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Eritrea

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Eritrea is a member in good standing of the African Union (AU), the successor of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) and is an observering member of the Arab League. Eritrea () ( Ge'ez: ኤርትራ ʾErtrā, Arabic: إرتريا Iritriya) officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in Politics of Eritrea takes place in a framework of a single-party presidential Republic, whereby the President of Eritrea is both Head of state List of Heads of State of Eritrea (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Affiliations See also Isaias Afewerki (born 2 February 1946 is the first and current President of Eritrea. The Eritrean Cabinet of Ministers, are headed by the President of Eritrea Isaias Afwerki, and run the day to day operations of the Government of Eritrea The National Assembly ( Hagerawi Baito) has 104 members 60 members appointed and 44 members representing the members of the Central Committee of the People's Front for Democracy Political parties in Eritrea lists political parties in Eritrea, however in view of the fact that there are no legal Eritrean political parties listed below are The People's Front for Democracy and Justice ( PFDJ) is the only legal political entity in Eritrea. The elections in Eritrea select representatives from the country's six regions for the National Assembly. The High Court of Eritrea is the final court of appeal in Eritrea and the highest court in the Eritrean judicial hierarchy The Regional Courts of Eritrea are an intermediate system of courts of appeal in Eritrea. The Community Courts of Eritrea are the foundation of the judicial system in Eritrea. The Special Court of Eritrea is a parallel court to the traditional judicial hierarchy ||}At the time of Independence in 1993 Eritrea was arranged into ten provinces The Regional Administrators of Eritrea are appointed centrally by the President of Eritrea. The regions of Eritrea are divided into districts as follows Source Awate Lower Regional Assemblies of Eritrea are in each of Eritrea's six zones Human rights in Eritrea are viewed as poor Eritrea is a One-party state in which national legislative elections have been repeatedly postponed the judiciary is weak The Algiers Agreement was an agreement between the governments of Eritrea and Ethiopia signed on December 12, 2000, at Algiers In 1998 net official foreign aid to Eritrea was US$1358 million in 2002 it reached US$217 The United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea ( UNMEE) was established in July 2000 to monitor a Ceasefire in the border war that began in 1998 Eritrea is a comparatively young country with tense relations some of its neighbours especially Ethiopia. Information on politics by country is available for every Country, including both De jure and De facto independent Eritrea () ( Ge'ez: ኤርትራ ʾErtrā, Arabic: إرتريا Iritriya) officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in The African Union (abbreviated AU in English, and UA in its other working languages is a Confederation consisting of 53  African The Organisation of African Unity ( OAU) or Organisation de l'Unité Africaine ( OUA) was established on 25 May 1963. But it has withdrawn its representative to the AU in protest of the AU's lack of leadership in facilitating the implementation of a binding border decision demarcating the border between Eritrea and Ethiopia. NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page Eritrea's relationship with the United States is complicated. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Although the two nations have a close working relationship regarding the on-going war on terror, there has been a growing tension in other areas. Eritrea's relationship with Italy and the EU has become equally strained in many areas in the last three years. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in

Eritrea broke diplomatic relations with the Sudan in December 1994. Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. This action was taken after a long period of increasing tension between the two countries due to a series of cross-border incidents involving the Eritrean Islamic Jihad (EIJ). Eritrean Islamic Jihad is referred to as the Eritrean Islamic Salvation Movement EIJM EIJ ERIJ EISM Eritrean Islamic Jihad Movement and/or Harakat al Jihad al Islami al Eritrea Although the attacks did not pose a threat to the stability of the Government of Eritrea (the infiltrators have generally been killed or captured by government forces), the Eritreans believe the National Islamic Front (NIF) in Khartoum supported, trained, and armed the insurgents. For the Afghan Pashtun political party led by Pir Pir Sayyed Ahmad Gillani, see National Islamic Front (Afghanistan. Khartoum ( الخرطوم al-Kharṭūm) is the Capital of Sudan and of Khartoum State. After many months of negotiations with the Sudanese to try to end the incursions, the Government of Eritrea concluded that the NIF did not intend to change its policy and broke relations. Subsequently, the Government of Eritrea hosted a conference of Sudanese opposition leaders in June 1995 in an effort to help the opposition unite and to provide a credible alternative to the present government in Khartoum. Eritrea resumed diplomatic relations with Sudan on December 10, 2005. [1]

