Flies Fossil range: Middle Triassic - Recent
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Subclass: Pterygota Infraclass: Neoptera Superorder: Endopterygota Order: Diptera Linnaeus, 1758
Suborders
Nematocera (includes Eudiptera) Brachycera

True flies are insects of the Order Diptera (Greek: di = two, and pteron = wing), possessing a single pair of wings on the mesothorax and a pair of halteres, derived from the hind wings, on the metathorax. The Middle Triassic (also known as Muschelkalk) is the second of three epochs of the Triassic period. Arthropods are Animals belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda (from Greek ἄρθρον arthron, " Joint " Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described Pterygota is a subclass of Insects that includes the winged insects Neoptera is a classification group that includes almost all the winged Insects specifically those that can flex their wings over their abdomens The Endopterygota, also known as Holometabola, are Insects of the subclass Pterygota which go through distinctive Larval Pupal Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for The book Systema Naturae was one of the major works of the Swedish doctor of medicine Carolus Linnaeus. Nematocera are generally primitive flies, typically recognized by filamentous multi-segmented antennae which may be plumose in some males Eudiptera is a suborder of Diptera under an alternative subordinal classification based largely on Fossil taxa it has not gained wide acceptance among non-paleontological Brachycera is a suborder of Diptera. It is a major suborder consisting of around 120 families. Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Insect wings are outgrowths of the Insect Exoskeleton that enable insects to fly. The mesothorax is the middle of the three segments in the Thorax of an Insect, and bears the second pair of legs This article concerns insect anatomy For halteres as used in ancient sports see Halteres (ancient Greece Halteres (hælˈtɪəriːz singular The metathorax is the posterior of the three segments in the Thorax of an Insect, and bears the third pair of legs. The common housefly is a true fly and is one of the most widely distributed of animals. The housefly (also house fly, house-fly or common housefly) Musca domestica, is the most common of all Flies

The presence of a single pair of wings distinguishes true flies from other insects with "fly" in their name, such as mayflies, dragonflies, damselflies, stoneflies, whiteflies, fireflies, alderflies, dobsonflies, snakeflies, sawflies, caddisflies, butterflies or scorpionflies. Mayflies are Insects which belong to the Order Ephemeroptera (from the Greek ephemeros = "short-lived" pteron Anisoptera redirects here For the genus of trees see Anisoptera (tree. Insecta {Taxobox | name = Damselflies| regnum = Animalia | phylum = Arthropoda | classis | ordo = Odonata | subordo = Zygoptera | subordo_authority Plecoptera are an order of Insects commonly known as stoneflies. The whiteflies, comprising only the family Aleyrodidae, are small Homopterans More than 1550 species have been described FireFly is the second single by Essex Alternative rock band InMe. Alderflies are megalopteran Insects of the family Sialidae. They are closely related to the Dobsonflies and Fishflies The name dobsonfly refers to Insects of the Subfamily Corydalinae, part of the Megalopteran family Corydalidae. Snakeflies are a group of Insects in the order Raphidioptera, consisting of about 150 Species. Symphyta redirects here For the Moth Genus, see Symphyta (genus. Caddisflies, sedge-flies or rail flies (Order Trichoptera, from Greek trich, "hair" and ptera, "wings" A butterfly is an Insect of the order Lepidoptera. Like all Lepidoptera butterflies are notable for their unusual life cycle with a Mecoptera (from the Greek: meco- = "long" -ptera = "wings" are an order of Insects with about 550 species in nine families Some true flies have become secondarily wingless, especially in the superfamily Hippoboscoidea, or among those that are inquilines in social insect colonies. Hippoboscoidea is a superfamily of Calyptratae. The flies in this superfamily are blood-feeding obligate Parasites of their hosts In Zoology, an inquiline (from Latin inquilinus, "lodger" or "tenant" is an Animal that lives commensally in

