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For other uses, see Flute (disambiguation).
An illustration of a Western concert flute
An illustration of a Western concert flute

The flute is a musical instrument of the woodwind family. The Western concert flute or C flute (most flutes are tuned to the key of C) is a popular transverse side-blown Musical instrument made of metal A musical instrument is a device constructed or modified for the purpose of making Music. Types of woodwind instruments See also List of woodwind instruments Single-reed instruments use a reed, which is a thin cut Unlike other woodwind instruments, a flute is a reedless wind instrument that produces its sound from the flow of air against an edge. Reedless wind instruments are wind instruments that do not have moving parts in their mouthpieces

A musician that plays the flute can be referred to as a flute player, a flautist, a flutist, or a fluter. A musician is a person who plays or writes Music. Musicians can be classified by their roles in creating or performing music An instrumentalist plays a A flautist, flutist, or flute player is a Musician who plays the Flute.

Contents

History

Early flutes were made of carved bone.
Early flutes were made of carved bone. Bones are rigid organs that form part of the Endoskeleton of Vertebrates They function to move support and protect the various organs of the body produce

The flute has been dated to prehistoric times. It has appeared in different forms and locations around the world. A three-holed flute made from a mammoth tusk (from the Geißenklösterle cave in the German Swabian Alb and dated to 30,000 to 37,000 years ago[1]) was discovered in 2004, and two flutes made from swans' bones excavated a decade earlier (from the same cave in Germany, dated to circa 36,000 years ago) are among the oldest known musical instruments. A mammoth is any Species of the Extinct Genus Mammuthus. These Proboscideans are members of the elephant family and The Swabian Alb (Schwäbische Alb is a low mountain range in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, extending 220 km from southwest to northeast and 40 to 70 km Swans are Birds of the family Anatidae, which also includes geese and Ducks Swans are grouped with the closely related geese in A fragment of the femur of a juvenile cave bear, with two to four holes, found at Divje Babe in Slovenia and dated to about 43,100 years ago, may also be an early flute. The femur is the thigh bone In Humans, it is the longest, most voluminous and strongest Bone. The Cave Bear ( Ursus spelaeus) was a Species of Bear which lived in Europe during the Pleistocene and became extinct at Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west [2][3] The Bible, in Genesis 4:21, cites Jubal as being the "father of all those who play the ugab and the kinnor". Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin The former Hebrew term refers to some wind instrument, or wind instruments in general, the latter to a stringed instrument, or stringed instruments in general. As such, Jubal is traditionally regarded as the inventor of the flute (a word used in some translations of this biblical passage). Some early flutes were made out of tibias (shin bones). The tibia, shinbone, or shankbone is the larger and stronger of the two Bones in the Leg below the Knee in vertebrates and connects Playable 9000-year-old Gudi (literally, "bone flute"), made from the wing bones of red-crowned cranes, with five to eight holes each, were excavated from a tomb in Jiahu[4] in the Central Chinese province of Henan. The Jiahu gudi (贾湖骨笛 is the oldest known musical instruments from China dating back to around 6000 B Jiahu ( 賈湖 Pinyin: Jiǎhú was the site of a Neolithic Yellow River settlement based in the central plains of ancient China [5]

The earliest extant transverse flute is a chi (篪) flute discovered in the Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng at the Suizhou site, Hubei province, China. The Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng ( is an important archaeological site in Suizhou, Hubei, China, dated sometime after 433 BC Administration The Prefecture-level city of Suizhou administers 2 county-level divisions, including 1 district and 1 County-level city ( Postal map spelling: Hupeh) is a central province of the People's Republic of China. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National It dates from 433 BC, of the later Zhou Dynasty. The Zhou Dynasty ( POJ: Chiu Tiau 1122 BC to 256 BC was preceded by the Shang Dynasty and followed by the Qin Dynasty in China. It is fashioned of lacquered bamboo with closed ends and has five stops that are at the flute's side instead of the top. Chi flutes are mentioned in Shi Jing, compiled and edited by Confucius. Shi Jing ( translated variously as the Classic of Poetry, the Book of Songs or the Book of Odes, is the earliest Confucius ( lit " Master Kung " September 28, 551 BC - 479 BC) was a Chinese thinker and social philosopher

Etruscan flute player from Tarquinia.
Etruscan flute player from Tarquinia. Etruscan civilization is the modern English name given to the culture and way of life of a people of ancient Italy Tarquinia, formerly Corneto and in Antiquity Tarquinii, is an ancient city in the Province of Viterbo, Lazio, Italy.

