Football is the name given to a number of different team sports, all of which involve (to varying degrees) kicking a ball with the foot in an attempt to score a goal. Team sport refers to Sports that are practiced between opposing teams where the players interact directly and simultaneously between them to achieve an objective BALL ( Biochemical Algorithms Library) is a C++ library containing common algorithms used in Biochemistry and Bioinformatics. The foot is an Anatomical structure found in many Animals It is the terminal portion of a limb which bears weight and allows Locomotion. Goal refers to a method of scoring in many sports It can also refer to the physical structure or area of the playing surface in which a score is made The most popular of these sports world-wide is association football, also known as soccer and most commonly just football. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered The English language word "football" is also applied to gridiron football (which includes American football and Canadian football), Australian rules football, Gaelic football, rugby football (rugby league and rugby union), and related games. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The English language word football may mean any one of several Team sports (or the ball used in that respective sport depending on the national or regional Gridiron football is an umbrella term used in some countries outside North America to refer to several codes of Football played primarily in Northern America American football, known in the United States and Canada simply as football, is a competitive Team sport known for mixing strategy with In accordance with the Manual of Style (see) Canadian English is used throughout this article (see Canadian_English#Spelling) Australian (rules football, or simply known as football, footy or Aussie rules, is a Team sport played between two teams of 18 players Gaelic football ( Irish: Peil, Peil Ghaelach, or Caid) commonly referred to as " football " is a form of Football Rugby football (usually just " rugby " may refer to a number of sports through history descended from a common form of Football developed at Rugby School History See also History of rugby league The grass roots of rugby league can be traced to early football history, through the playing of ball games Overview See also Playing rugby union A rugby union match lasts for 80 minutes (plus stoppage time with a short Each of these codes (specific sets of rules, or the games defined by them) is referred to as "football".
These games involve:
- two teams of between 11 and 18 players
- kicking a spherical or prolate spheroid ball (which is itself called a football) with the foot;
- a clearly defined area in which to keep the ball;
- scoring goals and/or points, by moving the ball to an opposing team's end of the field and either into a goal area, or over a line;
- the goal and/or line being defended by the opposing team;
- players being required to move the ball—depending on the code—by kicking, carrying and/or hand passing the ball;
- goals and/or points resulting from players putting the ball between two goalposts and;
In most codes, there are rules restricting the movement of players offside, and players scoring a goal must put the ball either under or over a crossbar between the goalposts. A team comprises a group of people or Animals linked in a common purpose "Globose" redirects here See also Globose nucleus. A sphere (from Greek σφαίρα - sphaira, "globe A prolate spheroid is a Spheroid in which the polar Diameter is longer than the Equatorial diameter A football is a Ball used to play one of the various sports known as Football. In a Game the score refers to the amount of points achieved by a player or team Goal refers to a method of scoring in many sports It can also refer to the physical structure or area of the playing surface in which a score is made In a Game the score refers to the amount of points achieved by a player or team In Association football (soccer a defender is a player who tries to prevent the other team from scoring Kicking is a method used by many types of Football, including Association football Australian rules football On the Sporting field goalposts are posts between which players must carry kick or pass a ball or similar object in order to score points or simply a goal. Offside is a concept used by several different team Sports, particularly Field sports Typically it is a rule preventing players from getting an unfair Other features common to several football codes include: points being mostly scored by players carrying the ball across the goal line and; players receiving a free kick after they take a mark/make a fair catch. A fair catch is a feature of American football and several other codes of football.
Peoples from around the world have played games which involved kicking and/or carrying a ball, since ancient times. "Ancient" redirects here For other uses see Ancient_(disambiguation. However, most of the modern codes of football have their origins in Europe.
Etymology
While it is widely believed that the word "football" (or "foot ball") originated in reference to the action of a foot kicking a ball, there is a rival explanation, which has it that football originally referred to a variety of games in medieval Europe, which were played on foot. The English language word football may mean any one of several Team sports (or the ball used in that respective sport depending on the national or regional [1] These games were usually played by peasants, as opposed to the horse-riding sports often played by aristocrats. A peasant is an agricultural worker who subsists by working a small plot of ground For the Roman class see Equestrian (Roman Equestrianism refers to the skill of riding or driving Horses This broad description Aristocracy is a form of Government, where rule is established through an internal struggle over who has the most status and influence over society and internal relations While there is no conclusive evidence for this explanation, the word football has always implied a variety of games played on foot, not just those that involved kicking a ball. In some cases, the word football has even been applied to games which have specifically outlawed kicking the ball.
History
Early history
Ancient games
Documented evidence of what is possibly the oldest activity resembling football can be found in a Chinese military manual written during the Warring States Period in about the 476 BC–221 BC. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking The Warring States Period ( also known as the Era of Warring States covers the period from some time in the 5th century BC to the unification of China by the It describes a practice known as cuju (蹴鞠, literally "kick ball"), which originally involved kicking a leather ball through a hole in a piece of silk cloth strung between two 30-foot (9. Cuju ( tsʰuː˥˩ tɕy˧˥ is an ancient code of football with similarities to Association football. Silk is a natural Protein Fiber, some forms of which can be woven into Textiles The best-known type of silk is obtained from cocoons 1 m) poles. During the Han Dynasty (206 BC–220 AD), cuju games were standardized and rules were established. The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. Variations of this game later spread to Japan and Korea, known as kemari and chuk-guk respectively. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. For Kemari or Kiamari neighborhood of Karachi, Pakistan, see Kiamari. By the Chinese Tang Dynasty (618–907), the feather-stuffed ball was replaced by an air-filled ball and cuju games had become professionalized, with many players making a living playing cuju. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by Also, two different types of goal posts emerged: One was made by setting up posts with a net between them and the other consisted of just one goal post in the middle of the field.
The Japanese version of cuju is kemari (蹴鞠), and was adopted during the Asuka period from the Chinese. For Kemari or Kiamari neighborhood of Karachi, Pakistan, see Kiamari. The, was a period in the History of Japan lasting from 538 to 710 (or 592-645 although its beginning could be said to overlap with the preceding Kofun period. This is known to have been played within the Japanese imperial court in Kyoto from about 600 AD. (IPA /kʲoːto / is a city in the central part of the island of Honshū, Japan. In kemari several people stand in a circle and kick a ball to each other, trying not to let the ball drop to the ground (much like keepie uppie). Keepie uppie is the art of Juggling with a football (soccer ball using feet, Lower legs Knees Chest, Shoulders The game appears to have died out sometime before the mid-19th century. It was revived in 1903 and is now played at a number of festivals.
The Ancient Greeks and Romans are known to have played many ball games some of which involved the use of the feet. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The Roman writer Cicero describes the case of a man who was killed whilst having a shave when a ball was kicked into a barber's shop. Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman The Roman game harpastum is believed to have been adapted from a team game known as "επισκυρος" (episkyros) or phaininda that is mentioned by Greek playwright, Antiphanes (388–311 BC) and later referred to by Clement of Alexandria. Harpastum, also known as Harpustum, was a form of Football played in the Roman Empire. Saint Clement of Alexandria (born Titus Flavius Clemens) (c150 - 211/216 was the first notable member of the Church of Alexandria, and one of its most These games appears to have resembled rugby. Rugby football (usually just " rugby " may refer to a number of sports through history descended from a common form of Football developed at Rugby School
There are a number of references to traditional, ancient, and/or prehistoric ball games, played by indigenous peoples in many different parts of the world. The word tradition comes from the Latin traditionem acc of traditio which means "a giving up delivering up surrendering" and is used in a number of "Ancient" redirects here For other uses see Ancient_(disambiguation. Stone Age Paleolithic See also Paleolithic, Recent African Origin, Early Homo sapiens, Early human migrations "Paleolithic" The term Indigenous Peoples or autochthonous peoples can be used to describe any Ethnic group who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest historical For example, in 1586, men from a ship commanded by an English explorer named John Davis, went ashore to play a form of football with Inuit (Eskimo) people in Greenland. John Davis (1550?-December 29 1605 was one of the chief English navigators and explorers under Elizabeth I, especially in Polar regions Inuit (plural the singular Inuk, means "man" or "person" is a general term for a group of culturally similar Indigenous peoples inhabiting Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat meaning "Land of the Greenlanders" Grønland is a self-governing Danish Province located between the [3] There are later accounts of an Inuit game played on ice, called Aqsaqtuk. Each match began with two teams facing each other in parallel lines, before attempting to kick the ball through each other team's line and then at a goal. In 1610, William Strachey of the Jamestown settlement, Virginia recorded a game played by Native Americans, called Pahsaheman. William Strachey (1572 – before June 21, 1621) was an English writer whose works are among the primary sources for the early history of the English colonization The James Settlement was the first permanent English settlement in North America. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States In Victoria, Australia, indigenous people played a game called Marn Grook ("ball game"). Indigenous Australians are descendants of the first known human inhabitants of the Australian continent and its nearby islands. Marn Grook (also spelt marngrook) literally meaning "Game ball" is the collective name given to a number of traditional Australian Aboriginal ball games An 1878 book by Robert Brough-Smyth, The Aborigines of Victoria, quotes a man called Richard Thomas as saying, in about 1841, that he had witnessed Aboriginal people playing the game: "Mr Thomas describes how the foremost player will drop kick a ball made from the skin of a possum and how other players leap into the air in order to catch it. Robert Brough Smyth (1830 – 9 October 1899) was an Australian geologist, author and social commentator A possum is any of about 64 small to medium-sized Arboreal Marsupial Species native to Australia, New Guinea, and Sulawesi " It is widely believed that Marn Grook had an influence on the development of Australian rules football (see below). Australian (rules football, or simply known as football, footy or Aussie rules, is a Team sport played between two teams of 18 players
Games played in Central America with rubber balls by indigenous peoples are also well-documented as existing since before this time, but these had more similarities to basketball or volleyball, and since their influence on modern football games is minimal, most do not class them as football. The Mesoamerican ballgame was a Sport with ritual associations played for over 3000 years by the Pre-Columbian peoples of Mesoamerica. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m Volleyball is an Olympic team sport in which two teams of 6 active players (5 normal players and one 'libero' are separated by a net that is usually four feet
These games and others may well go far back into antiquity and may have influenced later football games. However, the main sources of modern football codes appear to lie in western Europe, especially the British Isles. The British Isles (Irish variously Na hOileáin Bhriotanacha, Oileáin Iarthair Eorpa, Éire agus an Bhreatain Mhór; Ellanyn Goaldagh Eileanan
Medieval and early modern Europe
- Further information: Medieval football
The Middle Ages saw a huge rise in popularity of annual Shrovetide football matches throughout Europe, particularly in England. Medieval football is a modern term sometimes used for a wide variety of localized Football games which were invented and played during the Middle Ages in Europe The Royal Shrovetide Football Match occurs annually on Shrove Tuesday and Ash Wednesday in the town of Ashbourne in Derbyshire, England The game played in England at this time may have arrived with the Roman occupation, but there is little evidence to indicate this. Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410 Reports of a game played in Brittany, Normandy, and Picardy, known as La Soule or Choule, suggest that some of these football games could have arrived in England as a result of the Norman Conquest. Brittany (Breizh bʁejs Bretagne; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a former independent Celtic kingdom and Duchy, now incorporated into Normandy (Normandie Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. Picardy (Picardie is an historical Province of France, in the north of France. La soule, also known as choule, is a traditional Team sport that originated in Normandy, Brittany, and Picardy. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland
These forms of football, sometimes referred to as "mob football", would be played between neighbouring towns and villages, involving an unlimited number of players on opposing teams, who would clash in a heaving mass of people, struggling to move an item such as an inflated pig's bladder, to particular geographical points, such as their opponents' church. Mob football is the name given to some varieties of Medieval football, which emerged in Europe during the Middle Ages. Pigs, also called hogs or' swine', are Ungulates which have been domesticated as sources of food leather and similar products since ancient times In Anatomy, the urinary bladder is a hollow muscular, and distensible (or elastic organ that sits on the Pelvic floor in Mammals It is the Shrovetide games have survived into the modern era in a number of English towns (see below).
