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Food processing is the set of methods and techniques used to transform raw ingredients into food for consumption by humans or animals. This article is about ingredients in general There is also an American soul and R&B group called The Main Ingredient. Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an Ingestion is the consumption of a substance by an Organism. In Animals it normally is accomplished by taking in the substance through the Mouth into the Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus The food processing industry utilizes these processes. The food industry is the complex global collective of diverse Businesses that together supply much of the Food energy consumed by the World population. Food processing often takes clean, harvested or slaughtered and butchered components and uses these to produce attractive and marketable food products. In Agriculture, the harvest is the process of Gathering mature crops from the fields Reaping is the cutting of Grain A butcher is someone who prepares various Meats and other related goods for sale In popular usage "marketing" is the promotion of products especially Advertising and Branding However in professional usage the term has a wider meaning of Similar process are used to produce animal feed.

Contents

Food processing methods

Beer fermenting at a brewery.
Beer fermenting at a brewery. Beer is the world's oldest and most widely consumed Alcoholic beverage and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea A brewery is a dedicated building for the making of Beer, though beer can be made in the home and has been for much of beer's history

Common food processing techniques include:


Extreme examples of food processing include the delicate preparation of deadly fugu fish or preparing space food for consumption under zero gravity. A brewery is a dedicated building for the making of Beer, though beer can be made in the home and has been for much of beer's history An emulsion ( IPA: /ɪˈmʌlʃən/ is a mixture of two Immiscible (unblendable liquids Cooking is the process of preparing Food by applying Heat, selecting measuring and combining of ingredients in an ordered procedure for producing safe and edible Boiling (also called ebullition) a type of Phase transition, is the rapid vaporization of a Liquid, which typically occurs when a liquid For the device used to cook see Grill (cooking, for other uses see Grill. Frying is the Cooking of food in Oil or Fat, a technique that originated in ancient Egypt around 2500BC Steaming is a method of Cooking using Steam. Steaming is considered a relatively healthier cooking technique and capable to cook almost all kinds of food For the device used to cook see Grill (cooking, for other uses see Grill. Deep frying is a Cooking method in which food is submerged in hot oil or Fat. Baking is the technique of prolonged Cooking of Food by dry heat acting by conduction, and not by radiation, normally in an Oven, MIX is a hypothetical computer used in Donald Knuth &rsquos monograph The Art of Computer Programming ( TAOCP) Bread is a Staple food prepared by Baking a Dough of Flour and Water. Gasification is a process that converts carbonaceous materials such as Coal, Petroleum, or Biomass, into Carbon monoxide and Hydrogen Soft drink is a beverage that does not contain Alcohol. Carbonated soft drinks are commonly known as soda soda pop pop, or Proofing (also called proving) is a step in creating Yeast Breads and baked goods where the yeast is allowed to Leaven the dough Spray drying is a commonly used method of drying a liquid feed through a hot gas Pasteurization is the process of heating Liquids for the purpose of destroying bacteria, Protozoa, Molds and Yeasts The process was is the Japanese word for Pufferfish and is also a Japanese dish prepared from the meat of Pufferfish (normally species of Takifugu, Lagocephalus Weightlessness is a phenomenon experienced by people during Free-fall.

Benefits

More and more people live in the cities and are far away from the production areas of food. In many families both husband and wife are working and therefore there is little time for the preparation of food based on fresh ingredients. The food industry offers products that fulfill many different needs: From peeled potatoes that only have to be boiled at home to fully prepared ready meals that can be heated up in the microwave oven within a few minutes. The potato is a Starchy Tuberous crop Vegetable from the perennial Solanum tuberosum of the Solanaceae A TV dinner (also called frozen dinner, microwave meal or ready meal) is a prepackaged frozen or chilled Meal which usually comes in an A microwave oven, or a microwave, is a Kitchen appliance that cooks or heats Food by Dielectric heating.

Microwave oven
Microwave oven

Benefits of food processing include toxin removal, preservation, easing marketing and distribution tasks, and increasing food consistency. In addition, it increases seasonal availability of many foods, enables transportation of delicate perishable foods across long distances, and makes many kinds of foods safe to eat by removing the micro-organisms. Modern supermarkets would not be feasible without modern food processing techniques, long voyages would not be possible, and military campaigns would be significantly more difficult and costly to execute. Customer divider barjpg|thumb|In supermarkets sellers periodically change prices for classes of goods in response to market conditions rather than negotiating the price of each good

Modern food processing also improves the quality of life for allergists, diabetics, and other people who cannot consume some common food elements. Allergy is a disorder of the Immune system often also referred to as Atopy. Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc Food processing can also add extra nutrients such as vitamins. A vitamin is an Organic compound required as a Nutrient in tiny amounts by an Organism.

Processed foods are often less susceptible to early spoilage than fresh foods, and are better suited for long distance transportation from the source to the consumer. Consumers refers to individuals or households that use goods and services generated within the economy. Fresh materials, such as fresh produce and raw meats, are more likely to harbour pathogenic micro-organisms (e. Produce is a generalized term for a group of Farm -produced goods generally limited to Fruits and Vegetables More specifically the term "produce" g. Salmonella) capable of causing serious illnesses.

Drawbacks

In general, fresh food that has not been processed other than by washing and simple kitchen preparation, may be expected to contain a higher proportion of naturally occurring vitamins, fibre and minerals than the equivalent product processed by the food industry. Vitamin C for example is destroyed by heat and therefore canned fruits have a lower content of vitamin C than fresh ones. Vitamin C or L-ascorbate is an Essential nutrient for a large number of higher primate species a small number of other Mammalian

Tate & Lyle brand Corn Syrup being moved by tank car
Tate & Lyle brand Corn Syrup being moved by tank car

Food processing can lower the nutritional value of foods. Tate & Lyle PLC ( is a UK -based multinational agri-processor listed on the London Stock Exchange under the symbol TATE. For Jay Leno's bespoke Tank -engined car see the Blastolene Special. Processed foods tend to include food additives, such as flavourings and texturizers, which may have little or no nutritive value, or be unhealthy. Some preservatives added or created during processing such as nitrites or sulphites may cause adverse health effects.