Western flutes

Main articles: Recorder #History, Western concert flute #History, and Tin whistle #History

The pan flute was used in Greece from the 7th century BC, and spread to other parts of Europe. The recorder is a woodwind Musical instrument of the family known as Fipple Flutes ' or internal duct flutes &mdash whistle-like The Western concert flute or C flute (most flutes are tuned to the key of C) is a popular transverse side-blown Musical instrument made of metal The tin whistle, also called the tinwhistle, whistle, pennywhistle or Irish whistle, is a simple six-holed Woodwind instrument The pan flute or pan pipe (also known as panflute or panpipes) is an ancient Musical instrument based on the principle of the Closed [6] Throughout the 10th, 12th and 13th centuries, transverse flutes were very uncommon in Europe, with the various fipple flutes being more prominent. The tin whistle (an Irish flute) first appeared in the 12th century, and the recorder in the 14th century. The tin whistle, also called the tinwhistle, whistle, pennywhistle or Irish whistle, is a simple six-holed Woodwind instrument The recorder is a woodwind Musical instrument of the family known as Fipple Flutes ' or internal duct flutes &mdash whistle-like The first literary appearance of the transverse flute was made in 1285, but early on the instrument was only used in Germany and France.

Following the 16th century court music, concert flutes began appearing in chamber ensembles. The Western concert flute or C flute (most flutes are tuned to the key of C) is a popular transverse side-blown Musical instrument made of metal Chamber music is a form of Classical music, written for a small group of instruments which traditionally could be accommodated in a palace chamber These flutes were often tuned to the key of D, and used as the tenor voice. Also see D minor, or D-flat major. D major (or the key of D) is a Major scale based on D The tenor is the highest male voice within the Modal register, just above the Baritone voice However, these flutes varied greatly in size and range. The recorder continued to be popular during the renaissance, but its use declined in the 18th century. The later half of the 18th century shows the first orchestras being formed, and the concert flute being a member thereof, featured in symphonies and concertos. An orchestra is an instrumental ensemble, usually fairly large with string brass woodwind sections and possibly a percussion section as well A symphony is a Musical composition, often extended and usually for Orchestra. The term Concerto (plural concertos or concerti) usually refers to a three part musical work in which one solo instrument is accompanied by an Orchestra Throughout the rest of the 18th century the interest in concert flutes increased, and peaked in the early half of the 1800s. In the 19th century, the ocarina was developed from the gemshorn, an instrument from the 16th century. The ocarina ( is an ancient Flute -like Wind instrument. While several variations exist an ocarina is typified by an oval-shaped enclosed space with four to twelve The Gemshorn receives its name from the German language, and means literally a Chamois horn

The 20th century saw a revival of the recorder, while the concert flute and tin whistle continued to be popular. The invention of plastics in the 20th century gave birth to the tonette, a fipple flute used in music education, but it soon fell out of use, replaced by plastic recorders. The Tonette is a small end-blown Flute made of Plastic, which was once popular in American elementary music education

Flute acoustics

A flute produces sound when a stream of air directed across a hole in the instrument bounces in and out of the hole. Sound' is Vibration transmitted through a Solid, Liquid, or Gas; particularly sound means those vibrations composed of Frequencies [7][8]

The air stream across this hole creates a Bernoulli, or siphon, effect leading to a von Karman vortex street. In Fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that for an Inviscid flow, an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in A Kármán vortex street is a repeating pattern of swirling vortices caused by the unsteady separation of flow over bluff bodies This excites the air contained in the usually cylindrical resonant cavity within the flute. A resonator is a device or system that exhibits Resonance or resonant behavior that is it naturally oscillates at some frequencies, called its resonance The player changes the pitch of the sound produced by opening and closing holes in the body of the instrument, thus changing the effective length of the resonator and its corresponding resonant frequency. Pitch represents the perceived Fundamental frequency of a sound A resonator is a device or system that exhibits Resonance or resonant behavior that is it naturally oscillates at some frequencies, called its resonance In Physics, resonance is the tendency of a system to Oscillate at maximum Amplitude at certain frequencies, known as the system's By varying the air pressure, a flute player can also change the pitch of a note by causing the air in the flute to resonate at a harmonic other than the fundamental frequency without opening or closing any holes. In Acoustics and Telecommunication, the harmonic of a Wave is a component Frequency of the signal that is an Integer The fundamental tone, often referred to simply as the fundamental and abbreviated fo, is the lowest frequency in a harmonic series.

To be louder, a flute must use a larger resonator, a larger air stream, or increased air stream velocity. In Physics, velocity is defined as the rate of change of Position. A flute's volume can generally be increased by making its resonator and tone holes larger. The volume of any solid plasma vacuum or theoretical object is how much three- Dimensional space it occupies often quantified numerically This is why a police whistle, a form of flute, is very wide for its pitch, and why a pipe organ can be far louder than a concert flute: a large organ pipe can contain several cubic feet of air, and its tone hole may be several inches wide, while a concert flute's air stream measures a fraction of an inch across. An organ pipe is a sound-producing element of the Pipe organ that resonates at a specific pitch when pressurized air (commonly referred to as wind The cubic foot is an imperial and US customary (non- metric) unit of Volume, used in the United States Canada and the United Kingdom Inches redirects here To see the Les Savy Fav album see Inches.

The air stream must be directed at the correct angle and velocity, or else the air in the flute will not vibrate. In fippled or ducted flutes, a precisely formed and placed windway channel extrudes the air. Fipple Flute or Tubular Ducted Flute mouthpieces are commonly found on end-blown Woodwind instruments such as the Tin whistle and the Recorder In the organ, this air is supplied by a regulated blower.

In non-fipple flutes, the air stream is shaped and directed by the player's lips, called the embouchure. The embouchure is the use of facial muscles and the shaping of the lips to the Mouthpiece of a Wind instrument. This allows the player a wide range of expression in pitch, volume, and timbre, especially in comparison to fipple/ducted flutes. However, it also makes an end blown flute or transverse flute considerably more difficult for a beginner to produce a full sound than a ducted flute, such as the recorder. The end-blown flute or rim-blown flute is a keyless Woodwind instrument played by directing an airstream against the sharp edge of the upper end of a tube The recorder is a woodwind Musical instrument of the family known as Fipple Flutes ' or internal duct flutes &mdash whistle-like Transverse and end-blown flutes also take more air to play, which requires deeper breathing and makes circular breathing a considerably trickier proposition. Circular breathing is a technique used by players of some Wind instruments to produce a continuous tone without interruption

Generally, the quality called timbre or "tone colour" varies because the flute can produce harmonics in different proportions or intensities. In Acoustics and Telecommunication, the harmonic of a Wave is a component Frequency of the signal that is an Integer The tone color can be modified by changing the internal shape of the bore, such as the conical taper, or the diameter-to-length ratio. A harmonic is a frequency that is a whole number multiple of a lower register, or "fundamental" note of the flute. The fundamental tone, often referred to simply as the fundamental and abbreviated fo, is the lowest frequency in a harmonic series. Generally the air stream is thinner (vibrating in more modes), faster (providing more energy to excite the air's resonance), and aimed across the hole less deeply (permitting a more shallow deflection of the air stream) in the production of higher harmonics or upper partials. In Acoustics and Telecommunication, the harmonic of a Wave is a component Frequency of the signal that is an Integer To quote acoustician Arthur H. Benade, "The fundamental frequency (scale) is determined by the internal cubic volume, but the upper registers (harmonics) are determined by shape alone. "

Head joint geometry appears particularly critical to acoustic performance and tone,[9] but there is no clear consensus on a particular shape amongst manufacturers. Acoustic impedance of the embouchure hole appears the most critical parameter. [10] Critical variables affecting this acoustic impedance include: chimney length (hole between lip-plate and head tube), chimney diameter, and radiuses or curvature of the ends of the chimney.