The first detailed description of football in England was given by William FitzStephen in about 1174–1183. He described the activities of London youths during the annual festival of Shrove Tuesday:
- After lunch all the youth of the city go out into the fields to take part in a ball game. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Shrove Tuesday is the term used in Ireland the United Kingdom Australia and Canada to refer to the day after Shrove Monday (or the more old fashioned Collop Monday The students of each school have their own ball; the workers from each city craft are also carrying their balls. Older citizens, fathers, and wealthy citizens come on horseback to watch their juniors competing, and to relive their own youth vicariously: you can see their inner passions aroused as they watch the action and get caught up in the fun being had by the carefree adolescents. [4]
Most of the very early references to the game speak simply of "ball play" or "playing at ball". This reinforces the idea that the games played at the time did not necessarily involve a ball being kicked.
In 1314, Nicholas de Farndone, Lord Mayor of the City of London issued a decree banning football in the French used by the English upper classes at the time. The Right Honourable Lord Mayor of London is the legal title for the Mayor of (and head of the City of London Corporation. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people A translation reads: "[f]orasmuch as there is great noise in the city caused by hustling over large foot balls [rageries de grosses pelotes de pee] in the fields of the public from which many evils might arise which God forbid: we command and forbid on behalf of the king, on pain of imprisonment, such game to be used in the city in the future. " This is the earliest reference to football.
The earliest mention of a ball game that involves kicking was in 1321, in Shouldham, Norfolk: "[d]uring the game at ball as he kicked the ball, a lay friend of his. Norfolk (ˈnɔrfək is a low-lying county in East Anglia, England, United Kingdom. . . ran against him and wounded himself". [5]
In 1363, King Edward III of England issued a proclamation banning ". Edward III (13 November 1312 &ndash 21 June 1377 was one of the most successful English monarchs of the Middle Ages. . . handball, football, or hockey; coursing and cock-fighting, or other such idle games", showing that "football" — whatever its exact form in this case — was being differentiated from games involving other parts of the body, such as handball.
King Henry IV of England also presented one of the earliest documented uses of the English word "football", in 1409, when he issued a proclamation forbidding the levying of money for "foteball". Henry IV (3 April 1367 &ndash 20 March 1413 was King of England and Lord of Ireland (1399&ndash1413 [5][6]
There is also an account in Latin from the end of the 15th century of football being played at Cawston, Nottinghamshire. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Cawston is the name of various places In Canada Cawston British Columbia In England Cawston Norfolk Nottinghamshire (abbreviated Notts) is an English county in the East Midlands, which borders South Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Leicestershire This is the first description of a "kicking game" and the first description of dribbling: "[t]he game at which they had met for common recreation is called by some the foot-ball game. In Sports such as Football (soccer, Basketball, Bandy and Water polo, dribbling refers to the maneuvering of a ball around a defender It is one in which young men, in country sport, propel a huge ball not by throwing it into the air but by striking it and rolling it along the ground, and that not with their hands but with their feet. . . kicking in opposite directions" The chronicler gives the earliest reference to a football field, stating that: "[t]he boundaries have been marked and the game had started. [5]
Other firsts in the mediæval and early modern eras:
- "a football", in the sense of a ball rather than a game, was first mentioned in 1486. The early modern period is a term used by historians to refer to the period in Western '''Europe''' and its first colonies which spans the three centuries between [6] This reference is in Dame Juliana Berners' Book of St Albans. Juliana Berners (or Barnes or Bernes) (b 1388? English writer on Heraldry, hawking and Hunting, is said to have been It states: "a certain rounde instrument to play with . . . it is an instrument for the foote and then it is calde in Latyn 'pila pedalis', a fotebal. "[5]
- a pair of football boots was ordered by King Henry VIII of England in 1526. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of [7]
- women playing a form of football was in 1580, when Sir Philip Sidney described it in one of his poems: "[a] tyme there is for all, my mother often sayes, When she, with skirts tuckt very hy, with girles at football playes. Sir Philip Sidney ( November 30, 1554 &ndash October 17, 1586) became one of the Elizabethan Age's most prominent figures "[8]
- the first references to goals are in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. In 1584 and 1602 respectively, John Norden and Richard Carew referred to "goals" in Cornish hurling. John Norden (1548- 1625 was an English Topographer. He was the first Englishman who designed a complete series of county histories and geographies or a Richard Carew may refer to Richard Carew (antiquary, English translator and antiquary (1555-1620 Sir Richard Carew Pole 13th Baronet Hurling or Hurling the Silver Ball (Hyrlîan is an outdoor team Sport of Celtic origin Carew described how goals were made: "they pitch two bushes in the ground, some eight or ten foote asunder; and directly against them, ten or twelue [twelve] score off, other twayne in like distance, which they terme their Goales". [9] He is also the first to describe goalkeepers and passing of the ball between players.
- the first direct reference to scoring a goal is in John Day's play The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green (performed circa 1600; published 1659): "I'll play a gole at camp-ball" (an extremely violent variety of football, which was popular in East Anglia). John Day (1574 &ndash 1640? was an English Dramatist of the Elizabethan and Jacobean periods Camping, also known as campyon, campan, or campball was a Medieval football game played in England. East Anglia is often used as a shorthand for the Kingdom of the East Angles. Similarly in a poem in 1613, Michael Drayton refers to "when the Ball to throw, And drive it to the Gole, in squadrons forth they goe". Michael Drayton (1563 &ndash December 23, 1631) was an English Poet who came to prominence in the Elizabethan era.
Calcio Fiorentino
In the 16th century, the city of Florence celebrated the period between Epiphany and Lent by playing a game which today is known as "calcio storico" ("historic kickball") in the Piazza della Novere or the Piazza Santa Croce. Calcio Fiorentino was an early form of Football that originated in 16th century Italy. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Epiphany ( Greek for "to manifest" or "to show" is a Christian Feast day which celebrates the "shining forth" or revelation of Lent, in some Christian denominations, is the forty-day-long liturgical season of fasting and prayer before Easter. The young aristocrats of the city would dress up in fine silk costumes and embroil themselves in a violent form of football. For example, calcio players could punch, shoulder charge, and kick opponents. Blows below the belt were allowed. The game is said to have originated as a military training exercise. In 1580, Count Giovanni de' Bardi di Vernio wrote Discorso sopra 'l giuoco del Calcio Fiorentino. This is sometimes said to be the earliest code of rules for any football game. The game was not played after January 1739 (until it was revived in May 1930).
Official disapproval and attempts to ban football
Numerous attempts have been made to ban football games, particularly the most rowdy and disruptive forms. Numerous attempts have been made throughout history to ban various kinds of football games, particularly the most rowdy and disruptive forms This was especially the case in England and in other parts of Europe, during the Middle Ages and early modern period. The early modern period is a term used by historians to refer to the period in Western '''Europe''' and its first colonies which spans the three centuries between Between 1324 and 1667, football was banned in England alone by more than 30 royal and local laws. The need to repeatedly proclaim such laws demonstrated the difficulty in enforcing bans on popular games. King Edward II was so troubled by the unruliness of football in London that on April 13, 1314 he issued a proclamation banning it: "Forasmuch as there is great noise in the city caused by hustling over large balls from which many evils may arise which God forbid; we command and forbid, on behalf of the King, on pain of imprisonment, such game to be used in the city in the future. For the play see Edward II (play. For the film see Edward II (film. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople "
The reasons for the ban by Edward III, on June 12, 1349, were explicit: football and other recreations distracted the populace from practicing archery, which was necessary for war. Edward III (13 November 1312 &ndash 21 June 1377 was one of the most successful English monarchs of the Middle Ages. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath. Archery is the practice of using a bow or Crossbow to shoot Arrows Archery has historically been used in Hunting and Combat and has
By 1608, the local authorities in Manchester were complaining that: "With the ffotebale. . . [there] hath beene greate disorder in our towne of Manchester we are told, and glasse windowes broken yearlye and spoyled by a companie of lewd and disordered persons . . . "[10] That same year, the word "football" was used disapprovingly by William Shakespeare. William Shakespeare ( baptised Shakespeare's play King Lear contains the line: "Nor tripped neither, you base football player" (Act I, Scene 4). King Lear is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1603 and 1606 and is considered one of his greatest works Shakespeare also mentions the game in A Comedy of Errors (Act II, Scene 1):
- Am I so round with you as you with me,
- That like a football you do spurn me thus?
- You spurn me hence, and he will spurn me hither:
- If I last in this service, you must case me in leather. The Comedy of Errors is one of William Shakespeare 's earliest plays believed to have been written between 1589 and 1594
"Spurn" literally means to kick away, thus implying that the game involved kicking a ball between players.
