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Ford Escape
2001-2004 Ford Escape
Manufacturer Ford Motor Company
Production 2001-present
Class Compact SUV; hybrid SUV
Body style(s) 4-door SUV
Layout Front engine, front-wheel drive / four-wheel drive
Platform Ford CD2 platform
Related Mercury Mariner
Mazda Tribute

The Ford Escape (designated U204) is a compact SUV sold by the automaker Ford Motor Company beginning in the 2001 model year and priced below the Ford Explorer. Compact SUV is a class of small Sport utility vehicles with a length roughly between 4 The automotive industry is the industry involved in the design development manufacture marketing and sale of Motor vehicles In 2007 more than 73 million motor vehicles Ford Motor Company is an American Multinational corporation and the world's fourth largest automaker based on Worldwide vehicle sales, following See also Ford Explorer Sport Trac for the spinoff pickup truck SUV Crossover version The Ford Explorer is a mid-size Sport utility vehicle The Escape was sold in Europe as the Ford Maverick. It was jointly developed with Mazda, in which Ford owns a controlling interest, and was released simultaneously with the Mazda Tribute. ( is a Japanese automotive manufacturer based in Hiroshima, Japan. The Mazda Tribute ( Code J14) is a Crossover (automobile made by Japanese Automaker Mazda since 2001 In the United States, Ford's Mercury division released a luxury version called the Mariner starting with the 2005 model year. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Mercury is an Automobile Marque of the Ford Motor Company founded in 1939 by Edsel Ford, son of Henry Ford, to market entry-level-luxury The Mercury Mariner Compact luxury SUV was introduced in 2005

A hybrid version of the Escape was released in 2004, making it the first hybrid SUV. The Ford Escape Hybrid, launched in 2004 is a gas-electric hybrid powered version of the Ford Escape SUV developed by the Ford Motor Company.

The Escape is built on the Ford CD2 platform, which is in turn based on the Mazda GF platform, which was used by the Mazda 626. The Ford CD2 platform (for " C/D-class " and called U204 internally is an Automobile platform for Crossover SUVs It is the basis for The Mazda G platform is an Automobile platform for Midsize cars It has been used by a number of vehicles from Mazda and Ford Motor Company The Mazda 626 was an Automobile produced by Mazda for the export market

Contents

2001–2007

First generation
2006 Ford Escape
Also called Ford Maverick
Mazda Tribute
Production 2001–2007
Assembly Avon Lake, Ohio, USA
Jhongli City, Taiwan
Claycomo, Missouri, USA
Hai Duong, Vietnam
Hōfu, Yamaguchi, Japan
Santa Rosa, Laguna, Philippines
St. Petersburg, Russia
Engine(s) 2. Avon Lake is a city in Lorain County, Ohio, United States. The population was 18145 at the 2000 census The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Jhongli, also spelled Chungli ( Taiwanese POJ: Tiong-le̍k-chhī Jhuyin Fuhao: ㄓㄨㄥ ㄌ一ˋ ㄕˋ is a city in Taoyuan County Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Claycomo is a village in Clay County, Missouri, United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Hải Dương is a city in Vietnam. It is the capital of Hải Dương Province. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially is a city located in Yamaguchi, Japan. As of 2008, the city has an estimated Population of 117535 and the density of 623 For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The City of Santa Rosa (In Tagalog, Lungsod ng Santa Rosa) is a first class city in the province of Laguna The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending 0 L Zetec I4
2. Ford Motor Company used the Zetec name on a variety of Inline-4 cylinder Automobile engines. The straight-4 or inline-4 engine (often abbreviated I4 or L4) is a four cylinder Internal combustion engine with all four cylinders 3 L Duratec 23 I4
3. The Duratec is a range of four, six and twelve -cylinder Gasoline engines used in Ford cars 0 L Duratec 30 V6
Transmission(s) 5-speed manual
4-speed CD4E automatic
Wheelbase 103. The Duratec is a range of four, six and twelve -cylinder Gasoline engines used in Ford cars A V6 engine is a V engine with six cylinders mounted on the Crankcase in two banks of three cylinders A manual transmission (also known as a stick shift or just 'stick' 'straight drive' or standard transmission) is a type of transmission used in The CD4E was a 4-speed automatic Transaxle for Front wheel drive cars from 1994 to 2007 In both road and rail Vehicles the wheelbase is the distance between the centers of the front and rear wheels 1 in (2619 mm)
Length 2001-04: 173. 0 in (4394 mm)
2005-07: 174. 9 in (4442 mm)
Width 70. 1 in (1781 mm)
Height 2001-04: 69. 1 in (1755 mm)
2005-07: 69. 7 in (1770 mm)
Fuel capacity 16. 5 US gallons (62. 5 L/13. 7 imp gal); Hybrid version 11 US gallons (41. 6 L/9. 2 imp gal)

