Flying boat
Short S23 'C' Class or 'Empire' Flying Boat

A flying boat is a specialised form of aircraft that is designed to take off and land on water. The fuselage is also a floating hull and has a shape reminiscent of a boat. The fuselage (from the French fuselé "spindle-shaped" is an Aircraft 's main body section that holds crew and passengers or Cargo A hull is the body of a Ship or Boat. It is a central concept in floating vessels as it provides the Buoyancy that keeps the vessel from sinking A boat is a Watercraft of modest size designed to float or plane on water and provide transport over it Such aircraft are sometimes stabilised on the water surface by underwing floats or by wing-like projections from the fuselage, but these do not provide the main buoyancy of the aircraft. In Physics, buoyancy ( BrE IPA: /ˈbɔɪənsi/ is the upward Force on an object produced by the surrounding liquid or gas in which it is

Flying boats are a type of seaplane that always float on their fuselage (or hull), other seaplanes are floatplanes which use floats. A seaplane is a Fixed-wing aircraft capable of taking off and landing (alighting on water A floatplane is a type of Seaplane, with slender Pontoons (known as "floats" mounted under the fuselage only the floats of a floatplane normally come Flying boats were some of the largest aircraft of the first half of the 20th century. Their ability to alight on water allowed them to break free of the size constraints imposed by general lack of large, land-based runways, and also made them important for maritime patrol and air-to-sea rescue, capabilities put to great use in World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Following World War II, their use gradually tailed off, with many of the roles taken over by land aircraft types.

In the 21st century, flying boats maintain a few niche uses, such as for dropping water on forest fires and for air transport around archipelagos.

History

Origins

Curtiss NC Flying Boat "NC-3" water-taxis before takeoff, 1919. The Curtiss NC ( Navy Curtiss, nicknamed " Nancy boat " or " Nancy " was a Flying boat built by Curtiss Aeroplane and

In 1913, the boat building firm J Samuel White of West Cowes on the Isle of Wight, set up a new aircraft division and produced a flying boat. Cowes is an English Seaport town on the Isle of Wight, an island south of Southampton. The Isle of Wight is an English Island and county in the English Channel between three and five miles (8 km from the south coast of the This was displayed at the London Air Show at Olympia in 1913^[1]. In that same year, a collaboration between the S. E. Saunders boatyard of East Cowes on the Isle of Wight and the Sopwith Aviation Company produced their "Bat Boat", an aircraft with a consuta laminated hull that could operate from land or on water ^[2]. Cowes is an English Seaport town on the Isle of Wight, an island south of Southampton. The Isle of Wight is an English Island and county in the English Channel between three and five miles (8 km from the south coast of the The Sopwith Aviation Company was a British Aircraft company that designed and manufactured aeroplanes mainly for the British Royal Flying Corps, Royal Consuta was a revolutionary form of construction of watertight hulls for boats and marine aircraft comprising four veneers of mahogany planking interleaved with waterproofed calico and The "Bat Boat" completed several landings on sea and on land and was duly awarded the Mortimer Singer Prize^[3]. It was the first all-British aeroplane capable of making six return flights over five miles within five hours.

Before World War I the American pioneer aviator Glenn Curtiss, who had been experimenting with floatplanes, joined with Englishman John Cyril Porte to design a flying boat that could take the prize offered by the British Daily Mail newspaper for the first aerial crossing of the Atlantic ocean. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Glenn Hammond Curtiss ( 21 May 1878 &ndash 23 July 1930) was an American Aviation pioneer and founder of the Curtiss Aeroplane A floatplane is a type of Seaplane, with slender Pontoons (known as "floats" mounted under the fuselage only the floats of a floatplane normally come Lieutenant Commander John Cyril Porte CMG RN ( 26 February 1884 - 22 October 1919) was a Flying boat The Daily Mail is a British newspaper currently published in a tabloid format ^[4] Porte developed a practical hull design with the distinctive 'step' which could be married to Curtis' airframe and engine design. The resulting large aircraft would be able to carry enough fuel to fly long distances and could berth alongside ships for refuelling. The war interrupted Porte's plans.