King James I of England's Book of Sports (1618) however, instructs Christians to play at football every Sunday afternoon after worship. James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James [11] The book's aim appears to be an attempt to offset the strictness of the Puritans regarding the keeping of the Sabbath. A Puritan of 16th and 17th century England was an associate of any number of religious groups advocating for more "purity" of Worship and Doctrine, In Christianity, the Sabbath is generally a weekly religious Day of rest as ordained by one of the Ten Commandments (the third by Roman Catholic [12]
Establishment of modern codes
English public schools
While football continued to be played in various forms throughout Britain, its public schools (known as private schools in other countries) are widely credited with four key achievements in the creation of modern football codes. During the early modern era students former students and teachers at English public schools developed many unique codes of football. An independent school in the United Kingdom is a school relying upon private sources for all of its funding predominantly in the form of school fees First of all, the evidence suggests that they were important in taking football away from its "mob" form and turning it into an organised team sport. Second, many early descriptions of football and references to it were recorded by people who had studied at these schools. Third, it was teachers, students and former students from these schools who first codified football games, to enable matches to be played between schools. Finally, it was at English public schools that the division between "kicking" and "running" (or "carrying") games first became clear.
The earliest evidence that games resembling football were being played at English public schools — mainly attended by boys from the upper, upper-middle and professional classes — comes from the Vulgaria by William Horman in 1519. Horman had been headmaster at Eton and Winchester colleges and his Latin textbook includes a translation exercise with the phrase "We wyll playe with a ball full of wynde". Eton College, or just Eton, is a world-famous British Independent school for boys founded in 1440 by King Henry VI. Winchester College is a well-known boys' Independent school, and an example of an English Public school, in the city of Winchester in Hampshire Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.
Richard Mulcaster, a student at Eton College in the early 16th century and later headmaster at other English schools, has been described as “the greatest sixteenth Century advocate of football”. Richard Mulcaster (c 1531 Cumberland &ndash 15 April 1611, Essex) is known best for his headmasterships and pedagogic writings Eton College, or just Eton, is a world-famous British Independent school for boys founded in 1440 by King Henry VI. [13] Among his contributions are the earliest evidence of organised team football. Mulcaster's writings refer to teams ("sides" and "parties"), positions ("standings"), a referee ("judge over the parties") and a coach "(trayning maister)". Mulcaster's "footeball" had evolved from the disordered and violent forms of traditional football:
- [s]ome smaller number with such overlooking, sorted into sides and standings, not meeting with their bodies so boisterously to trie their strength: nor shouldring or shuffing one an other so barbarously . . . may use footeball for as much good to the body, by the chiefe use of the legges.
In 1633, David Wedderburn, a teacher from Aberdeen, mentioned elements of modern football games in a short Latin textbook called "Vocabula. Aberdeen ( pronounced; Aiberdeen Obar Dheathain is Scotland 's third most populous city and one of Scotland's 32 local government council Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. " Wedderburn refers to what has been translated into modern English as "keeping goal" and makes an allusion to passing the ball ("strike it here"). There is a reference to "get hold of the ball," suggesting that some handling was allowed. It is clear that the tackles allowed included the charging and holding of opposing players ("drive that man back").
A more detailed description of football is given in Francis Willughby's Book of Games, written in about 1660. Francis Willughby ( November 22, 1635 – July 3, 1672) was an English ornithologist and ichthyologist. [14] Willughby, who had studied at Sutton Coldfield School, is the first to describe goals and a distinct playing field: "a close that has a gate at either end. The gates are called Goals. " His book includes a diagram illustrating a football field. He also mentions tactics ("leaving some of their best players to guard the goal"); scoring ("they that can strike the ball through their opponents' goal first win") and the way teams were selected ("the players being equally divided according to their strength and nimbleness"). He is the first to describe a "law" of football: "they must not strike [an opponent's leg] higher than the ball"
English public schools also devised the first offside rules, during the late 18th century. [15] In the earliest manifestations of these rules, players were "off their side" if they simply stood between the ball and the goal which was their objective. Players were not allowed to pass the ball forward, either by foot or by hand. They could only dribble with their feet, or advance the ball in a scrum or similar formation. However, offside laws began to diverge and develop differently at the each school, as is shown by the rules of football from Winchester, Rugby, Harrow and Cheltenham, during in the period of 1810–1850. Rugby School, located in the town of Rugby, Warwickshire, is a Co-educational Boarding school and one of the oldest public schools Cheltenham College is a Co-educational Independent school, located in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England. [15]
By the early 19th century, (before the Factory Act of 1850), most working class people in Britain had to work six days a week, often for over twelve hours a day. The Factory Acts were a series of Acts passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom to limit the number of hours worked by women and children first in the textile Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types They had neither the time nor the inclination to engage in sport for recreation and, at the time, many children were part of the labour force. Child labor is the employment of Children at regular and sustained labour Feast day football played on the streets was in decline. The Calendar of saints is a traditional Christian method of organizing a Liturgical year on the level of days by associating each day with one or more Saints Public school boys, who enjoyed some freedom from work, became the inventors of organised football games with formal codes of rules.
Football was adopted by a number of public schools as a way of encouraging competitiveness and keeping youths fit. Each school drafted its own rules, which varied widely between different schools and were changed over time with each new intake of pupils. Two schools of thought developed regarding rules. Some schools favoured a game in which the ball could be carried (as at Rugby, Marlborough and Cheltenham), while others preferred a game where kicking and dribbling the ball was promoted (as at Eton, Harrow, Westminster and Charterhouse). Marlborough College is an English independent, Co-educational Boarding school in the county of Wiltshire. The Royal College of St Peter in Westminster, almost always known as Westminster School, is one of Britain 's leading boys' Independent schools with Charterhouse, originally Sutton's Hospital in Charterhouse, is a prominent boys independent or public school as they're known in Britain between The division into these two camps was partly the result of circumstances in which the games were played. For example, Charterhouse and Westminster at the time had restricted playing areas; the boys were confined to playing their ball game within the school cloisters, making it difficult for them to adopt rough and tumble running games. A cloister (from Latin claustrum) is a part of Cathedral, Monastic and Abbey architecture
William Webb Ellis, a pupil at Rugby School, is said to have "with a fine disregard for the rules of football, as played in his time [emphasis added], first took tha ball in his arms and ran with it, thus creating the distinctive feature of the rugby game. William Webb Ellis (24 November 1806 &ndash 24 January 1872 was a English Anglican Clergyman. " in 1823. This act is usually said to be the beginning of Rugby football, but there is little evidence that it occurred, and most sports historians believe the story to be apocryphal. The act of 'taking the ball in is arms' is often misinterpreted as 'picking the ball up' as it is widley believed that Webb Ellis' 'crime' was handling the ball, as in modern soccer, however handling the ball as the time was often permitted and in some cases compulsory [16] , the rule for which Webb Ellis showed disregard was running forward with it as the rules of his time only allowed a player to retreat backwards or kick forwards.
The boom in rail transport in Britain during the 1840s meant that people were able to travel further and with less inconvenience than they ever had before. Railway Mania is the term given to the speculative frenzy in Britain in the 1840s Inter-school sporting competitions became possible. However, it was difficult for schools to play each other at football, as each school played by its own rules. The solution to this problem was usually that the match be divided into two halves, one half played by the rules of the host "home" school, and the other half by the visiting "away" school.
Apart from Rugby football, the public school codes have barely been played beyond the confines of each school's playing fields. However, many of them are still played at the schools which created them (see Surviving public school games below). Football is the word given to a number of similar Team sports all of which involve (to varying degrees kicking a Ball with the foot in an attempt to score a
The first clubs
During this period, the Rugby school rules appear to have spread at least as far, perhaps further, than the other schools' codes. The title of the world's oldest Football club, or the oldest club in a particular country is often disputed or is claimed by several different clubs across several different For example, two clubs which claim to be the world's first and/or oldest football club, in the sense of a club which is not part of a school or university, are strongholds of rugby football: the Barnes Club, said to have been founded in 1839, and Guy's Hospital Football Club, in 1843. The title of the world's oldest Football club, or the oldest club in a particular country is often disputed or is claimed by several different clubs across several different Barnes Rugby Football Club, formerly known simply as the Barnes Club, is a Rugby union club which is claimed by some sources to be the world's first and oldest The Guy's Hospital Football Club, founded in 1843 at Guy's Hospital, in Southwark, London, claims to be the world's First football club Neither date nor the variety of football played is well-documented, but such claims nevertheless allude to the popularity of rugby before other modern codes emerged.
In 1845, three boys at Rugby school were tasked with codifying the rules then being used at the school. These were the first set of written rules (or code) for any form of football. [17] This further assisted the spread of the Rugby game. For instance, Dublin University Football Club — founded at Trinity College, Dublin in 1854 and later famous as a bastion of the Rugby School game — is the world's oldest documented football club in any code. Dublin University Football Club ( DUFC) is the Rugby union club of the University of Dublin, Trinity College, in Dublin, Ireland Trinity College Dublin ( TCD; Irish Coláiste na Tríonóide Baile Átha Cliath; Latin: Collegium Sacrosanctae et Individuae Trinitatis Reginae
Cambridge rules
In 1848, at Cambridge University, Mr. H. de Winton and Mr. J.C. Thring, who were both formerly at Shrewsbury School, called a meeting at Trinity College, Cambridge with 12 other representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury. The Cambridge Rules were a code of football rules first drawn up at Cambridge University in 1848 by a committee that included H The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the H (Henry de Winton and J C (John Charles Thring were influential in the development of modern codes of football. Shrewsbury School (formally known as King Edward VI Grammar School Shrewsbury) is an public school, located in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, Trinity College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England. Winchester College is a well-known boys' Independent school, and an example of an English Public school, in the city of Winchester in Hampshire An eight-hour meeting produced what amounted to the first set of modern rules, known as the Cambridge rules. No copy of these rules now exists, but a revised version from circa 1856 is held in the library of Shrewsbury School. The rules clearly favour the kicking game. Handling was only allowed for a player to take a clean catch entitling them to a free kick and there was a primitive offside rule, disallowing players from "loitering" around the opponents' goal. The Cambridge rules were not widely adopted outside English public schools and universities (but it was arguably the most significant influence on the Football Association committee members responsible for formulating the rules of Association football). The Football Association, also known as simply The FA, is the governing body of football in England and the Crown Dependencies of Jersey Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered
The first modern balls
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In Europe, early footballs were made out of animal bladders, more specifically pig's bladders, which were inflated. In Anatomy, the urinary bladder is a hollow muscular, and distensible (or elastic organ that sits on the Pelvic floor in Mammals It is the Later leather coverings were introduced to allow the ball to keep their shape. Leather is a material created through the Tanning of hides and Skins of Animals primarily Cattlehide The Tanning process [18] However, in 1851, Richard Lindon and William Gilbert, both shoemakers from the town of Rugby (near the school), exhibited both round and oval-shaped balls at the Great Exhibition in London. Richard Lindon ( 30 June, 1816 - 10 June, 1887) was instrumental in the development of the modern-day rugby football William Gilbert (1799-1877 established Gilbert (sports equipment in 1823 Rugby is a Market town in Warwickshire, in the West Midlands of England, on the River Avon. The Great Exhibition, also known as Crystal Palace, was an international exhibition that was held in Hyde Park, London, England, from 1 London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Richard Lindon's wife is said to have died due to lung disease caused by blowing up pig's bladders. [19] Lindon also won medals for the invention of the "Rubber inflatable Bladder" and the "Brass Hand Pump".