The first generation Ford Escape was released in North America in 2001. It was slotted below the larger truck based Explorer in Ford's lineup, but was larger than the small SUV offerings from Honda and Toyota. See also Ford Explorer Sport Trac for the spinoff pickup truck SUV Crossover version The Ford Explorer is a mid-size Sport utility vehicle "Cr-V" redirects here It is also a shorthand referring to chromium-vanadium alloy Tool steels The Honda CR-V is a compact The Toyota RAV4 (pronounced "rav-four" is a compact Crossover SUV built and marketed by the Toyota Motor Corporation. [1] At the time, most sport utility vehicles used a truck based Body-on-frame design. Body-on-frame is an Automobile construction technology Mounting a separate body to a rigid frame which supports the Drivetrain was the original method of building Solid rear axles were commonly used due to their ability to carry heavy loads at the expense of a comfortable ride and good handling. Ford realized that most SUV owners did not take their vehicles off road, and decided instead to use a car-like Monocoque design with a fully independent suspension and rack and pinion steering for the Escape. Monocoque, from the French for single ( mono) and shell ( coque) is a construction technique that supports structural load by using an object's external Independent suspension is a broad term for any Automobile suspension system that allows each wheel on the same Axle to move vertically (i A rack and pinion is a pair of Gears which convert rotational motion into linear motion [2] Although not meant for serious off-roading, a full time all wheel drive system supplied by Dana was optional which included a locking center differential activated by a switch on the dashboard. Dana Holding Corporation ( is an Auto parts and systems company recently emerged from Chapter 11 Bankruptcy A locking differential or locker is a variation on the standard automotive differential. [3] The all wheel drive system normally sends most of the power from the engine to the front wheels. If slipping is detected at the front, more power will be sent to the rear wheels in a fraction of a second. The entire braking system was built by Continental Teves including the ABS and various related suspension components. Continental AG ( internally often called Conti for short is a worldwide leading manufacturer of Tires Brake systems Vehicle stability An anti-lock braking system, or ABS (from the German, A nti' b' lockier' s' ystem) is a safety system on Motor vehicles [4] CKD production began in 2002 at Ford Lio Ho Motor Co. For other uses of the abbreviation see CKD Complete knock down (CKD, is a complete kit needed to assemble a vehicle in Taiwan for various Asian markets. [5]

Safety and security

Crash test results for the Escape have been mixed. In the New Car Assessment Program administered by the USA based National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the car received 5 out of 5 stars for driver protection and 4 out of 5 stars for passenger protection in a 35 mph (56 km/h) frontal impact. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA, often pronounced "nit-suh" is an agency of the Executive Branch of the U [6] The SUV received 5 stars for both driver and rear passenger in the side impact test. In the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety's 40 mph (64 km/h) frontal offset test, 2001-2004 Escapes received a score of "Marginal". The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety is a US Non-profit organization funded by auto insurers [7] Vehicles equipped with the optional side air bags received a score of "Good" in the 31 mph (50 km/h) side impact test, while those without the optional air bags received a score of "Poor". [8]

All Escapes are equipped with a passive Immobiliser called SecuriLock. An immobiliser or immobilizer is an electronic device fitted to an Automobile which prevents the engine from running unless the correct key (or other token This feature includes a RFID chip embedded in the key which is read by the car each time the vehicle is started. Radio-frequency identification ( RFID) is an automatic identification method relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or If the vehicle fails to receive a valid confirmation signal from the key, the vehicle will not run even if the key is perfectly cut to match the original. Theft, Injury, and Collision losses reported to insurance companies for the Escape are among the lowest in its class. [9]

