Forensic Identification is the application of forensic science and technology to identify specific objects from the trace evidence they leave, often at a crime scene or the scene of an accident. Trace evidence contends that every contact no matter how slight will leave a trace A crime scene is a location where an illegal act took place and comprises the area from which most of the physical evidence is retrieved by trained law enforcement Forensic means "for the courts".

Personal Identification

Droplets of human blood. In addition to analyzing for DNA, the droplets are round and show no spattering, indicating they impacted at a relatively slow velocity, in this case from a height of two feet.

• People can be identified by their fingerprints. An English Noun The English noun people has two distinct fields of application as a countable noun, a group of Humans A fingerprint is an impression of the friction ridges of all or any part of the finger We know this due to the philosophy of Friction Ridge Identification which states:

"Friction ridge identification is established through the agreement of friction ridge formations, in sequence, having sufficient uniqueness to individualize". Friction ridge identification is also governed by four premises or statements of fact:

• 1. Friction ridges develop on the fetus in their definitive form prior to birth.
• 2. Friction ridges are persistent throughout life except for permanent scarring, disease or decomposition after death.
• 3. Friction ridge paths and the details in small areas of friction ridges are unique and never repeated.
• 4. Overall friction ridge patterns vary within limits which allow for classification.

People can also be identified from traces of their DNA by DNA fingerprinting, from their teeth or bite by forensic odontology, from a photograph or a video recording by facial recognition systems, from the video recording of their walk by gait analysis, from an audio recording by voice analysis, from their handwriting by handwriting analysis, from the content of their writings by their writing style (eg. Forensic dentistry or forensic odontology is the proper handling Examination and Evaluation of dental Evidence, which will be then A facial recognition system is a computer application for automatically identifying or verifying a person from a digital image or a video frame from a video source Gait analysis is the study of Animal locomotion, including Locomotion of humans Gait analysis is commonly used to help athletes run more efficiently and Voice analysis is the study of speech sounds for purposes other than linguistic content such as in Speech recognition. typical phrases, factual bias, and/or misspellings of words), or from other traces using other biometric techniques. Biometrics ( ancient Greek: bios life metron measure refers to two very different fields of study and application

Product Identification

• Firearms can be identified by ballistics from the marks on the bullets they fired and on the bullet cartridges. A firearm is a Tool that projects either single or multiple Projectiles at high velocity through a controlled explosion Ballistics ( gr βάλλειν ('ba'llein' "throw" is the science of Mechanics that deals with the motion behavior and effects of Projectiles A bullet is a solid Projectile propelled by a Firearm or Air gun and is normally made from metal (usually Lead)
• Documents are characterized by the composition of their paper and ink. A document (noun is a bounded physical representation of body of Information designed with the capacity (and usually intent to Communicate. Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging An ink is a Liquid containing various Pigments and/or Dyes used for coloring a surface to produce an Image, text, or
• Typewriters can be identified by minor variations of positioning and wear of their letters. A typewriter is a mechanical or Electromechanical device with a set of "keys" that when pressed cause characters to be printed on a medium
• Paper shredders can be potentially identified in a similar way, by spacing and wear of their blades. Paper shredders are used to cut Paper into chad, typically either strips or fine particles
• Color copiers and maybe some color computer printers steganographically embed their identification number to some printouts as a countermeasure of currency forgeries. A photocopier (or copier is a machine that makes Paper copies of documents and other visual images quickly and cheaply Steganography is the art and science of writing hidden messages in such a way that no one apart from the sender and intended recipient even realizes there is a hidden message
• Copiers and computer printers can be potentially identified by the minor variants of the way they feed the paper through the printing mechanism, leaving banding artifacts. A photocopier (or copier is a machine that makes Paper copies of documents and other visual images quickly and cheaply ^[1][2] Analysis of the toners is also used. For the Irish surname see Toner (surname. Toner is a powder used in Laser printers and Photocopiers to form ^[3]

Networks

• Social networks can be discovered by network analysis of banking, telecommunication and postal records. A social network is a Social structure made of nodes (which are generally individuals or organizations that are tied by one or more specific types of interdependency such as Network analysis can refer to Analysis of general networks see Network theory.
• Radio transceivers can be potentially identified by minute variations of their output signal. A transceiver is a device that has both a Transmitter and a receiver which are combined and share common circuitry or a single housing
• Cars can be automatically found on CCTV records by automatic number plate recognition. Closed-circuit television ( CCTV) is the use of Video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place limited set of monitors Automatic number plate recognition ( ANPR; see also other names below is a Mass surveillance method that uses Optical character recognition on
• Computers connected to the Internet can often be identified by their IP address or MAC address. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks An Internet Protocol ( IP) address is a numerical identification ( Logical address) that is assigned to devices participating in a Computer network In Computer networking a Media Access Control address ( MAC address) or Ethernet Hardware Address ( EHA) hardware address

Applications

Sometimes, manufacturers and film distributors may intentionally leave subtle forensic markings on their products to identify them in case of piracy or involvement in a crime. Manufacturing (from Latin manu factura, "making by hand" is the use of tools and labor to make things for use or sale A film distributor is an independent company a Subsidiary company or occasionally an individual which acts as the final agent between a film production company (Cf. watermark, digital watermark, steganography. A watermark is a recognizable image or pattern in Paper that shows in various shades of lightness/darkness when viewed by transmitted light (or when viewed by reflected Digital watermarking is the process of embedding information into a digital signal Steganography is the art and science of writing hidden messages in such a way that no one apart from the sender and intended recipient even realizes there is a hidden message )

See also

• Forensic anthropology
• Forensic dentistry (odontology)
• Biometric identification
• International Association for Identification
• Canadian Identification Society
• Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners
• Computer forensics
• Data remanence
• Information forensics
• Mass surveillance
• Privacy
• Surveillance

References

External links

• Forensic Fingerprinting
• Canadian Identification Society
• Forensic DNA Fingerprinting

This forensics-related article is a stub. Forensic anthropology is the application of the science of Physical anthropology and human Osteology (the study of the Human skeleton) in a legal setting Forensic dentistry or forensic odontology is the proper handling Examination and Evaluation of dental Evidence, which will be then Biometrics ( ancient Greek: bios life metron measure refers to two very different fields of study and application The International Association for Identification (IAI is the largest Forensic organisation in the world The Canadian Identification Society (CIS is a bilingual (English- French professional non-for-profit fellowship of Police officers and civilian members who share interests Computer forensics is a branch of Forensic science pertaining to legal evidence found in computers and digital storage mediums Data remanence is the residual representation of Data that has been in some way nominally erased or removed Information Forensics is the science of investigation into systemic Processes that produce Information. Mass surveillance is the pervasive Surveillance of an entire population or a substantial fraction thereof Privacy is the ability of an individual or group to seclude themselves or information about themselves and thereby reveal themselves selectively Surveillance is the monitoring of Behavior. Systems surveillance is the process of monitoring the behavior of people objects or processes within systems for conformity You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

This law enforcement-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.