In 1855, the U. S. inventor Charles Goodyear — who had patented vulcanized rubber — exhibited a spherical football, with an exterior of vulcanized rubber panels, at the Paris Exhibition Universelle. Charles Goodyear ( December 29, 1800 - July 1, 1860) was the first American to vulcanize rubber, a process which he discovered in Vulcanization (or Vulcanisation refers to a specific curing process of Rubber involving high heat and the addition of Sulfur or other equivalent curatives The Exposition Universelle of 1855 was an International Exhibition held on the Champ de Mars in Paris from May 15 to November 15, The ball was to prove popular in early forms of football in the U. S. A. [20]
Sheffield rules
By the late 1850s, many football clubs had been formed throughout the English-speaking world, to play various codes of football. The Sheffield Rules was a code of Football devised and played in the English city of Sheffield between 1857 and 1877 Sheffield Football Club, founded in 1857 in the English city of Sheffield by Nathaniel Creswick and William Prest, was later recognised as the world's oldest club playing association football. Sheffield Football Club, commonly referred to as simply Sheffield FC or Sheffield, is an English Amateur football club from Sheffield Sheffield ( is a city and Metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England [21] However, the club initially played its own code of football: the Sheffield rules. The code was largly independent of the public school rules the most significant difference being the lack of an offside rule.
The code was responsible for many innovations that later spread to association football. These included free kicks, corner kicks, handball, throw-ins and the crossbar. A corner kick is a method of restarting play in a game of Association football. A throw-in is a method of restarting play in a game of Association football (soccer [22] By the 1870s they became the dominant code in the north and midlands of England. At this time series of rule changes by both the London and Sheffield FAs gradually eroded the differences between the two games until the adoption of a common code in 1877. The Football Association, also known as simply The FA, is the governing body of football in England and the Crown Dependencies of Jersey The Sheffield and Hallamshire Football Association (originally called the Sheffield Football Association was formed in Sheffield in 1867 and was the first
Australian rules
The invention of Australian rules football is usually attributed to Tom Wills, who published a letter in Bell's Life in Victoria & Sporting Chronicle, on July 10, 1858, calling for a "foot-ball club" with a "code of laws" to keep cricketers fit during winter. Australian (rules football, or simply known as football, footy or Aussie rules, is a Team sport played between two teams of 18 players Thomas Wentworth "Tom" Wills (19 August 1835 – 3 May 1880 was an Australian all-round sportsman who is credited along with his cousin Henry Colden Harrison Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia. Year 1858 ( MDCCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common [23] (Official sources which include Wills' cousin, H.C.A. Harrison, as a founder of the code are now generally believed to be incorrect. Henry Colden Antill Harrison (16 October 1836 &ndash 2 September 1929 was a notable early Australian rules football player and administrator )
Wills had been educated in England, at Rugby School and had played cricket for Cambridge University. Cricket is a bat-and-ball team Sport that originated in England and is now played in more than 100 countries The extent to which he was influenced by the various British and Irish football games is a matter of controversy, but there were similarities between some of them and his game. The relationship between Gaelic and Australian football is the subject of a Controversy among Historians The question of whether the two codes of football Australian football also has some similarities to the Australian Aboriginal game of Marn Grook (see above), which he reportedly witnessed as a child in western Victoria. Indigenous Australians are descendants of the first known human inhabitants of the Australian continent and its nearby islands. Marn Grook (also spelt marngrook) literally meaning "Game ball" is the collective name given to a number of traditional Australian Aboriginal ball games
On July 31, 1858, Wills and people responding to his letter met and experimented with various forms of football. Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently Year 1858 ( MDCCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common [24] On August 7, Wills was one of the umpires at a game between Melbourne Grammar School and Scotch College, which took place under modified Rugby School rules. Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. Melbourne Grammar School is an independent, Anglican, day and Boarding school predominantly for boys located in South Yarra Scotch College Melbourne (commonly referred to as Scotch) is an independent, Presbyterian, day and Boarding school for boys [24]
Melbourne Football Club was founded on May 14, 1859, and is the oldest surviving Australian football club, and on May 17, 1859, at the Parade Hotel, East Melbourne, members of the club drew up the first set of laws for Australian rules football. This article is about the Australian rules club for the Football (soccer club see Melbourne Victory FC. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common East Melbourne is an Inner city Suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The drafters included Wills, W. J. Hammersley, J. B. Thompson and Thomas Smith. Their code also had pronounced similarities to the Sheffield rules, most notably in the absence of an offside rule, this could be due to Henry Creswick who emigrated from Sheffield and may have been a relative of Nathaniel Creswick. The Sheffield Rules was a code of Football devised and played in the English city of Sheffield between 1857 and 1877 [25] A free kick was awarded for a mark (clean catch). Running while holding the ball was allowed and although it was not specified in the rules, a rugby ball was used. The club shared many members with the Melbourne Cricket Club, which was based at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, and cricket ovals — which vary in size and are much larger than the fields used in other forms of football — became the standard playing field for Australian rules. The Melbourne Cricket Club ( MCC) is a sporting club based in Melbourne, Australia. ICC standard dimensions These are the standard requirements as per the ICC standard test match ODI and 20-20 playing conditions Playing area minimum from boundary to The 1859 rules did not include some elements which would soon become important to the game, such as the requirement to bounce the ball while running.
Australian rules is sometimes said to be the first form of football to be codified but, as was the case in all kinds of football at the time, there was no official body supporting the rules, and play varied from one club to another. By 1866, however, several other clubs in the Colony of Victoria had agreed to play an updated version of the Melbourne FC rules, which were later known as "Victorian Rules" and "Australasian Rules". Australasia is a Region of Oceania: New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, and neighbouring Islands in the Pacific The formal name of the code later became Australian rules football (and, more recently, Australian football). By the end of the 19th century, the code had spread to the other Australian colonies and other parts of the world. The Commonwealth of Australia is made up of 8 states and territories controlled under a federal system of government See also Countries playing Australian rules football See also Australian Football International Cup Australian rules football However, rugby football would remain more popular in New South Wales and Queensland. Queensland is a state of Australia, occupying the north-eastern corner of the mainland continent
The Football Association
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- Main article: History of The Football Association
During the early 1860s, there were increasing attempts in England to unify and reconcile the various public school games. The Football Association, also known as simply The FA, is the governing body of football in England and the Crown Dependencies of Jersey In 1862, J. C. Thring, who had been one of the driving forces behind the original Cambridge Rules, was a master at Uppingham School and he issued his own rules of what he called "The Simplest Game" (these are also known as the Uppingham Rules). Uppingham School is a co-educational Independent school situated in the small town of Uppingham in Rutland, England. In early October 1863 another new revised version of the Cambridge Rules was drawn up by a seven member committee representing former pupils from Harrow, Shrewsbury, Eton, Rugby, Marlborough and Westminster.
At the Freemason's Tavern, Great Queen Street, London on the evening of October 26, 1863, representatives of several football clubs in the London Metropolitan area met for the inaugural meeting of The Football Association (FA). London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The County of London was a ceremonial county and administrative county of England from 1889 to 1965 The Football Association, also known as simply The FA, is the governing body of football in England and the Crown Dependencies of Jersey The aim of the Association was to establish a single unifying code and regulate the playing of the game among its members. Following the first meeting, the public schools were invited to join the association. All of them declined, except Charterhouse and Uppingham. In total, six meetings of the FA were held between October and December 1863. After the third meeting, a draft set of rules were published. However, at the beginning of the fourth meeting, attention was drawn to the recently-published Cambridge Rules of 1863. The Cambridge rules differed from the draft FA rules in two significant areas; namely running with (carrying) the ball and hacking (kicking opposing players in the shins). The two contentious FA rules were as follows:
IX. A player shall be entitled to run with the ball towards his adversaries' goal if he makes a fair catch, or catches the ball on the first bound; but in case of a fair catch, if he makes his mark he shall not run.
X. If any player shall run with the ball towards his adversaries' goal, any player on the opposite side shall be at liberty to charge, hold, trip or hack him, or to wrest the ball from him, but no player shall be held and hacked at the same time.
At the fifth meeting it was proposed that these two rules be removed. Most of the delegates supported this, but F. W. Campbell, the representative from Blackheath and the first FA treasurer, objected. He said: "hacking is the true football". However, the motion to ban hacking was carried and Blackheath withdrew from the FA. After the final meeting on 8 December, the FA published the "Laws of Football", the first comprehensive set of rules for the game later known as football (later known in some countries as soccer). Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. The Laws of the Game are the rules governing a game of Association football. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered
The first FA rules still contained elements that are no longer part of association football, but which are still recognisable in other games (most notably Australian football): for instance, a player could make a fair catch and claim a mark, which entitled him to a free kick, and; if a player touched the ball behind the opponents' goal line, his side was entitled to a free kick at goal, from 15 yards in front of the goal line.
Rugby football
In Britain, by 1870, there were about 75 clubs playing variations of the Rugby school game. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 There were also "rugby" clubs in Ireland, Australia, Canada and New Zealand. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island However, there was no generally accepted set of rules for rugby until 1871, when 21 clubs from London came together to form the Rugby Football Union (RFU). The Rugby Football Union (RFU is the Rugby union governing body in England (Ironically, Blackheath now lobbied to ban hacking. ) The first official RFU rules were adopted in June 1871. These rules allowed passing the ball. They also included the try, where touching the ball over the line allowed an attempt at goal, though drop-goals from marks and general play, and penalty conversions were still the main form of contest. A try is the major way of scoring points in Rugby league and Rugby union.