Hybrid version

Main article: Ford Escape Hybrid

In 2004, the Ford Escape Hybrid was released. The Ford Escape Hybrid, launched in 2004 is a gas-electric hybrid powered version of the Ford Escape SUV developed by the Ford Motor Company. The Ford Escape Hybrid, launched in 2004 is a gas-electric hybrid powered version of the Ford Escape SUV developed by the Ford Motor Company. This hybrid electric vehicle is 75% more fuel-efficient than the regular Escape according to Environmental Protection Agency tests and was the first sport utility vehicle available to the public with hybrid technology. A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to propel the vehicle Fuel efficiency, in its basic sense is the same as Thermal efficiency, meaning the efficiency of a process that converts chemical potential energy contained in a carrier A sport utility vehicle ( SUV) is a generic marketing description for a rugged automotive vehicle similar to a Station wagon but built on a light-truck chassis The Escape Hybrid also offers a 110 volt AC (150 watt) plug-in outlet, for powering small household accessories, as an option.

In January 2006, at the Washington Auto Show, Ford showed a prototype for an Escape Hybrid that would allow E85 fuel to be used. E85 is an Alcohol fuel mixture that typically contains a mixture of up to 85% denatured fuel ethanol and Gasoline or other hydrocarbon (HC by

2005 changes

The Escape and Tribute were updated for 2005 with a new base engine (the 2. 3 L Duratec 23), which replaced the Zetec 2. The Duratec is a range of four, six and twelve -cylinder Gasoline engines used in Ford cars 0 L 127 hp 4-cylinder. The most powerful engine remained the 200 hp (150 kW) Duratec 3. 0 L V6, with new engine mounts. Ford also added airbag and seatbelt safety systems, an intelligent all wheel drive system, and exterior changes. Four-wheel drive, 4WD, or 4x4 ("four by four" is a four-wheeled Vehicle with a drivetrain that allows all four Wheels to 2005 was the first model year an automatic transmission was available on the base four-cylinder models. An automatic transmission (commonly "AT" or "Auto" is an Automobile Gearbox that can change Gear ratios automatically as the vehicle The automatic shifter was moved from the column to the console on all models equipped with automatic transmissions. Ford also deleted the recline feature on the rear seats to improve the safety of occupants in the rear seats in the case of a rear crash.

European SUV

From 2001 to 2004 the Ford Escape was sold in Europe under the Maverick name replaced a rebadged version of the Nissan Mistral/Terrano II. The Nissan Mistral is an 4x4 off-roader manufactured by the Japanese Automaker Nissan. Only two versions were made, the 2. 0 L Zetec engine with manual transmission and 3. Ford Motor Company used the Zetec name on a variety of Inline-4 cylinder Automobile engines. A manual transmission (also known as a stick shift or just 'stick' 'straight drive' or standard transmission) is a type of transmission used in 0 L Duratec with automatic transmission, both using gasoline as fuel. The Duratec is a range of four, six and twelve -cylinder Gasoline engines used in Ford cars The absence of a diesel version did not help sales and production halted in late 2003.

The Maverick was primarily designed for on-road use - sold with normal road tires, and to be used with front-wheel drive most of the time. A second "gear lever" for the transfer gearbox enabled four-wheel drive mode with no centre differential and a limited slip rear differential - this precluded using full-time four-wheel drive on the road as it caused undue wear on the transmission and tires. Four-wheel drive, 4WD, or 4x4 ("four by four" is a four-wheeled Vehicle with a drivetrain that allows all four Wheels to This article deals with the concept of a differential in mechanical engineering.

The Maverick was reintroduced in 2005 in certain European markets with a 3. 0L DOHC Duratec 30 engine. It was announced that the Maverick would be assembled in Russia for the Russian market.

2007 changes (Asian/Pacific)

A revamped 2007 Escape went on sale in the second half of 2006 for the Asian and Pacific markets (except South Korea, where the North American-market Escape is sold). South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː Major external changes include a redesigned front bumper, grille, headlights and hood, as well as LED taillights and rear bumper.

On the inside, changes include a floor-mounted automatic transmission shifter, in place of the old column shifter, as well as a redesigned center stack comprising of audio and climate controls. An automatic transmission (commonly "AT" or "Auto" is an Automobile Gearbox that can change Gear ratios automatically as the vehicle Climate control is automatic on all models except the XLS. The Limited model also features full color-coded bumpers, wheel arch and side moldings, as well as side mirrors with integrated LED indicators.

Rear drum brakes have been replaced by disc brakes all round.