It is a large order, containing an estimated 240,000 species of mosquitos, gnats, midges and others, although under half of these (about 120,000 species) have been described ^[1]. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Mosquitoes are insects in the family Culicidae. They have a pair of scaled wings a pair of Halteres, a slender body and long legs GNAT is a free-software Compiler for the Ada programming language which forms part of the GNU Compiler Collection. Midges comprise many kinds of very small two-winged flies The term does not encapsulate a well-defined taxonomic group but includes animals in several families of Nematoceran It is one of the major insect orders both in terms of ecological and human (medical and economic) importance. The Diptera, in particular the mosquitoes (Culicidae), are of great importance as disease transmitters, acting as vectors for malaria, dengue, West Nile virus, yellow fever, encephalitis and other infectious diseases. Mosquitoes are insects in the family Culicidae. They have a pair of scaled wings a pair of Halteres, a slender body and long legs Malaria is a vector -borne Infectious disease caused by Protozoan Parasites It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions including West Nile virus (or WNV is a Virus of the family Flaviviridae; part of the Japanese encephalitis (JE antigenic complex of viruses it is found in Yellow fever (also called yellow jack, black vomit or sometimes American Plague) is an acute viral disease Encephalitis is an acute Inflammation of the Brain, commonly caused by a viral Infection.

Ecology

Anatomy of a Housefly. I: head; II: thorax III: abdomen. — 1: prescutum; 2: anterior spiracle; 3: scutum; 4: mesopleuron; 5: calypters; 6: scutellum; 7: wing vein; 8: wing; 9: abdominal segment; 10: haltere; 11: posterior spiracle; 12: femur; 13: tibia; 14: spur; 15: tarsus; 16: propleuron; 17: prosternum; 18: mesopleuron; 19: mesosternum; 20: metapleuron; 21: metasternum; 22: compound eye; 23: arista; 24: antenna; 25: maxilary palps; 26: labium; 27: hypopharynx ^[2] 28:labellum; 29:pseudotrachea. Spiracles are small openings on the surface of some Animals that usually lead to Respiratory systems In Elasmobranchs ( Sharks and The mesothorax is the middle of the three segments in the Thorax of an Insect, and bears the second pair of legs A calypter is either of two posterior lobes of the posterior margin of the forewing of flies between the extreme posterior wing base and the Alula, which WING "ESPN 1410" is a commercial AM radio station in Dayton Ohio operating with 5000 watts at 1410 kHz with studios offices and transmitter located on David This article concerns insect anatomy For halteres as used in ancient sports see Halteres (ancient Greece Halteres (hælˈtɪəriːz singular Spiracles are small openings on the surface of some Animals that usually lead to Respiratory systems In Elasmobranchs ( Sharks and The arthropod leg is a form of jointed Appendage of Arthropods usually used for Walking. The arthropod leg is a form of jointed Appendage of Arthropods usually used for Walking. The arthropod leg is a form of jointed Appendage of Arthropods usually used for Walking. The arthropod leg is a form of jointed Appendage of Arthropods usually used for Walking. Antennae (singular antenna) are paired Appendages connected to the front-most segments of Arthropods In Crustaceans they are Antennae (singular antenna) are paired Appendages connected to the front-most segments of Arthropods In Crustaceans they are The mouthparts of Arthropods have evolved into a number of forms each adapted to a different style or mode of feeding The mouthparts of Arthropods have evolved into a number of forms each adapted to a different style or mode of feeding The mouthparts of Arthropods have evolved into a number of forms each adapted to a different style or mode of feeding The mouthparts of Arthropods have evolved into a number of forms each adapted to a different style or mode of feeding