North American football codes
- Main articles: History of American football and History of Canadian football. The history of American football, a spectator sport in the United States can be traced to early versions of Rugby football. In accordance with the Manual of Style (see) Canadian English is used throughout this article (see Canadian_English#Spelling)
As was the case in Britain, by the early 19th century, North American schools and universities played their own local games, between sides made up of students. Students at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire played a game called Old division football, a variant of the association football codes, as early as the 1820s. Dartmouth College ( is a private, Coeducational University located in Hanover, New Hampshire, U New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. Old division football was a soccer-like game played from the 1820s to around 1890 by students at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire.
The first game of rugby in Canada is generally said to have taken place in Montreal, in 1865, when British Army officers played local civilians. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. The game gradually gained a following, and the Montreal Football Club was formed in 1868, the first recorded football club in Canada.
In 1869, the first game played in the United States under rules based on the English FA (soccer) code occurred, between Princeton and Rutgers. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. Rutgers The State University of New Jersey (also known as Rutgers University) is the largest institution for higher education in the state of New Jersey This is also often considered to be the first US game of college football, in the sense of a game between colleges (although the eventual form of American football would come from rugby, not soccer). College football is American football played by teams of student athletes fielded by American universities, Colleges and military academies
Modern American football grew out of a match between McGill University of Montreal, and Harvard University in 1874. American football, known in the United States and Canada simply as football, is a competitive Team sport known for mixing strategy with At the time, Harvard students are reported to have played the Boston Game — a running code — rather than the FA-based kicking games favored by US universities. This made it easy for Harvard to adapt to the rugby-based game played by McGill and the two teams alternated between their respective sets of rules. Within a few years, however, Harvard had both adopted McGill's rugby rules and had persuaded other US university teams to do the same. In 1876, at the Massasoit Convention, it was agreed by these universities to adopt most of the Rugby Football Union rules. The Rugby Football Union (RFU is the Rugby union governing body in England However, a touch-down only counted toward the score if neither side kicked a field goal. A touchdown is the primary method of scoring in American and Canadian football. A field goal (formerly "goal from the field" in US football and Canadian football is a goal that may be scored during general play ("from The convention decided that, in the US game, four touchdowns would be worth one goal; in the event of a tied score, a goal converted from a touchdown would take precedence over four touch-downs.
Princeton, Rutgers and others continued to compete using soccer-based rules for a few years before switching to the rugby-based rules of Harvard and its competitors. US colleges did not generally return to soccer until the early twentieth century.
In 1880, Yale coach Walter Camp, devised a number of major changes to the American game, beginning with the reduction of teams from 15 to 11 players, followed by reduction of the field area by almost half, and; the introduction of the scrimmage, in which a player heeled the ball backwards, to begin a game. Walter Chauncey Camp ( April 7, 1859 &ndash March 14, 1925) was a sports writer and American football coach known as the "Father These were complemented in 1882 by another of Camp's innovations: a team had to surrender possession if they did not gain five yards after three downs (i. e. successful tackles).
Over the years Canadian football absorbed some developments in American football, but also retained many unique characteristics. One of these was that Canadian football, for many years, did not officially distinguish itself from rugby. For example, the Canadian Rugby Football Union, founded in 1884 was the forerunner of the Canadian Football League, rather than a rugby union body. The Canadian Football League (CFL ( Ligue canadienne de football (LCF in (The Canadian Rugby Union was not formed until 1965. This article is about the national governing body for Canada Rugby union. ) American football was also frequently described as "rugby" in the 1880s.
Gaelic football
In the mid-19th century, various traditional football games, referred to collectively as caid, remained popular in Ireland, especially in County Kerry. Gaelic football ( Irish: Peil, Peil Ghaelach, or Caid) commonly referred to as " football " is a form of Football Caid (kadʲ is the name given to various ancient and traditional Irish Football games County Kerry ( Contae Chiarraí in Irish) is a southwestern county of Ireland. One observer, Father W. Ferris, described two main forms of caid during this period: the "field game" in which the object was to put the ball through arch-like goals, formed from the boughs of two trees, and; the epic "cross-country game" which took up most of the daylight hours of a Sunday on which it was played, and was won by one team taking the ball across a parish boundary. A parish is a Local church; it is an administrative unit typically found in episcopal or presbyterian churches "Wrestling", "holding" opposing players, and carrying the ball were all allowed.
By the 1870s, Rugby and Association football had started to become popular in Ireland. Trinity College, Dublin was an early stronghold of Rugby (see the Developments in the 1850s section, above). Trinity College Dublin ( TCD; Irish Coláiste na Tríonóide Baile Átha Cliath; Latin: Collegium Sacrosanctae et Individuae Trinitatis Reginae Football is the word given to a number of similar Team sports all of which involve (to varying degrees kicking a Ball with the foot in an attempt to score a The rules of the English FA were being distributed widely. Traditional forms of caid had begun to give way to a "rough-and-tumble game" which allowed tripping.
There was no serious attempt to unify and codify Irish varieties of football, until the establishment of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) in 1884. The Gaelic Athletic Association ( GAA) ( Irish: Cumann Lúthchleas Gael /'kʊmˠən̪ˠ 'l̪ˠuh The GAA sought to promote traditional Irish sports, such as hurling and to reject imported games like Rugby and Association football. Hurling (in Irish, iománaíocht or iomáint) is an outdoor team Sport of ancient Gaelic origin administered by the Gaelic The first Gaelic football rules were drawn up by Maurice Davin and published in the United Ireland magazine on February 7, 1887. Maurice Davin (1842 - 1927 was an Irish Farmer who became co-founder of the Gaelic Athletic Association. Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Year 1887 ( MDCCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Davin's rules showed the influence of games such as hurling and a desire to formalise a distinctly Irish code of football. The prime example of this differentiation was the lack of an offside rule (an attribute which, for many years, was shared only by other Irish games like hurling, and by Australian rules football).
The split in Rugby football
Marshall: "Oh, fie, go away naughty boy, I don't play with boys who can’t afford to take a holiday for football any day they like!" Miller: "Yes, that’s just you to a T; you’d make it so that no lad whose father wasn’t a millionaire could play at all in a really good team. For my part I see no reason why the men who make the money shouldn’t have a share in the spending of it. "
- Further information: History of rugby league
The International Rugby Football Board (IRFB) was founded in 1886, but rifts were beginning to emerge in the code. The history of rugby league began with a schism of 1895 in Rugby football. The International Rugby Board (IRB is the world governing and law-making body for the sport of Rugby union, and previously for Rugby football. Professionalism was beginning to creep into the various codes of football. Professional sports, as opposed to amateur Sports are those in which athletes receive payment for their performance
In England, by the 1890s, a long-standing Rugby Football Union ban on professional players was causing regional tensions within rugby football, as many players in northern England were working class and could not afford to take time off to train, travel, play and recover from injuries. The Rugby Football Union (RFU is the Rugby union governing body in England Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types This was not very different from what had occurred ten years earlier in soccer in Northern England but the authorities reacted very differently in the RFU, attempting to alienate the working class support in Northern England. In 1895, following a dispute about a player being paid broken time payments, which replaced wages lost as a result of playing rugby, representatives of the northern clubs met in Huddersfield to form the Northern Rugby Football Union (NRFU). Huddersfield ( is a large Market town within the Metropolitan Borough of Kirklees, in West Yorkshire, England, 190 miles (306km north History See also History of rugby league On 27 August 1895 as a result of an emergency meeting in Manchester prominent Lancashire clubs Broughton Rangers The new body initially permitted only various types of player wage replacements. However, within two years, NRFU players could be paid, but they were required to have a job outside sport.
The demands of a professional league dictated that rugby had to become a better "spectator" sport. Within a few years the NRFU rules had started to diverge from the RFU, most notably with the abolition of the line-out. A line-out is the means by which in Rugby union, the ball is put back into play after it has gone into touch. This was followed by the replacement of the ruck with the "play-the-ball ruck", which allowed a two-player ruck contest between the tackler at marker and the player tackled. Mauls were stopped once the ball carrier was held, being replaced by a play-the ball-ruck. Overview See also Playing rugby union A rugby union match lasts for 80 minutes (plus stoppage time with a short The separate Lancashire and Yorkshire competitions of the NRFU merged in 1901, forming the Northern Rugby League, the first time the name rugby league was used officially in England. History See also History of rugby league The grass roots of rugby league can be traced to early football history, through the playing of ball games
Over time, the RFU form of rugby, played by clubs which remained members of national federations affiliated to the IRFB, became known as rugby union. Overview See also Playing rugby union A rugby union match lasts for 80 minutes (plus stoppage time with a short
The globalisation of Association football
The need for a single body to oversee Association football had become apparent by the beginning of the 20th century, with the increasing popularity of international fixtures. FIFA ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association) is the international governing body of Association football. The English Football Association had chaired many discussions on setting up an international body, but was perceived as making no progress. It fell to associations from seven other European countries: France, Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland, to form an international association. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) was founded in Paris on May 21, 1904. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (French for International Federation of Association Football) Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on Its first president was Robert Guérin. Robert Guérin (born June 28, 1876 -?? 1952] in France) was the president of FIFA from 1904 to 1906 The French name and acronym has remained, even outside French-speaking countries. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people
The reform of American football
Both forms of rugby and American football were noted at the time for serious injuries, as well as the deaths of a significant number of players. By the early 20th century in the USA, this had resulted in national controversy and American football was banned by a number of colleges. Consequently, a series of meetings was held by 19 colleges in 1905–06. Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting This occurred reputedly at the behest of President Theodore Roosevelt. Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T He was considered a fancier of the game, but he threatened to ban it unless the rules were modified to reduce the numbers of deaths and disabilities. The meetings are now considered to be the origin of the National Collegiate Athletic Association. The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA, often pronounced "N-C-Double-A" is a voluntary association of about 1200 institutions conferences organizations
One proposed change was a widening of the playing field. However, Harvard University had just built a concrete stadium and therefore objected to widening, instead proposing legalisation of the forward pass. In several forms of Football a forward pass is when the ball is thrown in the direction of the opponent's end line The report of the meetings introduced many restrictions on tackling and two more divergences from rugby: the forward pass and the banning of mass formation plays. The changes did not immediately have the desired effect, and 33 American football players were killed during 1908 alone. However, the number of deaths and injuries did gradually decline.
Further divergence of the two rugby codes
Rugby league rules diverged significantly from rugby union in 1906, with the reduction of the team from 15 to 13 players. In 1907, a New Zealand professional rugby team toured Australia and Britain, receiving an enthusiastic response, and professional rugby leagues were launched in Australia the following year. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Rugby league is one of the most popular Team Sports in Australia However, the rules of professional games varied from one country to another, and negotiations between various national bodies were required to fix the exact rules for each international match. This situation endured until 1948, when at the instigation of the French league, the Rugby League International Federation (RLIF) was formed at a meeting in Bordeaux. The Rugby League International Federation ( RLIF) -formerly International Rugby League Board - is the international governing body of Rugby league ( Gascon: Bordèu) is a port city in southwest France, with one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area at a 2008 estimate
During the second half of 20th century, the rules changed further. In 1966, rugby league officials borrowed the American football concept of downs: a team could retain possession of the ball for no more than four tackles. First Down redirects here For the Prison Break episode see First Down (Prison Break episode. The maximum number of tackles was later increased to six (in 1971), and in rugby league this became known as the six tackle rule. Rugby league players all need to be particularly physically fit and tough because of the game's fast pace and the expansive size of the playing-field as well as the inherently
With the advent of full-time professionals in the early 1990s, and the consequent speeding up of the game, the five metre off-side distance between the two teams became 10 metres, and the replacement rule was superseded by various interchange rules, among other changes.
The laws of rugby union also changed significantly during the 20th century. In particular, goals from marks were abolished, kicks directly into touch from outside the 22 metre line were penalised, new laws were put in place to determine who had possession following an inconclusive ruck or maul, and the lifting of players in line-outs was legalised. To mark a ball in Rugby union, the player must be inside that player's twenty-two Metre line Touch is the area outside two Touch-lines which define the sides of the playing area in a game of Rugby football. Overview See also Playing rugby union A rugby union match lasts for 80 minutes (plus stoppage time with a short Overview See also Playing rugby union A rugby union match lasts for 80 minutes (plus stoppage time with a short Overview See also Playing rugby union A rugby union match lasts for 80 minutes (plus stoppage time with a short A line-out is the means by which in Rugby union, the ball is put back into play after it has gone into touch.
In 1995, rugby union became an "open" game, that is one which allowed professional players. Although the original dispute between the two codes has now disappeared — and despite the fact that officials from both forms of rugby football have sometimes mentioned the possibility of re-unification — the rules of both codes and their culture have diverged to such an extent that such an event is unlikely in the foreseeable future.
Football today
Use of the word "football" in English-speaking countries
- Further information: Football (word)
The word "football", when used in reference to a specific game can mean any one of those described above. The English language word football may mean any one of several Team sports (or the ball used in that respective sport depending on the national or regional Because of this, much friendly controversy has occurred over the term football, primarily because it is used in different ways in different parts of the English-speaking world. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Most often, the word "football" is used to refer to the code of football that is considered dominant within a particular region. So, effectively, what the word "football" means usually depends on where one says it.
The name "soccer" (or "soccer football") was originally a slang abbreviation of the word "association" from "association football" and is now the prevailing term in the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand where other codes of football are dominant. The Oxford "-er" is a colloquial sometimes facetious abbreviation prevalent at Oxford University from about 1875 which is thought to have been borrowed from the
Of the 45 national FIFA affiliates in which English is an official or primary language, only three (Canada, Samoa and the United States) actually use "soccer" in their organizations' official names, while the rest use football (although the Samoan Federation actually uses both). The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (French for International Federation of Association Football) English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The Canadian Soccer Association is the governing body of soccer ( Association football) in Canada The Samoa Football (Soccer Federation is a member of the Oceania Football Confederation and is the national governing body for Football (soccer in Samoa The United States Soccer Federation ( USSF) (trademarked as "U However, in some countries, such as Australia and New Zealand, use of the word "football" by soccer bodies is a recent change and has been controversial. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island The governing body for Rugby Union in New Zealand changed its name from "New Zealand Rugby Football Union" to "New Zealand Rugby Union" in 2006.
Use of the word "football" in non-English-speaking countries
Generally around the world today the word "football" is in widespread use as the name for association football. In Francophone Québec, where Canadian football is more popular, the sport of association football is known as le soccer and the Canadian code as le football. The adjective francophone (alternately Francophone) means French -speaking typically as primary language whether referring to individuals groups or places Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk In accordance with the Manual of Style (see) Canadian English is used throughout this article (see Canadian_English#Spelling)
Present day codes and "families"
Association football and descendants
- Association football, also known as football, soccer, footy and footie
- Indoor/basketball court varieties of Football:
- Five-a-side football — played throughout the world under various rules including:
- Futsal — the FIFA-approved five-a-side indoor game
- Minivoetbal — the five-a-side indoor game played in East and West Flanders where it is hugely popular
- Papi fut the five-a-side game played in outdoor basketball courts (built with goals) in Central America. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Five-a-side football is a variation of Football (soccer in which each team fields five players (four Outfield players and a Goalkeeper) rather than the Futsal is an indoor version of Association football. Its name is derived from the Portuguese fut ebol de sal ão and the Spanish The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (French for International Federation of Association Football) Flanders (Vlaanderen Flandre Flandern is a geographical region located in parts of present day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. Papi fut or Papi futbol is a popular Central American variety of football played on specially-constructed outdoor courts also usable for regulation
- Indoor soccer — the six-a-side indoor game, known in Latin America, where it is often played in open air venues, as fútbol rápido ("fast football")
- Masters Football six-a-side played in Europe by mature professionals (35 years and older)
- Five-a-side football — played throughout the world under various rules including:
- Paralympic football — modified Football for athletes with a disability. This article is primarily regarding indoor soccer as played in North America Masters football is a 6 a-side indoor football competition in the United Kingdom, where players over the age of 35 are chosen by the Masters Football Selection Committee Paralympic football consists of adaptations of the sport of Association football for athletes with a Disability. [29] Includes:
- Football 5-a-side — for visually impaired athletes
- Football 7-a-side — for athletes with cerebral palsy
- Amputee football - for athletes with amputations
- Deaf football - for athletes with hearing impairments
- Electric wheelchair soccer
- Beach soccer — football played on sand, also known as beach football and sand soccer
- Street football — encompasses a number of informal varieties of football
- Rush goalie — is a variation of football in which the role of the goalkeeper is more flexible than normal
- Headers and volleys — where the aim is to score goals against a goalkeeper using only headers and volleys
- Crab football — players stand on their hands and feet and move around on their backs whilst playing football as normal
- Swamp soccer — the game is played on a swamp or bog field
Rugby school football and descendants
- Rugby football
- Rugby league — usually known simply as "football" or "footy" in the Australian states of New South Wales and Queensland, and by some followers of the game in England. Blindness is the condition of lacking Visual perception due to Physiological or Neurological factors Cerebral palsy ( CP) is an Umbrella term encompassing a group of non-progressive, non- contagious conditions that cause Physical disability Amputation is the removal of a body extremity by trauma or Surgery. term street football encompasses a number of informal varieties of association football (soccer. Rush goalie (also known as drop back goalie, fly goalie, fly keepers, monkey rush, goalie-and, sweeper-keeper, goalie-rush Crab soccer ( American English) or crab football ( British English) is an informal Sport for two teams. Swamp football is a form of football, which is played in Bogs or Swamps The sport is said to come from Finland where it initially was used as A swamp is a Wetland featuring temporary or permanent inundation of large areas of land by shallow bodies of water A bog or mire is a Wetland type that accumulates Acidic Peat, a deposit of dead plant material &ndash usually Mosses but also Rugby football (usually just " rugby " may refer to a number of sports through history descended from a common form of Football developed at Rugby School History See also History of rugby league The grass roots of rugby league can be traced to early football history, through the playing of ball games Also often referred to simply as "league"
- Rugby league nines (or sevens)
- Touch football (rugby league) — a non-contact version of rugby league. Rugby league nines is a version of Rugby league played with 9 players on each side Touch is a field game also known as Touch Football (particularly in Australia Six Down (in South Africa and Touch Rugby. In South Africa it is known as six down
- Tag Rugby — a non-contact version of rugby league, in which a velcro tag is removed to indicate a tackle
- Rugby union
- Rugby sevens
- Tag rugby — a form of rugby union using the velcro tag
- Rugby sevens
- Beach rugby — rugby played on sand
- Touch rugby — generic name for forms of rugby football which does not feature tackles
- Rugby league — usually known simply as "football" or "footy" in the Australian states of New South Wales and Queensland, and by some followers of the game in England. Blindness is the condition of lacking Visual perception due to Physiological or Neurological factors Cerebral palsy ( CP) is an Umbrella term encompassing a group of non-progressive, non- contagious conditions that cause Physical disability Amputation is the removal of a body extremity by trauma or Surgery. term street football encompasses a number of informal varieties of association football (soccer. Rush goalie (also known as drop back goalie, fly goalie, fly keepers, monkey rush, goalie-and, sweeper-keeper, goalie-rush Crab soccer ( American English) or crab football ( British English) is an informal Sport for two teams. Swamp football is a form of football, which is played in Bogs or Swamps The sport is said to come from Finland where it initially was used as A swamp is a Wetland featuring temporary or permanent inundation of large areas of land by shallow bodies of water A bog or mire is a Wetland type that accumulates Acidic Peat, a deposit of dead plant material &ndash usually Mosses but also Rugby football (usually just " rugby " may refer to a number of sports through history descended from a common form of Football developed at Rugby School History See also History of rugby league The grass roots of rugby league can be traced to early football history, through the playing of ball games Also often referred to simply as "league"
- Gridiron football
- American football — called "football" in the United States and Canada, and "gridiron" in Australia and New Zealand. Tag Rugby is a non-contact team game in which each player wears a belt that has two Velcro tags attached to it or shorts with Velcro patches Velcro is a brand name of fabric hook-and-loop fasteners. It consists of two layers a "hook" side which is a piece of Fabric covered with tiny hooks Overview See also Playing rugby union A rugby union match lasts for 80 minutes (plus stoppage time with a short The Fiji National rugby union team is one of the strongest national rugby union teams of the world and the third from Oceania, even still as a second tier nation The Cook Islands is a third tier Rugby union playing nation They began playing international rugby in the early 1990s The 2006 Commonwealth Games were held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia between 15 March and 26 March 2006 Tag Rugby is a non-contact team game in which each player wears a belt that has two Velcro tags attached to it or shorts with Velcro patches This article deals with several different games all of which are referred to as touch rugby Gridiron football is an umbrella term used in some countries outside North America to refer to several codes of Football played primarily in Northern America American football, known in the United States and Canada simply as football, is a competitive Team sport known for mixing strategy with Sometimes called "tackle football" to distinguish it from the touch versions
- Indoor football, arena football — an indoor version of American football
- Nine-man football, eight-man football, six-man football — versions of tackle football, played primarily by smaller high schools that lack enough players to field full 11-man teams
- Touch football (American) — non-tackle American football
- Flag football — non-tackle American football, like touch football, in which a flag that is held by velcro on a belt tied around the waist is pulled by defenders to indicate a tackle
- Street football (American) — American football played in backyards without equipment and with simplified rules
- Canadian football — called simply "football" in Canada; "football" in Canada can mean either Canadian or American football depending on context
- Canadian flag football — non-tackle Canadian football
- Nine-man football — similar to nine-man American football, but using Canadian rules; played by smaller schools in Saskatchewan that lack enough players to field full 12-man teams
See also: Comparison of American football and rugby league, Comparison of American football and rugby union, Comparison of Canadian and American football, Comparison of rugby league and rugby union. This article discusses indoor variations of American football for indoor versions of association football (soccer see Futsal and Indoor soccer and for the This article is about the sport of Arena Football See Arena Football (video game for the EA Sports Video game of the same name Nine-man football is a type of American football played by high schools that are too small to play the usual eleven-man game Eight-man football is a type of American football, generally played by small High schools Rules and formations vary greatly among states and even among different organizations Six-man football is a variant of high school American football that is played with six players per team instead of 11 Touch football is a version of American football originally developed by the U Flag football is a version of American football that is popular in North America. Street football, also known as backyard football, is a simplified variant of American football primarily played informally by youth In accordance with the Manual of Style (see) Canadian English is used throughout this article (see Canadian_English#Spelling) Flag football is a version of American football that is popular in North America. Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276 A comparison of American football and Rugby league football can be made because of their shared origins resulting in similarities and shared concepts in terms of A comparison of American football and Rugby union is possible because of the games' shared origins despite their dissimilarities Canadian and American football are very similar as both have their origins in rugby. A comparison of Rugby league and Rugby union is possible because of the games' similarities and shared origins
Irish and Australian varieties
These codes have in common the absence of an offside rule, the requirement to bounce or solo (toe-kick) the ball while running, handpassing by punching or tapping the ball rather than throwing it, and other traditions.
