information on intact forests was updated using latest available satellite imagery.
Canada has about 4,020,000 km² of forest land. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page More than 90% of forest land is publicly owned and about 50% of the total forest area is allocated for harvesting. These allocated areas are managed using the principles of sustainable forest management, which includes extensive consultation with local stakeholders. Sustainable forest management ( SFM) is the management of Forests according to the principles of Sustainable development. About eight percent of Canada’s forest is legally protected from resource development (Global Forest Watch Canada)(Natural Resources Canada). Much more forest land — about 40 percent of the total forest land base — is subject to varying degrees of protection through processes such as integrated land-use planning or defined management areas such as certified forests (Natural Resources Canada). By December 2006, over 1,237,000 square kilometers of forest land in Canada (about half the global total) had been certified as being sustainably managed (Canadian Sustainable Forestry Certification Coalition). Clearcutting is usually the harvest method of choice and companies are required by law to ensure that harvested areas are adequately regenerated. Most Canadian provinces have regulations limiting the size of clearcuts, although some older clearcuts can range upwards of 110 km² (20,000 acres) in size which were cut over several years.
In the United States, most forests have historically been affected by humans to some degree, though in recent years improved forestry practices has helped regulate or moderate large scale or severe impacts. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the However the United States Forest Service estimates that every year about 6,000 km² (1. 5 million acres) of the nation’s 3,000,000 km² (750 million acres) of forest land is lost to urban sprawl and development. Urban sprawl, also known as suburban sprawl, is the spreading of a city and its Suburbs over rural land at the fringe of an urban area It is expected that the South alone will lose 80,000 to 100,000 km² (20 to 25 million acres) to development. However, in many areas of the United States, the area of forest is stable or increasing, particularly in many northern states.
Globally two broad types of forests can be identified: natural and anthropogenic. Nature, in the broadest sense is equivalent to the natural world, physical universe, material world or material universe. Anthropogenic effects processes objects or materials are those that are derived from Human activities as opposed to those occurring in Natural environments without
Natural forests contain mainly natural patterns of biodiversity in established seral patterns, and they contain mainly species native to the region and habitat. The natural formations and processes have not been affected by humans with a frequency or intensity to change the natural structure and components of the habitat.
Anthropogenic forests have been created by humans or sufficiently affected by humans to change or remove natural seral patterns. They often contain significant elements of species which were originally from other regions or habitats.
Notes
- ^ Lund, H. Gyde (coord. ) 2006. 'Definitions of Forest, Deforestation, Afforestation, and Reforestation'. Gainesville, VA: Forest Information Services. Available from : http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm
- ^ Jenkins Martin D. , Groombridge Brian, World Atlas of Biodiversity: Earth's Living Resources in the 21st Century , World Conservation Monitoring Centre, United Nations Environment Programme, retrieved 3/20/2007[1]
- ^ United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Background to Forest Mapping & Data Harmonisation, retrieved 3/20/2007[2]
- ^ World Resources Institute, 1997. The Last Frontier Forests: Ecosystems and Economies on the Edge
References
- 2006-01-13, Sciencedaily: Deep-rooted Plants Have Much Greater Impact On Climate Than Experts Thought Citat: ". . . The tap roots transfer rainwater from the surface to reservoirs deep underground and redistribute water. A Plant 's taproot is a straight tapering Root that grows vertically down Rain is Liquid precipitation. On Earth it is the condensation of atmospheric Water vapor into drops heavy enough to fall often making it to . . increases photosynthesis and the evaporation of water. Photosynthesis is a Metabolic pathway that converts Light Energy into Chemical energy. . . by 40% in the dry season. The dry season is a term commonly used when describing the weather in the Tropics. . . During the wet season, these plants can store as much as 10% of the annual precipitation as deep as 13 metres (43 ft) underground, to be tapped during the dry months. In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric . . tree roots acting like pipes to allow water to shift around much faster than it could otherwise percolate through the soil. In Physics, Chemistry and Materials science, percolation concerns also the movement and filtering of fluids through porous materials Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel . . "
Gallery
 A deciduous broadleaf (Beech) forest in Slovenia. Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west |  A forest on San Juan Island in Washington. San Juan Island is the second-largest and most populous of the San Juan Islands in northwestern Washington, United States. Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. |  Maple and Oak (broadleaf, deciduous) forest in Wisconsin during winter. Acer ( maple) is a Genus of Trees or Shrubs They are variously classified in a family of their own the Aceraceae, or The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of about 400 species of Trees and Shrubs in the Genus Quercus (from Latin Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States |  A forest on Osaka Japan. is a city in Japan, located at the mouth of the Yodo River on Osaka Bay, in the Kansai region of the main island of Honshū |
See also
- General
- Ancient Woodland, an official classification of ancient forest in the UK. ‘ Ancient Woodland ’ is a term used in the United Kingdom to refer specifically to Woodland dating back to 1600 or before in England and Wales
- Biosphere
- Boreal forest
- Cloud forest
- Ecological succession
- Forest Schools
- Jungle (terrain)
- Old growth forest (ancient forest, virgin forest, primary forest)
- Plant
- Plantation
- Primeval forest, a term often used interchangeably with old growth forest
- Rainforest
- Red forest
- Royal forest
- Taiga, a biome characterized by coniferous forests
- Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
- Temperate coniferous forests
- Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests
- Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
- Vegetation
- Weald
- Activities related to forest
- Controlled burn
- Deforestation
- Ecological thinning
- Fir waves
- Logging and illegal logging
- Reforestation
- Shifting cultivation
- Sustainable forest management
- Hardwood Timber Production
- Forests by country
- Forests in Mexico
- Forests of Sweden
- Forests in the United Kingdom
- U.S. National Forest
- Lists
- List of trees in Canadian forests
- List of U.S. state forests
External links
- Forests in danger
- Roadmap to Recovery: The World's Last Intact Forest Landscapes
- Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005 by the FAO
- CoolForests.org - Conservation Cools the Planet
Dictionary
forest
-noun
- A dense collection of trees covering a relatively large area. Larger than woods.
- Any dense collection or amount.
- (graph theory) a disjoint union of trees
-adjective
- Connected with forests
-verb
- (transitive) To cover an area with trees.
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic