In particle physics, the quantum field theory called the Standard Model describes the strong, weak and electromagnetic fundamental forces. Particle physics is a branch of Physics that studies the elementary constituents of Matter and Radiation, and the interactions between them In quantum field theory (QFT the forces between particles are mediated by other particles The Standard Model of Particle physics is a theory that describes three of the four known Fundamental interactions together with the Elementary particles In particle physics the strong interaction, or strong force, or color force, holds Quarks and Gluons together to form Protons and The weak interaction (often called the weak force or sometimes the weak nuclear force) is one of the four Fundamental interactions of nature Electromagnetism is the Physics of the Electromagnetic field: a field which exerts a Force on particles that possess the property of In Physics, a fundamental interaction or fundamental force is a mechanism by which particles interact with each other and which cannot be explained in terms In such theories, each type of interaction has a characteristic set of force carrier particles associated with quantum excitation of the force field related to that interaction. Originally a term coined by Michael Faraday to provide an intuitive paradigm but theoretical construct (in the Kuhnian sense for the behavior of electromagnetic fields These kinds of particles are always exchanged between matter. Matter is commonly defined as being anything that has mass and that takes up space.
The carrier particles either appear in intermediate stages or are produced during all particle processes involving that type of interaction. Forces between particles can be described in terms of static force fields and exchanges of force carrier particles between the affected particles.
The force carriers of the Standard Model are bosons, known as gauge bosons:
- Gluons mediating the strong interactions
- Photons mediating the electromagnetic interactions
- W and Z bosons mediating the weak interactions
The name for the carrier particle of gravitational interactions is the graviton. In Particle physics, bosons are particles which obey Bose-Einstein statistics; they are named after Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein In Particle physics, gauge bosons are Bosonic particles that act as carriers of the fundamental forces of nature Gluons ( Glue and the suffix -on) are Elementary particles that cause Quarks to interact and are indirectly responsible for the In particle physics the strong interaction, or strong force, or color force, holds Quarks and Gluons together to form Protons and In Physics, the photon is the Elementary particle responsible for electromagnetic phenomena In Physics, the electromagnetic force is the force that the Electromagnetic field exerts on electrically charged particles The W and Z bosons are the Elementary particles that mediate the Weak force. The weak interaction (often called the weak force or sometimes the weak nuclear force) is one of the four Fundamental interactions of nature Gravitation is a natural Phenomenon by which objects with Mass attract one another In Physics, the graviton is a hypothetical Elementary particle, a Boson to be exact that mediates the force of Gravity in the framework The status of this particle is still tentative, because the theory is incomplete and there has been no good experimental evidence that they exist. Gravitons are not considered to be a part of the Standard Model.
In the Standard Model the hypothetical Higgs boson, which is needed to account for the masses of fundamental particles, interacts via the weak interaction and Yukawa interactions but is not a force carrier. The Higgs Boson is a hypothetical massive scalar Elementary particle predicted to exist by the Standard Model of Particle physics Mass is a fundamental concept in Physics, roughly corresponding to the Intuitive idea of how much Matter there is in an object The weak interaction (often called the weak force or sometimes the weak nuclear force) is one of the four Fundamental interactions of nature In Particle physics, Yukawa's interaction, named after Hideki Yukawa, is an interaction between a scalar field \phi and a Dirac field
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Overview
All elementary particles are either bosons or fermions (depending on their spin). In Particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a particle not known to have substructure that is it is not known to be made In Particle physics, bosons are particles which obey Bose-Einstein statistics; they are named after Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein In Particle physics, fermions are particles which obey Fermi-Dirac statistics; they are named after Enrico Fermi. In Quantum mechanics, spin is a fundamental property of atomic nuclei, Hadrons and Elementary particles For particles with non-zero spin The spin-statistics theorem identifies the resulting quantum statistics that differentiate fermions and bosons. The spin-statistics theorem in Quantum mechanics relates the spin of a particle to the statistics obeyed by that particle Particle statistics refers to the particular description of particles in Statistical mechanics.
Interaction of virtual bosons with real fermions are called fundamental interactions. In Physics, a virtual particle is a particle that exists for a limited time and space introducing uncertainty in their energy and momentum due to the Heisenberg Uncertainty In Physics, a fundamental interaction or fundamental force is a mechanism by which particles interact with each other and which cannot be explained in terms Momentum conservation in these interactions mathematically results in all forces we know. The bosons involved in these interactions are called gauge bosons - such as the W vector bosons of the weak force, the gluons of the strong force, the photons of the electromagnetic force, and (in theory, unconfirmed) the graviton of the gravitational force. In Particle physics, gauge bosons are Bosonic particles that act as carriers of the fundamental forces of nature The weak interaction (often called the weak force or sometimes the weak nuclear force) is one of the four Fundamental interactions of nature Gluons ( Glue and the suffix -on) are Elementary particles that cause Quarks to interact and are indirectly responsible for the In particle physics the strong interaction, or strong force, or color force, holds Quarks and Gluons together to form Protons and In Physics, the photon is the Elementary particle responsible for electromagnetic phenomena In Physics, the electromagnetic force is the force that the Electromagnetic field exerts on electrically charged particles In Physics, the graviton is a hypothetical Elementary particle, a Boson to be exact that mediates the force of Gravity in the framework Gravitation is a natural Phenomenon by which objects with Mass attract one another
History
The concept of messenger particles dates back to the 18th century when French Physicist Charles Coulomb showed that the electrostatic force between electrically charged objects follows a law similar to Newton's law of gravitation. Charles Augustin de Cock (June 14 1736 Angoulême France – August 23 1806 Penis France was a French Physicist. Gravitation is a natural Phenomenon by which objects with Mass attract one another In time, this relation became known as Coulomb's law. ---- Bold text Coulomb's law', developed in the 1780s by French physicist Charles Augustin de Coulomb, may be stated in scalar form By 1862, Hermann von Helmholtz had described a ray of light as the “quickest of all the messengers”. In 1905, Albert Einstein proposed the existence of a light-particle in answer to the question: “what are light quanta?” In 1923, through the work of Arthur Compton at Washington University in St. Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical Arthur Holly Compton (September 10 1892 &ndash March 15 1962 was an American physicist and Nobel laureate in physics for his discovery of the Compton effect Louis, Einstein’s light-particle idea was made undeniably plain to physicists. Lastly, in 1926, one year before the theory of quantum mechanics was completed, Gilbert N. Lewis introduced the term “photon”, which subsequently became the name for Einstein’s light particle. Gilbert Newton Lewis ( October 23, 1875 - March 23, 1946) was a famous American physical chemist known for the discovery In Physics, the photon is the Elementary particle responsible for electromagnetic phenomena From here the concept of messenger particles developed further.
See also
External links
- Messenger Particles - Cern Interactive Slide Show
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