- Australian rules football — officially known as "Australian football", and informally as "Aussie rules" or "footy". Australian (rules football, or simply known as football, footy or Aussie rules, is a Team sport played between two teams of 18 players In some areas (erroneously) referred to as "AFL", which is the name of the main organising body and competition
- Auskick — a version of Australian rules designed by the AFL for young children
- Metro footy (or Metro rules footy) — a modified version invented by the USAFL, for use on gridiron fields in North American cities (which often lack grounds large enough for conventional Australian rules matches)
- Kick-to-kick
- 9-a-side footy — a more open, running variety of Australian rules, requiring 18 players in total and a proportionally smaller playing area (includes contact and non-contact varieties)
- Rec footy — "Recreational Football", a modified non-contact touch variation of Australian rules, created by the AFL, which replaces tackles with tags
- Touch Aussie Rules — a non-contact variation of Australian Rules played only in the United Kingdom
- Samoa rules — localised version adapted to Samoan conditions, such as the use of rugby football fields
- Masters Australian football (a. The Australian Football League (AFL is both the professional Australian national competition in the Sport of Australian Rules Football and its highest Auskick is a national program in Australia to develop and promote participation in Australian rules football by children Metro Footy (or Metro Rules Footy - a modified version of Australian rules football rules played on Gridiron football, rugby or Soccer fields The United States Australian Football League (also known informally as the USAFL or US Footy) is the governing body for Australian rules football Gridiron football is an umbrella term used in some countries outside North America to refer to several codes of Football played primarily in Northern America Kick-to-kick is a Pastime and well-known tradition of Australian rules football fans and a recognised Australian term for kick and catch type games 9-a-side Footy is a Sport based on Australian rules football played informally by Aussie Rules clubs but not yet an official sport in its own right Recreational Footy redirects here Recreational Football (also known as Rec Footy or Recreational Footy) is a non-contact version Touch Aussie Rules is a non-contact version of Australian rules football that is currently played in London, UK and organised by Aussie Rules UK. Australian rules football in Samoa has been played since 1997 Samoa, officially the Independent State of Samoa, is a country governing the western part of the Samoan Islands Archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean Rugby football (usually just " rugby " may refer to a number of sports through history descended from a common form of Football developed at Rugby School Masters Australian Football (also known as Superules or sometimes Super Rules) is a Sport based on the game of Australian rules football for k. a. Superules) — reduced contact version introduced for competitions limited to players over 30 years of age
- Women's Australian rules football — played with a smaller ball and (sometimes) reduced contact version introduced for women's competition
- Gaelic football — Played predominantly in Ireland. Gaelic football ( Irish: Peil, Peil Ghaelach, or Caid) commonly referred to as " football " is a form of Football Sometimes referred to as "football" or "gaah" (from the acronym for Gaelic Athletic Association)
- International rules football — a compromise code used for games between Gaelic and Australian Rules players
See also: Comparison of Australian rules football and Gaelic football
Surviving mediæval ball games
British Shrove Tuesday games
-
- Alnwick in Northumberland
- Ashbourne in Derbyshire (known as Royal Shrovetide Football)
- Atherstone in Warwickshire
- Corfe Castle in Dorset — The Shrove Tuesday Football Ceremony of the Purbeck Marblers. Alnwick ( IPA /ˈænɪk/ is a small Market town in north Northumberland, England. Northumberland is a county in the North East of England. The non-metropolitan county of Northumberland borders Cumbria to the west Ashbourne is a small picturesque market Town in the Derbyshire Dales, England. History The area that is now Derbyshire was first visited probably briefly by humans 200000 years ago during the Aveley Interglacial as evidenced by a Middle The Royal Shrovetide Football Match occurs annually on Shrove Tuesday and Ash Wednesday in the town of Ashbourne in Derbyshire, England Atherstone is a town in Warwickshire, England. The town is located near the northernmost tip of Warwickshire close to the border with Staffordshire Geography Warwickshire is bounded to the northwest by the West Midlands Metropolitan county and Staffordshire, by Leicestershire to Corfe Castle is a Village, Civil parish and ruined Castle, in the English county of Dorset. Dorset ( (or archaically, Dorsetshire) is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast
- Haxey in Lincolnshire (the Haxey Hood, actually played on Epiphany)
- Hurling the Silver Ball takes place at St Columb Major in Cornwall
- Sedgefield in County Durham
- In Scotland the Ba game ("Ball Game") is still popular around Christmas and Hogmanay at:
- Duns, Berwickshire
- Scone, Perthshire
- Kirkwall in the Orkney Islands
Outside the UK
- Calcio Fiorentino — a modern revival of Renaissance football from 16th century Florence. Haxey is a village and Civil parish within North Lincolnshire, England. Lincolnshire (abbreviated Lincs) is a county in the east of England. The Haxey Hood is a traditional event in at the village of Haxey in North Lincolnshire, England on the afternoon of January 6 or Twelfth Epiphany ( Greek for "to manifest" or "to show" is a Christian Feast day which celebrates the "shining forth" or revelation of Hurling or Hurling the Silver Ball (Hyrlîan is an outdoor team Sport of Celtic origin St Columb Major (Sen Kolomm Veur often simply called St Columb, is a town in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, to the south west of Cornwall ( Kernow ˈkɛɹnɔʊ is the most southwesterly county of England, on the Peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar Sedgefield is a large village in the borough of Sedgefield in County Durham, England. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Ba Game is a version of Medieval football played in Scotland, perhaps most notably in Orkney, around Christmas and New Year. Hogmanay ( pronounced &mdash with the main stress on the last syllable is the Scots word for the last day of the year and is synonymous with the celebration of the Duns was created a Burgh of Barony in 1490 by James IV, and is a former County town of Berwickshire in the Scottish Borders. Berwickshire or the County of Berwick is a Registration county, a Committee area of the Scottish Borders Council, and a lieutenancy Kirkwall is the largest town and capital of the Orkney Islands, off the coast of northern mainland Scotland. Orkney (also known as the Orkney Islands or incorrectly the Orkneys) is an Archipelago in northern Scotland, situated 10 miles (16 km north Calcio Fiorentino was an early form of Football that originated in 16th century Italy. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany
Surviving public school games
Recent inventions and hybrid games
- Based on FA rules:
- Cubbies
- Three sided football
- Triskelion
- Keepie uppie(keep up) — is the art of juggling with a football using feet, knees, chest, shoulders, and head. The Field Game is one of two codes of Football devised and played at Eton College. The Eton wall game originated at Eton College. It has similarities to both the modern sports of Rugby union and football. Harrow football is a code of football played between two teams of eleven players each attempting to win by scoring more goals than their opponent Winchester College Football, also known as Winkies WinCoFo or simply "Our Game" is a code of football played at Winchester College. Cubbies (or Cuppies)can be known as a Wembo (1 man wembo is an informal variant on football originating spontaneously in different parts of the world Three-sided football is a variation of football with three teams instead of the usual two Keepie uppie is the art of Juggling with a football (soccer ball using feet, Lower legs Knees Chest, Shoulders
- Footbag — is a small bean bag or sand bag used as a ball in a number of keepie uppie variations, including hacky sack (which is a trade mark). A footbag is a small and round bag or ball used in sports which are also referred to as footbag A footbag is a small and round bag or ball used in sports which are also referred to as footbag
- Freestyle football — a modern take on keepie uppie where freestylers are graded for their entertainment value and expression of skill. Freestyle football, also known as freestyle soccer in North America, is the art of Juggling with a football using feet
- Based on rugby:
- Scuffleball
- Force ’em backs a. k. a. forcing back, forcemanback et c.