The 3. 0 L V6 has been modified to reduce fuel consumption by over 10%, while the 2. A V6 engine is a V engine with six cylinders mounted on the Crankcase in two banks of three cylinders 3 L 4-cylinder has improved mid-range torque and an electronic throttle, as well as a slight increase in power to 109 kW (146 hp). The straight-4 or inline-4 engine (often abbreviated I4 or L4) is a four cylinder Internal combustion engine with all four cylinders Both engines had been certified to meet Euro III emission regulations. European emission standards define the acceptable limits for exhaust emissions of new vehicles sold in EU member states A four-speed automatic carries over and is the sole transmission choice.

The 2007 Asian/Pacific Escape is now built in Taiwan, instead of Japan. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics.

Recalls

In the USA, the Escape has been recalled 10 times, although the bulk of the problems only affected the first model year. [10] In April, 2007 Ford announced it would recall nearly 500,000 Escape SUVs produced between 2001-2004 due to reported engine fires. Ford recalled those Escape year models because of improper sealing in the antilock braking system that could cause contamination and a short. [11] Ford has said the fires did not cause personal injuries and the Escape hybrid was not affected.

2008-present

Second generation (North America)
2008 Ford Escape
Production 2008-present
Assembly Claycomo, Missouri
Engine(s) 2. Claycomo is a village in Clay County, Missouri, United States. 3 L Duratec 23 I4
2. The Duratec is a range of four, six and twelve -cylinder Gasoline engines used in Ford cars The straight-4 or inline-4 engine (often abbreviated I4 or L4) is a four cylinder Internal combustion engine with all four cylinders 5 L Duratec 25 I4
3. The Duratec is a range of four, six and twelve -cylinder Gasoline engines used in Ford cars The straight-4 or inline-4 engine (often abbreviated I4 or L4) is a four cylinder Internal combustion engine with all four cylinders 0 L Duratec 30 V6
Transmission(s) 5-speed manual
4-speed automatic
6-speed 6F automatic
Wheelbase 103. The Duratec is a range of four, six and twelve -cylinder Gasoline engines used in Ford cars A V6 engine is a V engine with six cylinders mounted on the Crankcase in two banks of three cylinders A manual transmission (also known as a stick shift or just 'stick' 'straight drive' or standard transmission) is a type of transmission used in An automatic transmission (commonly "AT" or "Auto" is an Automobile Gearbox that can change Gear ratios automatically as the vehicle General Motors and Ford Motor Company teamed up in 2002 to create a new Automatic transmission design An automatic transmission (commonly "AT" or "Auto" is an Automobile Gearbox that can change Gear ratios automatically as the vehicle In both road and rail Vehicles the wheelbase is the distance between the centers of the front and rear wheels 1 in (2619 mm)
Length 174. 7 in (4437 mm)
Width 71. 1 in (1806 mm)
Height 68. 0 in (1727 mm)
Fuel capacity 16. 5 US gallons (62. 5 L/13. 7 imp gal)

The North American-market Escape and its Mazda Tribute/Mercury Mariner siblings have received a redesign in order to stay competitive with other new compact SUVs, however most of the internals have been carried over. The Mazda Tribute ( Code J14) is a Crossover (automobile made by Japanese Automaker Mazda since 2001 The Mercury Mariner Compact luxury SUV was introduced in 2005 The Escape still uses the CD2 platform[12]. The Ford CD2 platform (for " C/D-class " and called U204 internally is an Automobile platform for Crossover SUVs It is the basis for Ford also included an electronic stability control system standard on the 2008 Escape. [13] As of 2006, this Escape (badged as Maverick) is no longer sold in Europe, leaving Ford Europe without a compact SUV until the 2009 Ford Kuga. The Ford Kuga is compact Crossover SUV to be produced by Ford Europe.