Diptera are a diverse order with an enormous range of ecological roles. Every type of trophic level pattern can be seen in the Diptera. In Ecology, trophic dynamics is the system of trophic levels ( Greek trophē, food which describe the position that an organism occupies Dipteran predators include the robber flies (Asilidae). Insects in the Diptera family Asilidae are commonly called robber flies. ^[3] A variety of herbivores can be found in the Diptera, such as the economically important fruit flies (Tephritidae). Herbivory is a form of Predation in which an Organism, known as a herbivore, consumes principally Autotrophs ref name=Campbell>Campbell Tephritidae is one of two fly families referred to as " fruit flies. Flies are often parasites, including internal parasites such as the bot fly and external parasites such as the mosquito, black fly, sand fly or louse fly. Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between Organisms of different Species. Oestridae (also called botfly or "bumfly" bot fly) is a family of Oestroidea. Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between Organisms of different Species. Mosquitoes are insects in the family Culicidae. They have a pair of scaled wings a pair of Halteres, a slender body and long legs A black fly (sometimes called a buffalo Gnat, turkey gnat or white socks) is any member of the family Simuliidae of the Sandfly (or sand fly) is a colloquial name for any species or Genus of flying biting Blood-sucking Dipteran encountered in sandy areas Hippoboscidae, the louse flies or keds are obligate Parasites of Mammals and Birds. Myiasis is the special term for diseases cause by flies (such as the screw worm fly) infecting living tissue. Myiasis (ˈmaɪəsɨs or /maɪˈaɪəsɨs/ is an animal or human disease caused by parasitic dipterous fly larvae feeding on the host 's Necrotic Cochliomyia hominivorax, the New World screw-worm fly, or screw-worm for short is a species of parasitic Fly that is well known Many flies eat dead organic matter (detritovores), plant or animal remains. Detritivores, also known as detritus feeders or saprophages, are Heterotrophs that obtain Nutrients by consuming Detritus (decomposing This is especially common in the larval stage, seen in the filter-feeding mosquitoes and black flies, the dung-feeding blow flies (Calliphoridae), or the organic deposit feeding rat-tailed maggot. Mosquitoes are insects in the family Culicidae. They have a pair of scaled wings a pair of Halteres, a slender body and long legs A black fly (sometimes called a buffalo Gnat, turkey gnat or white socks) is any member of the family Simuliidae of the Rat-tailed maggots are the larvae of some species of Hoverfly, commonly Eristalis tenax. A number of taxa feed on blood, including horse flies and mosquitoes. Insects in the order Diptera, family Tabanidae, are commonly called Horse flies, and sometimes also "forest flies" or "deer flies" Mosquitoes are insects in the family Culicidae. They have a pair of scaled wings a pair of Halteres, a slender body and long legs

Some flies can be important pollinators for many species of plant (many such fly-specialized plants, such as Stapelia, Rafflesia, and Aristolochia, produce carrion odors), and many flies feed on pollen and nectar of common plants, and can perform incidental pollination. A pollinator is the biotic agent ( vector) that moves Pollen from the male Anthers of a Flower to the female stigma of a flower to accomplish The genus Stapelia consists of around 40 Species of low growing spineless stem Succulent Plants predominantly from South Africa Rafflesia is a Genus of parasitic Flowering plants It was discovered in the Indonesian Rain forest by an Indonesian Aristolochia is a large Plant Genus with over 500 Species. Collectively known as birthworts, pipevines or Carrion (from the Latin caro, meaning meat refers to the carcass of a dead animal Pollen is a fine to coarse powder consisting of microgametophytes ( pollen grains) which produce the male Gametes (sperm cells of Nectar is a Sugar -rich liquid produced by plants It is produced either by the Flowers in which it attracts pollinating animals or by extrafloral Similar relationships occur between flies and various fungi, with flies dispersing the fungal spores. A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ In Biology, a spore is a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersal and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions

Green bottle fly

The basic fly life cycle is egg, larvae (maggots — see below), pupa and adult (winged stage), called holometabolism. Holometabolism, also called complete metamorphism, is a term applied to insect groups to describe the specific kind of insect development which includes four There is often a difference in food sources for larvae versus adult dipterans of the same species. For example, mosquito larvae live in standing water and feed on detritus while the adults feed on nectar as their energy source while females utilize blood as their energy source for egg production. Mosquitoes are insects in the family Culicidae. They have a pair of scaled wings a pair of Halteres, a slender body and long legs Various maggots cause damage in agricultural crop production, including root maggots in rapeseed, midge maggots in wheat, and numerous species of leaf miners (note that since fly maggots have no legs, they almost exclusively feed internally on plants). Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture The Genus Delia is part of the Fly family Anthomyiidae. The genus Delia contains approximately 300–340 species world-wide Rapeseed ( Brassica napus) also known as rape, oilseed rape, rapa, rapaseed and (in the case of one particular group of Midges comprise many kinds of very small two-winged flies The term does not encapsulate a well-defined taxonomic group but includes animals in several families of Nematoceran Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. Leaf miner is a term used to describe the Larvae of many different species of Insect which live in and eat the Leaf tissue of plants

Flies rely heavily on sight for survival. The compound eyes of flies are composed of thousands of individual lenses and are very sensitive to movement. Some flies have very accurate 3D vision. A few, like Ormia ochracea, have very advanced hearing organs. Ormia ochracea is a small yellow Fly, a Parasite of crickets It is notable because of its exceptionally good hearing

Classification

See also: List of families of Diptera

A poster with sixteen different species of flies

There are two generally accepted suborders of Diptera. Families of Diptera "Nematocera" Anisopodidae Edwards, 1921 Synonyms Phryneidae Rhyphidae Sylvicolidae Mycetobiidae The Nematocera are usually recognized by their elongated bodies and feathery antennae as represented by mosquitoes and crane flies. Nematocera are generally primitive flies, typically recognized by filamentous multi-segmented antennae which may be plumose in some males The Brachycera tend to have a more roundly proportioned body and very short antennae. Brachycera is a suborder of Diptera. It is a major suborder consisting of around 120 families. A more recent classification has been proposed in which the Nematocera is split into two suborders, the Archidiptera and the Eudiptera, but this has not yet gained widespread acceptance among dipterists. Archidiptera is a suborder of Diptera under an alternative classification based largely on Fossil taxa it has not gained wide acceptance among non-paleontological Eudiptera is a suborder of Diptera under an alternative subordinal classification based largely on Fossil taxa it has not gained wide acceptance among non-paleontological

1. Suborder Nematocera (77 families, 35 of them extinct) – long antennae, pronotum distinct from mesonotum. Nematocera are generally primitive flies, typically recognized by filamentous multi-segmented antennae which may be plumose in some males The prothorax is the foremost of the three segments in the Thorax of an Insect, and bears the first pair of legs The mesothorax is the middle of the three segments in the Thorax of an Insect, and bears the second pair of legs In Nematocera, larvae are either eucephalic or hemicephalic and often aquatic.
2. Suborder Brachycera (141 families, 8 of them extinct) – short antennae, the pupa is inside a puparium formed from the last larval skin. Brachycera is a suborder of Diptera. It is a major suborder consisting of around 120 families. A pupa ( Latin pupa for doll pl pupae or pupas) is the life stage of some Insects undergoing transformation A larva ( Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of Animal with indirect development, undergoing Metamorphosis (for example Brachycera are generally robust flies with larvae having reduced mouthparts.
   1. Infraorders Tabanomorpha and Asilomorpha – these comprise the majority of what was the Orthorrhapha under older classification schemes. The Brachyceran infraorder Tabanomorpha is a small group that consists primarily of two large families the Tabanidae (horse and deer flies and Rhagionidae The Brachyceran infraorder Asilomorpha is a large and diverse group of flies containing the bulk of the non- muscoid Brachycera Orthorrhapha is a Circumscriptional name which historically was used for an infraorder of Brachycera, one of the two Suborders into which the The antennae are short, but differ in structure from those of the Muscomorpha. The Brachyceran infraorder Muscomorpha is a large and diverse group of flies containing the bulk of the Brachycera and in fact most of the known Diptera.
   2. Infraorder Muscomorpha – (largely the Cyclorrhapha of older schemes). The Brachyceran infraorder Muscomorpha is a large and diverse group of flies containing the bulk of the Brachycera and in fact most of the known Diptera. Cyclorrhapha is an unranked taxon within the infraorder Muscomorpha. Muscomorpha have 3-segmented, aristate (with a bristle) antennae and larvae with three instars that are acephalic (maggots). Antennae (singular antenna) are paired Appendages connected to the front-most segments of Arthropods In Crustaceans they are An instar is a developmental stage of Arthropods, such as Insects, between each moult ( ecdysis) until sexual maturity is reached