The undemarcated border with Sudan poses a problem for Eritrean external relations. [2] After a high-level delegation to the Sudan from the Eritrean Ministry of Foreign Affairs ties are being normalized. While normalization of ties continues, Eritrea has been recognized as a broker for peace between the separate factions of the Sudanese civil war. "It is known that Eritrea played a role in bringing about the peace agreement [between the Southern Sudanese and Government],"[3] while the Sudanese Government and Eastern Front rebels have requested Eritrea to mediate peace talks. [4]

A dispute with Yemen over the Hanish Islands in 1996 resulted in a brief war. Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya The Hanish Islands (جزر هانيش are an Island group in the Red Sea. As part of an agreement to cease hostilities the two nations agreed to refer the issue to the Permanent Court of Arbitration at the the Hague. The Permanent Court of Arbitration ( PCA) is an International organization based in The Hague in the Netherlands. At the conclusion of the proceedings, both nations acquiesced to the decision. Since 1996 both governments have remained wary of one another but relations are relatively normal. [5]

The undemarcated border with Ethiopia is the primary external issue facing Eritrea. This led to a long and bloody border war between 1998 and 2000. As a result, the United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) is occupying a 25 km by 900 km area on the border to help stabilize the region. The United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea ( UNMEE) was established in July 2000 to monitor a Ceasefire in the border war that began in 1998 [6] Disagreements following the war have resulted in stalemate punctuated by periods of elevated tension and renewed threats of war. [7][8][9] Central to the continuation of the stalemate is Ethiopia's failure to abide by the border delimitation ruling and reneging on its commitment to demarcation. The stalemate has led the President of Eritrea to urge the UN to take action on Ethiopia. This request is outlined in the Eleven Letters penned by the President to the United Nations Security Council. The situation is further escalated by the continued effort of the Eritrean and Ethiopian leaders in supporting each other's opposition.

Disputes - international: dispute over alignment of boundary with Ethiopia led to armed conflict in 1998. The conflict was slowed by an OAU-sponsored peace treaty signed in December 13, 2000. In April of 2002 Ethiopia and Eritrea agreed on a common border, drawn up by an independent commission in The Hague under the auspices of the United Nations. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security

References

  1. ^ Sudan, Eritrea resume severed diplomatic relations. Retrieved on 2006-09-04. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself
  2. ^ Eritrea-Sudan relations plummet. BBC (2004-01-15). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Retrieved on 2006-06-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins
  3. ^ Turabi terms USA "world’s ignoramuses", fears Sudan’s partition. Sudan Tribune (2005-11-04). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Retrieved on 2006-06-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins
  4. ^ Sudan demands Eritrean mediation with eastern Sudan rebels. Sudan Tribune (2006-04-18). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Retrieved on 2006-06-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins
  5. ^ Flights back on between Yemen and Eritrea. BBC (1998-12-13). Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life Retrieved on 2006-06-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins
  6. ^ Q&A: Horn's bitter border war. BBC (2005-12-07). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Retrieved on 2006-06-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins
  7. ^ Horn tensions trigger UN warning. BBC (2004-02-04). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons Retrieved on 2006-06-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins
  8. ^ Army build-up near Horn frontier. BBC (2005-11-02). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1570 - A Tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000 Retrieved on 2006-06-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins
  9. ^ Horn border tense before deadline. BBC (2005-12-23). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city Retrieved on 2006-06-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins

See also

Eritrea () ( Ge'ez: ኤርትራ ʾErtrā, Arabic: إرتريا Iritriya) officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in Eritrea is a comparatively young country with tense relations some of its neighbours especially Ethiopia. Eritrea - United States relations are Bilateral relations between Eritrea and the United States.
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