There is a belief that the timbre may also be affected by the material from which the instrument is made. For example, instruments made of wood are said to be less "bright"[11] than metal instruments. Different metals are also thought to influence the tone. However, a study in which professional players were blindfolded could find no significant differences between instruments made from a variety of different metals. [12] In two different sets of blind listening, no instrument was correctly identified in a first listening, and in a second, only the silver instrument was identified. The study concluded that there was "no evidence that the wall material has any appreciable effect on the sound color or dynamic range of the instrument". Unfortunately, this study did not control for headjoint design, which is generally known to affect tone (see above). Controlled tone tests show that the tube mass does make a difference and therefore tube density and wall thickness will make a difference. [1] Some feel that relatively small differences in shape are more important than differences in material, because the waves in the air couple only weakly to vibrations in the body. Wooden flutes usually have different shapes from metal instruments. For example, the junctions between the tone hole risers and the bore are usually sharper in wooden instruments, and these sharper edges have an effect on the sound.

Categories of flute

Playing the zampoña, a Pre-Inca instrument and type of pan pipes.
Playing the zampoña, a Pre-Inca instrument and type of pan pipes. This The pan flute or pan pipe (also known as panflute or panpipes) is an ancient Musical instrument based on the principle of the Closed

In its most basic form, a flute can be an open tube which is blown like a bottle. There are several broad classes of flutes. With most flutes, the musician blows directly across the edge of the mouthpiece. However, some flutes, such as the whistle, gemshorn, flageolet, recorder, tin whistle, tonette, fujara, and ocarina have a duct that directs the air onto the edge (an arrangement that is termed a "fipple"). A simple whistle is a Woodwind instrument which produces Sound from a stream of forced air The Gemshorn receives its name from the German language, and means literally a Chamois horn A flageolet is a Woodwind Musical instrument and a member of the fipple flute family The recorder is a woodwind Musical instrument of the family known as Fipple Flutes ' or internal duct flutes &mdash whistle-like The tin whistle, also called the tinwhistle, whistle, pennywhistle or Irish whistle, is a simple six-holed Woodwind instrument The Tonette is a small end-blown Flute made of Plastic, which was once popular in American elementary music education The fujara is a large folk Shepherd 's Fipple Flute of unique design originating from Slovakia. The ocarina ( is an ancient Flute -like Wind instrument. While several variations exist an ocarina is typified by an oval-shaped enclosed space with four to twelve Fipple Flute or Tubular Ducted Flute mouthpieces are commonly found on end-blown Woodwind instruments such as the Tin whistle and the Recorder These are known as fipple flutes. The fipple gives the instrument a distinct timbre which is different from non-fipple flutes and makes the instrument easier to play, but takes a degree of control away from the musician.