Most of the Muscomorpha are further subdivided into the Acalyptratae and Calyptratae based on whether or not they have a calypter (a wing flap that extends over the halteres). Acalyptratae is a subsection of Schizophora, commonly referred to as the acalyptrate muscoids (or simply acalyptrates) Calyptratae is a subsection of Schizophora in the Insect order Diptera, commonly referred to as the calyptrate muscoids (or simply

Beyond that, considerable revision in the taxonomy of the flies has taken place since the introduction of modern cladistic techniques, and much remains uncertain. The secondary ranks between the suborders and the families are more out of practical or historical considerations than out of any strict respect for phylogenetic classifications (some modern cladists tend to spurn the use of Linnaean rank names). Nearly all classifications in use now, including this article, contain some paraphyletic groupings; this is emphasized where the numerous alternative systems are most greatly at odds. In Phylogenetics, a group of organisms is said to be paraphyletic if the group contains its most recent common ancestor but does not contain all See list of families of Diptera. Families of Diptera "Nematocera" Anisopodidae Edwards, 1921 Synonyms Phryneidae Rhyphidae Sylvicolidae Mycetobiidae

Dipterans belong to the group Mecopterida, that also contains Mecoptera, Siphonaptera, Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) and Trichoptera. Mecoptera (from the Greek: meco- = "long" -ptera = "wings" are an order of Insects with about 550 species in nine families Flea is the Common name for any of the small wingless Insects of the order Siphonaptera (some authorities use the name Aphaniptera Lepidoptera is an order of Insect that includes Moths and butterflies. A butterfly is an Insect of the order Lepidoptera. Like all Lepidoptera butterflies are notable for their unusual life cycle with a A moth is an Insect closely related to the Butterfly, both being of the order Lepidoptera. Caddisflies, sedge-flies or rail flies (Order Trichoptera, from Greek trich, "hair" and ptera, "wings" Inside it, they are sometimes classified closely together with Mecoptera and Siphonaptera in the superorder Antliophora ^[4]. Mecoptera (from the Greek: meco- = "long" -ptera = "wings" are an order of Insects with about 550 species in nine families Flea is the Common name for any of the small wingless Insects of the order Siphonaptera (some authorities use the name Aphaniptera

Evolution

Diptera are among the most evolved insects, and are usually thought to derive from Mecoptera or a strictly related group. Mecoptera (from the Greek: meco- = "long" -ptera = "wings" are an order of Insects with about 550 species in nine families First true dipterans are known from the Middle Triassic, becoming widespread during the Middle and Late Triassic ^[5]. The Triassic is a geologic period and system that extends from about 251 to 199 Ma (million years ago