World War I

From 1914 Curtis produced his "America" flying boat, several examples of which were acquired by the Royal Naval Air Service and tested at their Seaplane Experimental Station, now run by Porte. The Royal Naval Air Service or RNAS was the air arm of the Royal Navy until near the end of the First World War, when it merged with the British The Seaplane Experimental Station at Royal Naval Air Station Felixstowe was a British aircraft design unit of the early part of the 20th Century. Porte developed this model into the Felixstowe F.1 and its larger derivatives, used for coastal patrols and hunting U-boats. The Felixstowe Porte Baby was a British reconnaissance Flying boat of the First World War first flying in 1916 U-boat is the anglicized version of the German word, itself an abbreviation of Unterseeboot ( undersea boat) and refers

The Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company independently developed its designs into the small model 'F', the larger model 'K' which was licensed to Dmitry Pavlovich Grigorovich as the Shchetinin M-5 for the Imperial Russian Navy, and the Model 'C' for the US Navy. Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company was an American aircraft manufacturer that went public in 1916 with Glenn Hammond Curtiss as president Dmitry Pavlovich Grigorovich, in Russian: Дмитрий Павлович Григорович (born in Kiev, Russian Empire, 25 January ( WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Curtiss among others also built the Felixstowe F5L, the last of Porte's designs for US use. The twin engine F5L was one of the Felixstowe F series of Flying boats developed by John Cyril Porte at the Seaplane Experimental Station, Felixstowe

Between the wars

The Curtis NC-4 became the first airplane to fly across the Atlantic Ocean in 1919. "For other uses see NC 4 (disambiguation. The NC-4 was a Curtiss NC Flying boat, designed by Glenn Curtiss In the 1920s and 1930s, flying boats made it possible to have regular air transport between the U.S. and Europe, opening up new air travel routes to South America, Africa, and Asia. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Foynes, Ireland and Botwood, Newfoundland and Labrador were the termini for many early transatlantic flights. Foynes ( Faing in Irish) is a small town and major port in County Limerick in the midwest of Ireland, located at the edge of hilly land on Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Botwood is a town in north-central Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada Newfoundland and Labrador (ˈnuːfɨn(dlənd ən(d ˈlæbrəˌdɔr (Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador is a province of Canada, the tenth and latest to join the Confederation Where land-based aircraft lacked the range to travel great distances and required airfields to land, flying boats could stop at small island, river, lake or coastal stations to refuel and resupply. An aerodrome is an area on land or water (including any buildings installations and equipment used for the arrival and departure of aircraft An island (ˈaɪlənd or isle (/ˈaɪl/ is any piece of land that is completely surrounded by water in two dimensions above high tide and isolated from other significant "Riverine" redirects here For the use of that term in Maritime geography, see there A lake (from Latin lacus) is a Terrain feature (or Physical feature) a body of Liquid on the surface of a world that is localized to the The Pan Am Boeing 314 "Clipper" planes brought exotic destinations like the Far East within reach of air travellers and came to represent the romance of flight. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Far East is a term often used by people in the Western world to refer to the countries of East Asia.

In 1923, the first British commercial flying boat service was introduced with flights to and from the Channel Islands. The Channel Islands ( Norman: Îles d'la Manche, French: Îles Anglo-Normandes or Îles de la Manche) are a group of Islands The British aviation industry was experiencing rapid growth. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Government decided that rationalisation was necessary and ordered five aviation companies to merge and form state-owned Imperial Airways. Imperial Airways was the early British commercial long range air transport company operating from 1924 to 1939 and serving parts of Europe but especially the Empire routes to Imperial became the international flag-carrying British airline, providing flying boat passenger and mail transport links between Britain and South Africa using aircraft such as the Short S.8 Calcutta. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa The Short Calcutta or S8 was a civilian Biplane Airliner Flying boat made by Short Brothers.

Supermarine Southampton

In 1928, a new world achievement in aviation attracted the attention of the Australian public when four Supermarine Southampton flying boats of the RAF Far-East flight arrived in Melbourne on a circumnavigation and flag-waving mission. The Supermarine Southampton was a 1920s British Flying boat, one of the most successful Flying boats of the between-war period Melbourne ( is the second most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 3 The RAF crews were warmly welcomed by the waterside crowds, and the flight was considered proof that flying boats had evolved to become reliable means of long distance transport.

Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services, better known as Qantas, had been registered in Brisbane during November of 1920. Qantas Airways Limited (ˈkwɔntəs ( is the National airline of Australia. Qantas Airways Limited (ˈkwɔntəs ( is the National airline of Australia. Brisbane ( is the state capital of Queensland. Brisbane is the third most populous city in Australia and the most populous city of Queensland With good levels of public support for the new faster public transport and agreements to carry domestic mail, the outback airline grew. By 1931, Qantas was trialling land plane flights connecting with Imperial Airways services. Mail was now reaching London in just 16 days - less than half the time taken by sea. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom.

Government tenders on both sides of the world invited applications to run new passenger and mail services between the ends of Empire, and Qantas and Imperial were successful with a joint bid. A company under combined ownership was then formed, Qantas Empire Airways. The new ten day service between Sydney's Rose Bay and Southampton was such a success with letter-writers that before long the volume of mail was exceeding aircraft storage space. Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 Southampton ( IPA /ˌsaʊθˈhæmptən/ is the largest city in the county of Hampshire, on the south coast of England A solution to the problem was found by the British Government, who in 1933 had requested aviation manufacturer's Short Brothers to design a big new long-range monoplane for use by Imperial and the RAF. Short Brothers plc is a British Aerospace company usually referred to simply as Shorts, that is now based in Belfast, Northern Ireland Partner Qantas agreed to the initiative and undertook to purchase six of the new Short S23 'C' class or 'Empire' flying boats. The Short Empire was a passenger and mail carrying Flying boat, of the 1930s and 1940s which flew between Britain and British colonies in Africa,

Delivering the mail as quickly as possible generated a lot of competition and some innovative solutions. A variant of the Short Empire flying boats, Maia and Mercury, was a strange-looking solution where a four-engined floatplane Mercury was fixed on top of Maia, a Short Empire flying boat^[5]. The Short Empire was a passenger and mail carrying Flying boat, of the 1930s and 1940s which flew between Britain and British colonies in Africa, WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout A floatplane is a type of Seaplane, with slender Pontoons (known as "floats" mounted under the fuselage only the floats of a floatplane normally come The Short Empire was a passenger and mail carrying Flying boat, of the 1930s and 1940s which flew between Britain and British colonies in Africa, The idea was to use the lighter, faster and shorter-range Mercury (the winged messenger) to speed up the delivery of the mail once Maia had brought it to within range of its destination.

Sir Alan Cobham devised a method of in-flight refuelling in the 1930s, so that the Short Empire flying boats serving the transatlantic crossing could be refuelled over Foynes on the River Shannon in Ireland without needing to land^[6]. Sir Alan John Cobham, KBE, AFC (6 May 1894- 21 October 1973 was an English aviation pioneer Aerial refueling, also called air refueling, in-flight refueling ( IFR) air-to-air refueling ( AAR) or tanking, is The Short Empire was a passenger and mail carrying Flying boat, of the 1930s and 1940s which flew between Britain and British colonies in Africa, Foynes ( Faing in Irish) is a small town and major port in County Limerick in the midwest of Ireland, located at the edge of hilly land on The River Shannon ( Sionainn or Sionna in Irish) is at 386 km (240 miles the longest river in Ireland. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world A Handley Page H.P.54 Harrow was used as the fuel tanker^[7]. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

Dornier Do-X flyby over a seaport town in the Baltic 1930

The German Dornier Do-X flying boat was noticeably different to its UK and US built counterparts, using wing-like protusions from the fuselage to stabilise on the water. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout It was powered by 12 engines and could take to the air with 170 people on board^[8]. It flew to America in 1929 ^[9], crossing the atlantic via an indirect route. It was the largest flying boat of its time. Only three were built. Two were sold to Italy.

World War II

The military value of flying boats was quickly recognized, and they were utilized by various nations in tasks from anti-submarine patrol to maritime search and rescue. An anti-submarine weapon is any one of a range of devices that are intended to act against a submarine and its crew to destroy (sink the vessel or to destroy or reduce its capability For the TV series of this title see Search and Rescue (TV series. Aircraft such as the PBY Catalina, Short Sunderland and Grumman Goose recovered downed airmen and operated as scout aircraft over the vast distances of the Pacific Theater and Battle of the Atlantic during World War II. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Pacific Theater of Operations (PTO was the World War II military activity in the Pacific Ocean and the countries bordering it a geographic scope The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous Military campaign of World War II, (though some say it was a series of naval Military campaigns By the end of World War II, nearly 350 Gooses (they are never referred to as Geese) had been built. They helped the U. S. military and their allies with reliable transportation to remote locations all over the world.