Another division is between side-blown (or transverse) flutes, such as the Western concert flute, piccolo, fife, dizi, and bansuri; and end-blown flutes, such as the ney, xiao, kaval, danso, shakuhachi, and quena. A transverse flute or side-blown flute is a Flute which is held horizontally when played The piccolo is a small Flute. Like the flute the piccolo is normally pitched in the key of C one octave above the concert flute (making it effectively a sopranino A fife is a small high-pitched transverse Flute that is similar to the Piccolo, but louder and shriller due to its narrower bore The dizi ( is a Chinese Transverse flute. It is also sometimes known as the di ( 笛) or hengdi ( 橫[[wiktionary The bansuri (बांसुरी is a transverse alto Flute of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal, made of a single length of bamboo The end-blown flute or rim-blown flute is a keyless Woodwind instrument played by directing an airstream against the sharp edge of the upper end of a tube The ney ( Persian: نی; Arabic: ناي; also nai, nye, nay, The xiao ( is a Chinese vertical End-blown flute. It is generally made of dark brown Bamboo (called "purple bamboo" in Chinese The kaval is a chromatic End-blown flute traditionally played throughout Azerbaijan, Turkey, Bulgaria, Republic of Macedonia The danso (also spelled tanso) is a Korean notched end-blown vertical bamboo Flute used in Korean folk music The is a Japanese end-blown Flute. Its name means "18 feet" referring to its size The quena (qina sometimes also written "kena" in English is the traditional Flute of the Andes. The player of a side-blown flute uses a hole on the side of the tube to produce a tone, instead of blowing on an end of the tube. End-blown flutes should not be confused with fipple flutes such as the recorder, which are also played vertically but have an internal duct to direct the air flow across the edge of the tone hole. The recorder is a woodwind Musical instrument of the family known as Fipple Flutes ' or internal duct flutes &mdash whistle-like The vertical flute is either (1 a rim-blown (notched or un-notched Flute, (2 a tubular duct flute, with tapered bore or (3 a transversely blown flute

Flutes may be open at one or both ends. The ocarina, pan pipes, police whistle, and bosun's whistle are closed-ended. The ocarina ( is an ancient Flute -like Wind instrument. While several variations exist an ocarina is typified by an oval-shaped enclosed space with four to twelve The pan flute or pan pipe (also known as panflute or panpipes) is an ancient Musical instrument based on the principle of the Closed A simple whistle is a Woodwind instrument which produces Sound from a stream of forced air A boatswain's call is a pipe that is made of a tube (called the gun that directs air over a Grape -sized metal sphere (called the buoy with a hole cut in the top(called Open-ended flutes such as the concert flute and the recorder have more harmonics, and thus more flexibility for the player, and brighter timbres. An organ pipe may be either open or closed, depending on the sound desired.

Flutes can be played with several different air sources. Conventional flutes are blown with the mouth, although some cultures use nose flutes. The Nose flute is a popular Musical instrument played in Polynesia and the Pacific Rim countries The Flue pipes of Organs, which are acoustically similar to duct flutes, are blown by bellows or fans. A flue pipe (also referred to as a labial pipe is an Organ pipe that produces sound through the vibration of air molecules in the same manner as a Recorder The pipe organ is a Musical instrument that produces sound when pressurized air (wind is driven through a series of pipes, controlled by a keyboard

The Western concert flutes

Main article: Western concert flute
An illustration of a Western concert flute
An illustration of a Western concert flute

The Western concert flute, a descendant of the 19th-Century German flute, is a transverse flute which is closed at the top. The Western concert flute or C flute (most flutes are tuned to the key of C) is a popular transverse side-blown Musical instrument made of metal The Western concert flute or C flute (most flutes are tuned to the key of C) is a popular transverse side-blown Musical instrument made of metal The Western concert flute or C flute (most flutes are tuned to the key of C) is a popular transverse side-blown Musical instrument made of metal The Western concert flute or C flute (most flutes are tuned to the key of C) is a popular transverse side-blown Musical instrument made of metal Near the top is the embouchure hole, across and into which the player blows. The embouchure is the use of facial muscles and the shaping of the lips to the Mouthpiece of a Wind instrument. It has larger circular finger-holes than its baroque predecessors, designed to increase the instrument's dynamic range. Various combinations can be opened or closed by means of keys, to produce the different notes in its playing range. In Music, the range of a Musical instrument is the distance from the lowest to the highest pitch it can play The note produced depends on which finger-holes are opened or closed and on how the flute is blown. There are two kinds of foot joints available for the concert flute: the standard C foot (shown above) or the longer B foot with an extra key extending the flute's range to B below middle C. There can also be a Bb below middle c foot joint added to the instrument. With the rare exception of the Kingma system, or custom-devised fingering systems, modern Western concert flutes conform to the Boehm system. The Boehm system is a system of keywork for the Flute, created by Inventor and Flautist Theobald Boehm between 1831 and 1847