Flies in culture

Flies have often been used in mythology and literature to represent agents of death and decay, such as the Biblical fourth plague of Egypt, or portrayed as nuisances (e. The word mythology (from the Greek grc μυθολογία mythología, meaning "a story-telling a legendary lore" Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter The Plagues of Egypt ( the Biblical Plagues or the Ten Plagues ( are the ten calamities imposed upon Egypt by God in the Bible g. , in Greek mythology, Myiagros was a god who chased away flies during the sacrifices to Zeus and Athena, and Zeus sent a fly to bite the horse Pegasus causing Bellerophon to fall back to Earth when he attempted to ride to Mount Olympus), though in a few cultures the connotation is not so negative (e. Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance Myiagros, in Greek mythology was a god who chased away flies during the sacrifices to Zeus and Athena. Zeus (zjuːs in Greek: nominative: Zeús /zdeús/ genitive: Diós; Modern Greek /'zefs/ in Greek mythology ATHENA was an Antimatter research project that took place at the AD Ring at CERN. Zeus (zjuːs in Greek: nominative: Zeús /zdeús/ genitive: Diós; Modern Greek /'zefs/ in Greek mythology In Greek mythology, Pegasus ( Greek: Πήγασος, Pégasos, 'strong' was a winged horse that was the son of Poseidon, in his role Bellerophon (βελλεροφῶν or Bellerophontes (βελλεροφόντης was a Hero of Greek mythology, "the greatest hero and Mount Olympus (Όλυμπος also transliterated as Ólympos, and on Greek maps Óros Ólimbos) is the highest Mountain in Greece g. , in the traditional Navajo religion, Big Fly is an important spirit being). The Navajo or Diné people (also spelled Navaho) of the Southwestern United States Emily Dickinson's poem "I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died" also makes reference to flies in the context of death.

Not surprisingly, in art and entertainment, flies are also used primarily to introduce elements of horror or the simply mundane; an example of the former is the 1958 science fiction film The Fly (remade in 1986), in which a scientist accidentally exchanges parts of his body with those of a fly. The Fly ( 1958) is an American science-fiction / Horror film, directed by Kurt Neumann. The Fly is a 1986 Science fiction / Horror film produced by Brooksfilms and 20th Century Fox, directed by David Cronenberg Examples of the latter include trompe l'oeil paintings of the 15th century such as Portrait of a Carthusian by Petrus Christus, showing a fly sitting on a fake frame ^[6], a 2001 art project by Garnet Hertz in which a complete web server was implanted into a dead fly[1], and various musical works (such as Yoko Ono's album Fly, U2's song "The Fly," Dave Matthews' song "The Fly" and Béla Bartók's "From the Diary of a Fly"). Trompe-l'œil, which can also be spelled without the hyphen in English ( French: "trick the eye" tʁɔ̃p lœj is an Art technique involving extremely Petrus Christus (c 1410/1420 – 1475/1476 was a Netherlandish painter active in Bruges from 1444 The term web server can mean one of two things A Computer program that is responsible for accepting HTTP requests from web clients which are born in Tokyo on February 18 1933 is a Japanese Artist and Musician. Fly is the second album by Yoko Ono. It was produced by Joe Jones and released in 1971 " The Fly " is the seventh song on U2 's 1991 album Achtung Baby and was released as the album's first single David John Matthews (born January 9, 1967) is a South African now naturalized American, Grammy award-winning " The Fly " is a song by Dave Matthews, written for the film Joshua. Béla Viktor János Bartók (March 25 1881&ndashSeptember 26 1945 was a Hungarian Composer and Pianist, considered to be one of the greatest The ability of flies to cling to almost any surface has also inspired the title of Human Fly for stunt performers who stunts involve climbing buildings, including both real life and fictional individuals.

Aside from the fictional and conceptual role flies play in culture, however, there are practical roles that flies can play (e. g. , flies are reared in large numbers in Japan to serve as pollinators of sunflowers in greenhouses), especially the maggots of various species. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. A pollinator is the biotic agent ( vector) that moves Pollen from the male Anthers of a Flower to the female stigma of a flower to accomplish The sunflower ( Helianthus annuus) is an Annual plant in the family Asteraceae and native to the Americas, with a large flowering Maggot is the common name of the Larval phase of development in insects of the order Diptera (flies

Maggots

Further information: Maggot

Maggots being used to treat a wound

Some types of maggots found on corpses can be of great use to forensic scientists. Maggot is the common name of the Larval phase of development in insects of the order Diptera (flies Maggot is the common name of the Larval phase of development in insects of the order Diptera (flies By their stage of development, these maggots can be used to give an indication of the time elapsed since death, as well as the place the organism died. Maggot species can be identified through the Use of DNA in forensic entomology. Forensic entomology contains three aspects medicocriminal entomology urban entomology and Stored product entomology. The size of the house fly maggot is 10–20 mm (⅜–¾ in). The Millimetre ( American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to Inches redirects here To see the Les Savy Fav album see Inches. At the height of the summer season, a generation of flies (egg to adult) may be produced in 12–14 days.