The largest flying boat of the war was the Blohm und Voss Bv 238 which was also the heaviest plane to fly during the Second World War. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

In November 1939, the structure of Imperial Airways was changed to create British European Airways and British Overseas Airways Corporation. Imperial Airways was the early British commercial long range air transport company operating from 1924 to 1939 and serving parts of Europe but especially the Empire routes to British European Airways ( BEA) or British European Airways Corporation was a British Airline which existed from 1946 until 1974 The British Overseas Airways Corporation ( BOAC) was the British state airline from 1939 until 1946 and the long-haul British state airline from 1946 BOAC continued to operate flying boat services from the (slightly) safer confines of Poole Harbour during wartime, returning to Southampton in 1947^[10]. Poole Harbour is a large natural Harbour in Dorset, southern England, with the town of Poole on its shores Southampton ( IPA /ˌsaʊθˈhæmptən/ is the largest city in the county of Hampshire, on the south coast of England

Post World War II

Hughes H-4 Hercules. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

The Hughes H-4 Hercules in development in the U. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout S. during the war was even larger than the Bv238, but it did not fly until 1947. The "Spruce Goose", as the H-4 was nicknamed, was the largest flying boat ever to fly. That short 1947 hop of the 'Flying Lumberyard' was to be its last however, a victim of post-war cutbacks and the disappearance of its intended mission as a transatlantic transport. ^[11]

Following the end of World War II, the use of flying boats rapidly declined, though the U. S. Navy continued to operate such aircraft (notably the Martin P5M Marlin) until the early 1970s, even attempting to build a jet-powered seaplane bomber, the Martin Seamaster. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Several factors contributed to the decline. The ability to land on water became less of an advantage owing to the considerable increase in the number and length of land based runways, whose construction had been driven by the needs of the allied forces during the Second World War. Further, as the speed and range of land-based aircraft increased, the commercial competitiveness of flying boats diminished, as their design compromised aerodynamic efficiency and speed to accomplish the feat of waterborne takeoff and alighting. Competing with new civilian jet aircraft like the de Havilland Comet and Boeing 707 was impossible. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

BOAC continued to operate their flying boat services out of Southampton until November 1950. The British Overseas Airways Corporation ( BOAC) was the British state airline from 1939 until 1946 and the long-haul British state airline from 1946

Aquila Airways Short S. 45 Solent flying boat 'Sydney' taking off from Funchal.

Bucking the trend, in 1948, Aquila Airways was founded to serve destinations that were still inaccessible to land based aircraft^[12]. Aquila Airways was founded by Barry Aikman using two ex Royal Air Force Short Sunderland flying boats for freight work This company operated Short S.25 and Short S.45 flying boats out of Southampton on routes to Madeira, Las Palmas, Lisbon, Jersey, Majorca, Marseilles, Capri, Genoa, Montreux and Santa Margherita^[13]. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Short Solent was a passenger Flying boat produced by Short Brothers in the late 1940s. History See also History of Madeira Pre-Portuguese times Pliny mentions certain Purple Islands the position of which with reference to the Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. The Bailiwick of Jersey ( Jèrriais: Jèrri) is a British Crown dependency off the coast of Normandy, France. Majorca ( Spanish and Mallorca is the largest island of Spain. Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ Capri ( Italian pronunciation Cápri usual English pronunciation Caprí is an Italian island off the Sorrentine Peninsula, on the south side Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English Montreux is a municipality in the district of Vevey in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Saint Margaret may refer to Saint Margaret the Virgin - the oldest and much the most prominent also known as Margaret of Antioch Saint The airline ceased operations on 30th September 1958 ^[14].

From 1950 to 1957, Aquila Airways also operated a service from Southampton to Edinburgh and Glasgow^[15]. Aquila Airways was founded by Barry Aikman using two ex Royal Air Force Short Sunderland flying boats for freight work Southampton ( IPA /ˌsaʊθˈhæmptən/ is the largest city in the county of Hampshire, on the south coast of England Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom

The flying boats of Aquila Airways were also chartered for one-off trips, usually to deploy troops where scheduled services didn't exist or where there were political considerations. Aquila Airways was founded by Barry Aikman using two ex Royal Air Force Short Sunderland flying boats for freight work Three Aquila flying boats were used during the Berlin Airlift^[16]. Aquila Airways was founded by Barry Aikman using two ex Royal Air Force Short Sunderland flying boats for freight work The Berlin Blockade (24 June 1948 – 11 May 1949 was one of the first major international crises of the Cold war. The longest charter, in 1952, was from Southampton to the Falkland Islands^[17]. In 1953 the flying boats were chartered for troop deployment trips to Freetown and Lagos and there was a special trip from Hull to Helsinki to relocate a ships crew^[18]. Freetown is the Capital and largest City of Sierra Leone, and a major Port on the Atlantic Ocean. Lagos ( pron ˈleɪgɒs or /ˈlɑːgoʊs/ overseas is the most populous Conurbation in Nigeria with Kingston upon Hull ( almost invariably referred Helsinki (in Finnish;) or Helsingfors (in Swedish;) is the Capital and largest city of Finland.

Saunders-Roe Princess G-ALUN

The technically advanced Saunders-Roe Princess first flew in 1952 and later received a certificate of airworthiness. The Saunders-Roe Princess was a British Flying boat aircraft built by Saunders-Roe, based in Cowes on the Isle of Wight. Airworthiness Certificate can mean Standard Airworthiness Certificate Special Airworthiness Certificate Despite being the pinnacle of flying boat development, none were sold, despite Aquila Airways reportedly attempting to buy them^[19]. Aquila Airways was founded by Barry Aikman using two ex Royal Air Force Short Sunderland flying boats for freight work Of the three Princess that were built, two never flew and all were scrapped in 1967

Helicopters ultimately took over the flying boat air-sea rescue role. The Saunders-Roe Princess was a British Flying boat aircraft built by Saunders-Roe, based in Cowes on the Isle of Wight. History Since 400 AD Chinese children have played with bamboo flying toys.

The land-based P-3 Orion and carrier-based S-3 Viking became the US Navy's fixed-wing anti-submarine patrol aircraft. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout An aircraft carrier is a Warship designed with WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

Qantas flew a flying boat service from Rose Bay NSW to Lord Howe Island until 1974. Qantas Airways Limited (ˈkwɔntəs ( is the National airline of Australia. Rose Bay may refer to Rose Bay New South Wales, Australia a suburb of Sydney Rose Bay Tasmania, Australia a suburb of Lord Howe Island (ˈhaʊ is a small island in the Pacific Ocean east of the Australian mainland Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar.

Modern versions

The shape of the Spruce Goose was a harbinger of the shape of later aircraft yet to come, and the type also contributed much to the designs of later ekranoplans. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout However, true flying boats have largely been replaced by seaplanes with floats and amphibian aircraft with wheels. A seaplane is a Fixed-wing aircraft capable of taking off and landing (alighting on water An amphibious or amphibian aircraft is an Aircraft that can take off and land on either land or water The Beriev Be-200 twin-jet amphibious aircraft has been one of the closest 'living' descendants of the flying-boats of old, along with the larger amphibious planes used for fighting forest fires. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout There are also several experimental/kit amphibians such as the Glass Goose, the LSA SeaMax, Aeroprakt A-24, and the Seawind.

The ShinMaywa US-2 (Japanese: 新明和 US-2) are large STOL aircraft designed for air-sea rescue (SAR) work. US-2 is operated by Japan Self Defense Force.

The Canadair CL-215 and successor Canadair CL-415 are also examples of modern flying boats. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

Chinese Harbin/Shuihong 5

US PBY Catalina serving as an aerial firefighting plane

Japanese ShinMaywa US-2

See also

• List of flying boats and seaplanes
• Seaplane
• Amphibious aircraft
• Floatplane
• Jerome C. Hunsaker
• RAF Gatow
• Maureen O'Hara
• Foynes
• Bill Chen
• Ekranoplan
• Charles F. Blair Jr

Notes and references

External links

• Sunderland Flying Boats Windermere
• Flying Clippers Pan American's Fabulous Flying Ships
• The Boeing B-314
• Flying Contraptions
• Flying Boats of the world - A Complete Reference
• Foynes Flying Boat Museum
• Present Day Application of Flying Boats
• LSA seaplane SeaMax
• The Dornier Do X
• Centaur Seaplane
• Pan Am Clipper Airliners
• TransAtlantic Re-enactment Flight
• Flying boat documentaries on DVD
• Cyril Porte and Glenn H.Curtiss
• SeaMax USA