The standard concert flute is pitched in the key of C and has a range of 3 octaves starting from middle C (or one half-step lower with a B foot). In Music, an octave ( is the the use of which is "common in most musical systems C or Do is the first Note of the fixed-Do Solfege. In Western Music, the expression " Middle C " refers to the note This means that the concert flute is one of the highest common orchestral instruments, with the exception of the piccolo, which plays an octave higher. The piccolo is a small Flute. Like the flute the piccolo is normally pitched in the key of C one octave above the concert flute (making it effectively a sopranino G alto and C bass flutes, pitched, respectively, a perfect fourth and an octave below the concert flute, are used occasionally. Parts are written for alto flute more frequently than for bass. Alto and bass flutes are considerably heavier than the normal C flute, making them more difficult to play for extended periods of time.

Other sizes of flute and piccolo are used from time to time. A rarer instrument of the modern pitching system is the treble G flute. Instruments made according to an older pitch standard, used principally in wind-band music, include Db piccolo, Eb soprano flute (the primary instrument, equivalent to today's concert C flute), F alto flute, and Bb bass flute (incidentally, the clarinet and brass families retain this orientation to a Bb, rather than C tonal centre).

The Indian Bamboo Flute

Photograph of an 8-holed bamboo flute
Photograph of an 8-holed bamboo flute
Various type of flutes being sold by a boy in a local market in Bangalore, India
Various type of flutes being sold by a boy in a local market in Bangalore, India

The Indian Bamboo Flute, one of the instruments of Indian classical music, developed independently of the Western flute. Bangalore ( officially Bengaluru ( Kannada: ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು) is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The origins of Indian classical music can be found from the oldest of Scriptures part of the Hindu tradition the Vedas. The Hindu god Krishna is traditionally considered a master of the instrument. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Krishna (कृष्ण in Devanagari kṛṣṇa in IAST, ˈkr̩ʂɳə in classical Sanskrit is a deity worshiped across many traditions of Hinduism Krishna's flute is called Bansuri. The Indian flutes are very simple instruments when compared with their Western counterparts; they are made of bamboo and are keyless. Bamboo is a group of Woody perennial Evergreen Plants in the True grass family Poaceae, subfamily The Indian concert flutes are available in standard pitches. In Carnatic Music, the pitches are referred by numbers such as 1(C), 1-1/2(C#), 2(D), 2-1/2(D#), 3(E), 4(F), 4-1/2(F#), 5(G), 5-1/2(G#), 6(A), 6-1/2(A#) & 7(B) (The above is assuming the tonic note is C). However, the pitch of a composition is itself not fixed and hence any of the flutes may be used for the concert (as long as the accompanying instruments, if any, are tuned appropriately) and is largely left to the personal preference of the artist.

Two main varieties of Indian flutes are currently used. The first, the Bansuri, has six finger holes and one blowing hole, and is used predominantly in Hindustani music, the music of Northern India. The bansuri (बांसुरी is a transverse alto Flute of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal, made of a single length of bamboo Hindustani Classical Music ( Hindi: हिन्दुस्तानी शास्त्रीय संगीत Urdu: ہندوستانی شاستریے سنگیت The second, the Venu or Pullanguzhal, has eight finger holes, and is played predominantly in Carnatic music, the music of Southern India. The venu ( Sanskrit: sa [[wiktवेणु वेणु]] veṇu is a Bamboo transverse flute used in the Carnatic music of South India The venu ( Sanskrit: sa [[wiktवेणु वेणु]] veṇu is a Bamboo transverse flute used in the Carnatic music of South India Carnatic music (also spelled Karnatak music or Karnatik music, and originally called Karṇāṭaka sangīta or Karṇāṭaka sangītam in India Presently, the 8-holed flute with cross-fingering technique, is common among many Carnatic flautists. This was introduced by the eminent flautist T. R. Mahalingam in the mid-20th Century. Prior to this, the South Indian flute had only seven finger holes, with the fingering standard developed by Sharaba Shastri of the Palladam school, at the beginning of the 20th Century.