Other types of maggots are bred commercially, as a popular bait in angling, and a food for carnivorous pets such as reptiles or birds. Angling is a method of Fishing by means of an "angle" ( hook) Reptiles, or members of the class Reptilia are air-breathing Cold-blooded Vertebrates that have skin covered in scales as opposed to hair or feathers Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs.

Maggots have been used in medicine to clean out necrotic wounds ^[7], and in food production, particularly of cheeses (casu marzu). Maggot therapy (also known as maggot debridement therapy (MDT larval therapy larva therapy larvae therapy biodebridement or biosurgery is a type of Biotherapy involving Necrosis (in Greek Νεκρός = "dead" is the name given to unnatural Death of cells and living tissue. In Medicine, a wound is a type of Injury in which the Skin is torn cut or punctured (an open wound or where blunt force trauma Casu marzu (also called casu modde, casu cundhídu, or in Italian formaggio

Gallery

Ceratitis capitata, "Mediterranean fruit fly"

Anopheles gambiae

Tachinid fly

References

Biology

• Harold Oldroyd The Natural History of Flies. Harold Oldroyd was a British entomologist, born in 1914 He specialised in the biology of flies, and wrote many books New York: W. W. Norton. 1965.
• Eugène Séguy Diptera: recueil d'etudes biologiques et systematiques sur les Dipteres du Globe (Collection of biological and systematic studies on Diptera of the World). Eugène Séguy (1890 – 1 June 1985 was a French Entomologist who specialised in Diptera. 11 vols. Text figs. Part of Encyclopedie Entomologique, Serie B II: Diptera. 1924-1953.
• Eugène Seguy. La Biologie des Dipteres 1950. pp. 609. 7 col + 3 b/w plates, 225 text figs.

Classification

• Colless, D. H. & McAlpine, D. K. 1991 Diptera (flies) , pp. 717-786. In: The Division of Entomology. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra (spons. ), The insects of Australia. Melbourne Univ. Press, Melbourne.
• Griffiths, G. C. D. The phylogenetic classification of Diptera Cyclorrhapha, withspecial reference to the structure of the male postabdomen. Ser. Ent. 8, 340 pp. [Dr. W. Junk, N. V. , The Hague] (1972).
• Willi Hennig Die Larvenformen der Dipteren. Emil Hans Willi Hennig ( April 20, 1913 in Dürrhennersdorf/ Oberlausitz – November 5, 1976 in Ludwigsburg) was a 3. Teil. Akad. -Verlag, Berlin. 185 pp. , 3 pls. 1948
• Willi Hennig (1954) Flugelgeader und System der Dipteren unter Berucksichtigung der aus dem Mesozoikum beschriebenen Fossilien. Beitr. Ent. 4: 245-388 (1954).
• F. Christian Thompson. Sources for the Biosystematic Database of World Diptera (Flies). United States Department of Agriculture, Systematic Entomology Laboratory.
• Willi Hennig: Diptera (Zweifluger). Handb. Zool. Berl. 4 (2 ) (31):1-337. General introduction with key to World Families. In German.

Evolution

• Blagoderov, V. A. , Lukashevich, E. D. & Mostovski, M. B. 2002. Order Diptera. In: Rasnitsyn, A.P. and Quicke, D. Alexandr (Alex P Rasnitsyn (born 24 September 1936 in Moscow) is one of the world's leading experts in Palaeoentomology. L. J. The History of Insects, Kluwer Publ. , Dordrecht, Boston, London, pp. 227-240.

External links

• The Diptera Site
• The Bishop Museum Catalog of Fossil Diptera
• The Tree of Life Project
• Diptera at the Open Directory Project
• Dipterists Forum - The society of British Dipterists