Processed foods often have a higher ratio of calories to other essential nutrients than unprocessed foods, a phenomenon referred to as "empty calories". Most junk foods are processed, and fit this category.

High quality and hygiene standards must be maintained to ensure consumer safety and failures to maintain adequate standards can have serious health consequences.

Processing food is a very costly process, thus increasing the prices of foods products.

Performance parameters for food processing

When designing processes for the food industry the following performance parameters may be taken into account:

Trends in modern food processing

Health

Hygiene

The introduction of HACCP standards during production and distribution reduce the risk of contamination of the products. Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP is a systematic preventive approach to Food safety and pharmaceutical safety that addresses physical chemical,

Efficiency

Industries

Food processing industries and practices include the following:

Prominent Companies

History

Food processing dates back to the prehistoric ages when crude processing incorporated slaughtering, fermenting, sun drying, preserving with salt, and various types of cooking (such as roasting, smoking, steaming, and oven baking). A distributed control system (DCS refers to a Control system usually of a Manufacturing system, Process or any kind of Dynamic system, Canning is a method of preserving food in which the food is processed and sealed in an airtight container Rendering is a process that converts waste animal tissue into stable value-added materials The meat packing industry is an Industry that handles the slaughtering, Processing and distribution of animals such as Cattle A slaughterhouse, also called an abattoir (from the French verb abattre, "to strike down" or freezing works ( New Zealand Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. The Archer Daniels Midland Company ( is a conglomerate based in Decatur Illinois. Cargill Incorporated is a privately held, Multinational corporation, and is based in the state of Minnesota in the United States. ConAgra Foods Inc ( is one of North America 's largest packaged foods companies General Mills ( is a Fortune 500 Corporation, mainly concerned with Food products which is headquartered in Golden Valley, Minnesota Kraft Foods Inc ( is the second-largest Food and Beverage company headquartered in North America (behind PepsiCo) and the third Nestlé is a multinational packaged food company founded and headquartered in Vevey, Switzerland Pescanova is a fishing company situated in Redondela, Galicia, Spain. Tyson Foods Inc ( is an American Multinational corporation based in Springdale Arkansas, that operates in the Food Industry Unilever is a Multi-national corporation, formed of Anglo - Dutch parentage that owns many of the world's Consumer product brands Wimm Bill Dann is one of Europe 's biggest Dairy products companies Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants Cooking is the process of preparing Food by applying Heat, selecting measuring and combining of ingredients in an ordered procedure for producing safe and edible Salt-preservation was especially common for foods that constituted warrior and sailors' diets, up until the introduction of canning methods. Canning is a method of preserving food in which the food is processed and sealed in an airtight container These crude processing techniques remained essentially the same until the advent of the industrial revolution. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the

Preserved food.
Preserved food.

Modern food processing technology in the 19th and 20th century was largely developed to serve military needs. In 1809 Nicolas Appert invented a vacuum bottling technique that would supply food for French troops, and this contributed to the development of tinning and then canning by Peter Durand in 1810. Year 1809 ( MDCCCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Nicolas Appert (1749 - 1841 born in Châlons en Champagne was the French inventor of airtight food preservation This vacuum means "absence of matter" or "an empty area or space" for the cleaning appliance see Vacuum cleaner. Year 1810 ( MDCCCX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Although initially expensive and somewhat hazardous due to the lead used in cans, canned goods would later become a staple around the world. Pasteurization, discovered by Louis Pasteur in 1862, was a significant advance in ensuring the micro-biological safety of food. Pasteurization is the process of heating Liquids for the purpose of destroying bacteria, Protozoa, Molds and Yeasts The process was Louis Pasteur (27 December 1822 – 28 September 1895 a French Chemist and Microbiologist, is best known for remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday

In the 20th century, World War II, the space race and the rising consumer society in developed countries (including the United States) contributed to the growth of food processing with such advances as spray drying, juice concentrates, freeze drying and the introduction of artificial sweeteners, colorants, and preservatives such as sodium benzoate and saccharine. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Space Race was a competition of space exploration between the Soviet Union and the United States, which lasted roughly from 1957 to 1975 Spray drying is a commonly used method of drying a liquid feed through a hot gas Freeze drying (also known as lyophilization or cryodesiccation) is a Dehydration process typically used to preserve a perishable material Sodium benzoate ( E211) also called benzoate of soda, has Chemical formula NaC6H5CO2 Saccharin is an Artificial sweetener. The basic substance Benzoic sulfinide, has effectively no Food energy and is about 300 times as sweet as In the late 20th century products such as dried instant soups, reconstituted fruits and juices, and self cooking meals such as MRE food ration were developed.

Because the 20th century witnessed a rise in the pursuit of convenience, food processors especially marketed their products to middle-class working wives and mothers. Frozen foods (often credited to Clarence Birdseye) found their success in sales of juice concentrates and Swanson's "TV dinners". [2] Processors utilized the perceived value of time to appeal to the postwar population, and this same appeal contributes to the success of convenience foods today. Convenience food, or tertiary processed food, is commercially prepared food designed for ease of consumption

See also

External links

Other sources

References

  1. ^ STAC - Project Information Center - 03-STAC-01 - Western U. S. Food Processing Efficiency Initiative
  2. ^ Levenstein, H: "Paradox of Plenty", pages 106-107. University of California Press, 2003
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