Based on his research on Bharata Natya Shastra's Sarana Chatushtai, Avinash Balkrishna Patwardhan in 1998 developed a methodology to produce perfectly tuned flutes for the ten thatas currently present in Indian classical music. The Nātya Shastra ( Sanskrit: Nātyaśāstra नाट्य शास्त्र is an ancient Indian treatise on the Performing arts The Sarana Chatushtai is the only experiment according to Bharata Muni to obtain the correct physical configuration of Śruti Swara arrangement to Shadja Avinash Balkrishna Patwardhan born 30 August 1953 in Nagpur, Maharshatra ( India) is a civil engineer and a law graduate who has profound knowledge and interest

The quality of the sound from the flute depends somewhat on the specific bamboo used to make it, and it is generally agreed that the best bamboo grows in the Nagarcoil area in South India. Bamboo is a group of Woody perennial Evergreen Plants in the True grass family Poaceae, subfamily WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Nagercoil (Tamil நாகர்கோவில் is a city and it is the Http//en

Sring

The sring (also called blul) is a relatively small, end-blown flute with a nasal tone quality[13] and the pitch of a piccolo, found in the Caucasus region of Eastern Armenia. It is made of wood or cane, usually with seven finger holes and one thumb hole,[14] producing a diatonic scale. The sring is used by shepherds to play various signals and tunes connected with their work, and also lyrical love songs called chaban bayaty, as well as programmatic pieces. The sring is also used in combination with the def and the dohl to provide music for dancing. A daf ( Persian and Arabic: دف) is a large-sized Frame drum used to accompany both popular and classical music in Iran One Armenian musicologist believes the sring to be the most characteristic of national Armenian instruments. [15]


See also

Flutes:

Other:

References

  1. ^ "Archeologists discover ice age dwellers' flute", CBC Arts, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 2004-12-30. The dizi ( is a Chinese Transverse flute. It is also sometimes known as the di ( 笛) or hengdi ( 橫[[wiktionary The xiao ( is a Chinese vertical End-blown flute. It is generally made of dark brown Bamboo (called "purple bamboo" in Chinese A suling is an Indonesian Philippine Flute made out of Bamboo. Also called Pulalu ( Manabo) and ( Mansaka) Palandag ( Bagobo) Pulala ( Bukidnon) and Lumundeg ( Banuwaen) The quena (qina sometimes also written "kena" in English is the traditional Flute of the Andes. Also Inci - Maranao The tumpong is a type of Philippine bamboo Flute used by the Maguindanaon half the size of the largest bamboo The ney ( Persian: نی; Arabic: ناي; also nai, nye, nay, The duduk (duˈduk is a traditional woodwind instrument of Armenian origins The kaval is a chromatic End-blown flute traditionally played throughout Azerbaijan, Turkey, Bulgaria, Republic of Macedonia The bansuri (बांसुरी is a transverse alto Flute of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal, made of a single length of bamboo The venu ( Sanskrit: sa [[wiktवेणु वेणु]] veṇu is a Bamboo transverse flute used in the Carnatic music of South India Diple, dvojnice, or dvojanke ( Pluralia tantum) are a traditional Woodwind musical instrument in Serbian music and Croatian music A washint is an Ethiopian End-blown flute with four finger holes A fife is a small high-pitched transverse Flute that is similar to the Piccolo, but louder and shriller due to its narrower bore The recorder is a woodwind Musical instrument of the family known as Fipple Flutes ' or internal duct flutes &mdash whistle-like The ocarina ( is an ancient Flute -like Wind instrument. While several variations exist an ocarina is typified by an oval-shaped enclosed space with four to twelve The tin whistle, also called the tinwhistle, whistle, pennywhistle or Irish whistle, is a simple six-holed Woodwind instrument Pipe and Tabor is a pair of instruments popular since Mediæval times and played by a single player consisting of a specially designed Fipple flute the The Irish flute is a name for a wooden flute used in the playing of Irish traditional music. The Western concert flute or C flute (most flutes are tuned to the key of C) is a popular transverse side-blown Musical instrument made of metal The piccolo is a small Flute. Like the flute the piccolo is normally pitched in the key of C one octave above the concert flute (making it effectively a sopranino The treble flute is a member of the Flute family It is in the key of G pitched a fifth above the Concert flute. The alto flute is a type of Western concert flute, a Musical instrument in the Woodwind family The bass flute is the bass member of the Flute family It is in the key of C pitched one octave below the Concert flute. The contra-alto flute (also called contrabass flute in G or bass flute in F) is one of the largest instruments in the Flute family The contrabass flute (sometimes also called octobass flute) is one of the rarer members of the Flute family The subcontrabass flute is one of the largest instruments in the Flute family The double contrabass flute (sometimes also called octobass flute or Subcontrabass flute) is one of the largest and lowest pitched Flutes in the world The hyperbass flute (sometimes spelled hyper-bass flute) is the largest and lowest instrument in the Flute family The Fleadh Cheoil (Festival of Music is an Irish music competition run by Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann (CCÉ A flute choir is an instrumental ensemble consisting entirely of instruments from the flute family A flute concerto is a Concerto for solo Flute and instrumental ensemble customarily the Orchestra. A flute quartet is a musical term for a type of chamber music group. Flute repertory is the general term for pieces composed for Flute (particularly Western concert flute) and often played by Flutists (or Flautists A flute sonata is a sonata usually for Flute and Piano, though occasionally other accompanying instruments may be used The trill is a musical ornament consisting of a rapid alternation between two adjacent notes of a scale (compare Mordent and Tremolo) "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Retrieved on 2006-03-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice.  
  2. ^ Tenenbaum, David (June 2000). Neanderthal jam. The Why Files. University of Wisconsin, Board of Regents. Retrieved on 14 March 2006.
  3. ^ Flute History, UCLA. Retrieved June 2007.
  4. ^ The bone age flute. BBC. Retrieved July 2007.
  5. ^ Zhang, Juzhong; Xiao, Xinghua, Lee, Yun Kuen (December 2004). "The early development of music. Analysis of the Jiahu bone flutes". Antiquity 78 (302): 769–778.  
  6. ^ A Worldwide History of the Pan Flute
  7. ^ Flute acoustics, UNSW. Retrieved June 2007.
  8. ^ Wolfe, Joe. Introduction to flute acoustics. UNSW Music Acoustics. Retrieved on 16 January 2006.
  9. ^ Spell, Eldred (1983). "Anatomy of a Headjoint". The Flute Worker. ISSN 0737-8459.  
  10. ^ Wolfe, Joe. Acoustic impedance of the flute. Flute acoustics: an introduction.
  11. ^ "Bright" as in, a violin has a very bright sound, but a tuning fork has a much softer sound. The flute is in between the two.
  12. ^ Widholm, G. ; Linortner, R. , Kausel, W. and Bertsch, M. (2001). "Silver, gold, platinum—and the sound of the flute". Proc. International Symposium on Musical Acoustics: 277–280.  
  13. ^ Pahlevanian 2001
  14. ^ Pahlevanian 2001
  15. ^ Komitas 1994

Bibliography

External links

Dictionary

flute

-noun

  1. (musical instruments) A woodwind instrument consisting of a metal, wood or bamboo tube with a row of circular holes and played by blowing across a hole in the side of one end or through a narrow channel at one end against a sharp edge, while covering none, some or all of the holes with the fingers to vary the note played.
  2. A glass with a long, narrow bowl and a long stem, used for drinking wine, especially champagne.
  3. A helical groove going up a drill bit which allows the drilled out material to come up out of the hole as it's drilled.
  4. (architecture) A semicylindrical vertical groove in a pillar.

-verb

  1. To cut a semicylindrical vertical groove in a pillar.
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