The updated Escape received some styling cues from the Explorer, Edge, and Expedition. See also Ford Explorer Sport Trac for the spinoff pickup truck SUV Crossover version The Ford Explorer is a mid-size Sport utility vehicle The Edge is a premium Mid-size Crossover SUV (CUV manufactured by Ford, based on the Ford CD3 platform &mdash and marketed in slightly The Ford Expedition is a Full-size SUV built by the Ford Motor Company. Changes include a new grille with larger headlamps in the front fascia, while the sides were revised with cleaner lines and rounder wheel arches. The interior is also completely redesigned, including the newest standard Ford family navigation system. [14]

The 2008 Ford Escape debuted at the 2007 Los Angeles International Auto Show. The Los Angeles Auto Show is an annual Auto show that takes place at the Los Angeles Convention Center in Los Angeles, California. [15]

A new concept version for the Asian market, called the Ford Escape Adventure Concept, was revealed at the 2007 Tokyo Motor Show. The is a biennial Auto show held in October-November at the Makuhari Messe, Chiba City, Japan for cars motorcycles and commercial vehicles It features a revised front and rear fascia, incorporating Ford's three-bar grill styling theme and restyled LED tail lamps. [16]

2009 changes

At the 2008 Washington Auto Show, Ford Motor Company introduced new changes to the Escape for the 2009 model year. Ford's new 6-speed 6F automatic will replace the previous four-speed automatic on both the I4 and V6 models. The 2. 3 L Duratec 23 will be replaced by a new 2. 5 L Duratec 25 , which will boost standard power to 171hp and 171 lb-ft. , while increasing fuel economy by 1mpg city/hwy. The optional 3. 0L Duratec 30 V6 has been thoroughly updated, resulting in a 40hp increase, bringing the V6's power to 240hp and 233 lb-ft. The Duratec 30 will also see a 1mpg fuel economy improvement. The Hybrid will also be upgraded to use the 2. 5L and too see an increase of 1mpg fuel economy. This 2. 5L Hybrid system will also be used in the 2009 Ford Fusion and Mercury Milan.

Other mechanical changes include a new 18. 5mm rear stabilizer bar, revised suspension tuning, a new air induction system for the 3. 0L V6, and a new exhaust system on all Escapes.

The Escape will undergo some minor aerodynamic changes for 2009, including a revised front chin spoiler and rear tire spoilers. The '09 Escape will also feature Ford's new Easy-Fuel capless fuel filling system. [17]

References

  1. ^ Jamieson, Scott (August 2001). "Escaping debt: a reasonably priced alternative to full-sized pickups and SUVs, the Ford Escape has all the power and comforts required". Canadian Forest Industries.  
  2. ^ Ford Motor Company (2006-11-03). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina. "FORD ESCAPE SALES CROSS THE MILLION MARK". Press release. A news release, media release, press release or press statement is a written or recorded Communication directed at members of the News Retrieved on 2008-04-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom
  3. ^ "Dana Gets 4WD Contract for Ford/Mazda SUVs" (2000-04-25). Autoparts Report.  
  4. ^ "Continental Teves Supplies Brake System To Ford Escape/Mazda Tribute" (2000-06-02). Autoparts Report.  
  5. ^ "Dana Corp. To Supply 4wd System 2002 For Ford Escape In Taiwan - Brief Article" (01-11-2002). Autoparts Report.  
  6. ^ New Car Assessment Program: 2001 Ford Escape. NHTSA (2001). Retrieved on 2008-04-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom
  7. ^ IIHS-HLDI: Ford Escape. IIHS-HLDI (2001). Retrieved on 2008-04-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom
  8. ^ IIHS-HLDI: Ford Escape. IIHS-HLDI (2003). Retrieved on 2008-04-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom
  9. ^ Injury, Collision, & Theft Losses 2001-2003. HLDI (September 2004). Retrieved on 2008-04-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom
  10. ^ FORD ESCAPE Recalls. myCarStats. com (2008). Retrieved on 2008-04-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom
  11. ^ Recalls Summary. NHTSA (2007-04-23). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Retrieved on 2008-04-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom
  12. ^ 2008 Ford Escape gets new look. Edmunds.com. Edmundscom is a provider of Automotive information via Web sites books and other media Retrieved on March 16, 2006. Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king
  13. ^ Ford To Make Stability Control Standard by 2009. Edmunds.com. Edmundscom is a provider of Automotive information via Web sites books and other media Retrieved on September 13, 2006. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September
  14. ^ Sneak Peek: 2008 Ford Escape. Detroit News. The Detroit News is one of the two major newspapers in the US Retrieved on April 19, 2006. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer
  15. ^ Ford toughens Escape for 2008. AutoWeek. com. Retrieved on November 29, 2006. Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe
  16. ^ Paultan.org - TOKYO 2007 LIVE: Ford Escape Adventure Concept - 24 October 2007
  17. ^ [http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=27548- media. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ford. com Press Release] - 02 February 2008

See also

External links

Hybrid


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