- Hybrid games
- Austus — a compromise between Australian rules and American football, invented in Melbourne during World War II. Austus is a sport which was started in Australia during World War II when U American football, known in the United States and Canada simply as football, is a competitive Team sport known for mixing strategy with Melbourne ( is the second most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 3 World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
- Bossaball — mixes Association football and volleyball and gymnastics; played on inflatables and trampolines. Bossaball is a Sport invented in Belgium. It is similar to Volleyball, but also includes elements of Football (soccer, Gymnastics Volleyball is an Olympic team sport in which two teams of 6 active players (5 normal players and one 'libero' are separated by a net that is usually four feet Gymnastics is a Sport involving performance of exercises requiring physical strength agility and coordination A trampoline is a Gymnastic and Recreational device consisting of a piece of taut strong Fabric stretched over a Steel frame using many coiled
- Footvolley — mixes Association football and beach volleyball; played on sand
- Kickball — a hybrid of Association football and baseball, invented in the United States in about 1942. Footvolley (Futevôlei is an international sport which combines field rules that are based on those of Beach volleyball with ball-touch rules taken from Soccer Kickball is a Playground game and competitive league game similar to Baseball, invented in the United States circa 1942.
- Speedball (American) — a combination of American football, soccer, and basketball, devised in the United States in 1912. For other uses of the term speedball see Speedball (disambiguation. Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m
- Universal football — A hybrid of Australian rules and rugby league, trialled in Sydney in 1933. Universal football was a proposed hybrid sport of Australian rules football and Rugby league, trialled at the Sydney Showground in 1933 Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 [30]
- Volata — a game resembling Association football and European handball, devised by Italian fascist leader, Augusto Turati, in the 1920s. Volata is a ball game that was created by the Fascist party in Italy as a substitute for football and Rugby union Football was quite popular Handball (also known as team handball, European handball, or Olympic handball) is a Team sport in which two teams of seven players each (six The term Italian Fascism denotes the totalitarian Fascismo political movement that ruled Italy from 1922 until 1943 under leader Benito Mussolini Augusto Turati ( April 16 1888 &mdash August 27 1955) was an Italian journalist and Fascist politician
- Wheelchair rugby — also known as Murderball, invented in Canada in 1977. Wheelchair rugby is a team Sport for athletes with a disability. Based on ice hockey and basketball rather than rugby. Ice hockey, often referred to simply as hockey, is a team Sport played on Ice.
Tabletop games and other recreations
- Based on Football (soccer):
- Subbuteo
- Blow football
- Table football — also known as foosball, table soccer, babyfoot, bar football or gettone)
- Fantasy football (soccer)
- Button football — also known as Futebol de Mesa, Jogo de Botões
- Penny football
- Based on rugby:
- Based on American football:
- Based on Australian football:
See also
- Names for association football
- Players who have converted from one football code to another
- Football field (unit of length)
Notes
- ^ Sports historian Bill Murray, quoted by The Sports Factor, "Tie Me Kangaroo Down, Sport" (Radio National, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, May 31, 2002) and Michael Scott Moore, "Naming the Beautiful Game: It's Called Soccer" (Der Spiegel, June 7, 2006). Wheelchair rugby league is a version of wheelchair rugby based expressly on Rugby league. Subbuteo is a set of Board games simulating Team sports such as Football (soccer, Cricket, both codes of rugby and hockey Blow football is a children's game popular in the United Kingdom where the object is to blow through some kind of pipe causing a small lightweight ball to pass through the opponent's Table football, also known as foosball, table soccer or baby foot, is a table-top game that is based on Association football (soccer Fantasy football is a game in which the participants assemble a team of real life players and score points based on those players' actual Statistical performance or their Button football is a Football (soccer simulation game played on a table-top utilizing concave "disks" or "buttons" as players Penny football (UK Coin football Spoin or Sporting Coin or Table Football) is a Coin Game played upon a table top Penny rugby (also known as Table Rugby or "Coin Rugby" is a coin game played by children in some rugby playing countries with many variations Paper football (also called Finger football or Flick football) refers to a table -top Game, loosely based on American football, in Blood Bowl is a Fantasy Football game created by Jervis Johnson for the British games company Games Workshop (but now under the Fantasy football is a Fantasy sports game in which participants (called "owners" are arranged into a league Madden NFL is an American football Video game series developed by Electronic Arts Tiburon for EA Sports. The following is a list of all official computer games released in the sport of Australian rules football: AFL Premiership 2005 is the 2005 edition of the Australian rules football game for the PlayStation 2. For other usages of the word "football" see Football (word. There are many players who have converted one Football code to another or even changed from other sports at a professional or representational level This article describes unusual units of measurement that are sometimes used by Anglophone Scientists, especially Physicists and Mathematicians, and other See also: ICONS Online (no date) "History of Football" and; Professional Football Researchers Association, (no date) "A Freendly Kinde of Fight: The Origins of Football to 1633". Access date for all references: February 11, 2007.
- ^ From William Blandowski's Australien in 142 Photographischen Abbildungen, 1857, (Haddon Library, Faculty of Archaeology and Anthropology, Cambridge)
- ^ Richard Hakluyt, Voyages in Search of The North-West Passage, University of Adelaide, December 29, 2003
- ^ Stephen Alsford, FitzStephen's Description of London, Florilegium Urbanum, April 5, 2006
- ^ a b c d Francis Peabody Magoun, 1929, "Football in Medieval England and Middle-English literature” (The American Historical Review, v. The University of Adelaide (colloquially Adelaide University or Adelaide Uni) is a Public university located in Adelaide, South Australia 35, No. 1).
- ^ a b Online Etymology Dictionary (no date), "football"
- ^ Vivek Chaudhary, “Who's the fat bloke in the number eight shirt?” (The Guardian, February 18, 2004. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. )
- ^ Anniina Jokinen, Sir Philip Sidney. "A Dialogue Between Two Shepherds" (Luminarium. org, July 2006)
- ^ Richard Carew. EBook of The Survey of Cornwall. Project Gutenberg. Retrieved on 2007-10-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's
- ^ International Olympic Academy (I.O.A.) (no date), “Minutes 7th International Post Graduate Seminar on Olympic Studies”
- ^ John Lord Campbell, The Lives of the Lords Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal of England, vol. 2, 1851, p. 412
- ^ William Maxwell Hetherington, 1856, History of the Westminster Assembly of Divines, Ch.1 (Third Ed.)
- ^ footballnetwork.org , 2003, “Richard Mulcaster”
- ^ Francis Willughby, 1660–72, Book of Games
- ^ a b Julian Carosi, 2006, "The History of Offside"
- ^ example of ball handling in early football from English writer William Hone, writing in 1825 or 1826, quotes the social commentator Sir Frederick Morton Eden, regarding "Foot-Ball", as played at Scone, Scotland:
- The game was this: he who at any time got the ball into his hands, run [sic] with it till overtaken by one of the opposite part; and then, if he could shake himself loose from those on the opposite side who seized him, he run on; if not, he threw the ball from him, unless it was wrested from him by the other party, but no person was allowed to kick it. William Hone ( June 3, 1780 &ndash November 6, 1842) was an English writer satirist and bookseller Sir Frederick Morton Eden ( June 18, 1766 - November 14, 1809) English writer on poverty and pioneering social investigator (William Hone, 1825–26, The Every-Day Book, "February 15." Access date: March 15, 2007. )
- ^ Rugby chronology. Museum of Rugby. Retrieved on April 24, 2006.
- ^ Soccer Ball World - Early History (Accessed June 9, 2006)
- ^ The exact name of Mr Lindon is in dispute, as well as the exact timing of the creation of the inflatable bladder. Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. It is known that he created this for both association and rugby footballs. However, sites devoted to football indicate he was known as HJ Lindon, who was actually Richards Lindon's son, and created the ball in 1862 (ref: Soccer Ball World), whereas rugby sites refer to him as Richard Lindon creating the ball in 1870 (ref: Guardian article). Richard Lindon ( 30 June, 1816 - 10 June, 1887) was instrumental in the development of the modern-day rugby football Both agree that his wife died when inflating pig's bladders. This information originated from web sites which may be unreliable, and the answer may only be found in researching books in central libraries.
- ^ soccerballworld.com, (no date) "Charles Goodyear's Soccer Ball" Downloaded 30/11/06.
- ^ Harvey, Adrian (2005). Football, the First Hundred Years. Routledge, 95–99. ISBN 0415350190.
- ^ Murphy, Brendan (2007). From Sheffield with Love. Sports Book Limited, 41–43. ISBN 9781899807 56 7.
- ^ Letter from Tom Wills. MCG website. Retrieved on 2006-07-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France.
- ^ a b The Origins of Australian Rules Football. MCG website. Retrieved on 2007-06-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom.
- ^ Murphy, Brendan (2007). From Sheffield with Love. Sports Book Limited, 39–41. ISBN 9781899807 56 7.
- ^ Peter Shortell. Hacking - a history, Cornwall Referees Society, 2 October 2006
- ^ John Simkin. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Ebenezer Cobb Morley, Spartacus Educational. John Simkin (born 25 June 1945 in London) is an English history teacher and is the founder and author of Spartacus Educational, a historical Accessed 22 May 2008
- ^ Canadian Football Timelines (1860 – present). Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Football Canada. Football Canada is the governing body for amateur Canadian football. Retrieved on 2006-12-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city
- ^ Summers, Mark. The Disability Football Directory.
- ^ Sean Fagan, Breaking The Codes, RL1908. com, 2006
References
- Mandelbaum, Michael (2004); The Meaning of Sports; Public Affairs, ISBN 1-58648-252-1
- Green, Geoffrey (1953); The History of the Football Association; Naldrett Press, London
- Williams, Graham (1994); The Code War; Yore Publications, ISBN 1-874427-65-8
External links
- Wilfried Gerhardt, "The colourful history of a fascinating game" (from the FIFA website)
Dictionary
football
-noun
- (UK, uncountable) A game in which two teams of eleven players each contend to get a round ball into the other team's goal primarily by kicking the ball with their feet. In amateur games it may be a team of five or six, or indeed any number.
- (US, uncountable) American football: a game similar to rugby football in which two teams attempt to get an ovoid ball to the end of each other's territory.
- (Canada, uncountable) Canadian football: a game played on a wide field in which two teams attempt to get an ovoid ball to the end of each other's territory.
- (Australia, uncountable) Term used to refer to the same game as the British definition (association football).
- (Australia, Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia, Tasmania, Northern Territory, uncountable) Australian rules football.
- (Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, uncountable) Rugby League.
- (countable) The ball used in any game called "football".
- Practise of these particular games, or techniques used in them.
- (metaphorical) An item of discussion, particularly in a back-and-forth manner
- (Ireland) A field game played with similar rules to hurling, but using hands and feet rather than a stick, and a ball, similar to, yet smaller than a soccer ball.
- (slang) The nickname of the leather briefcase containing classified nuclear war plans, which is always near the US President.
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