Citizendia
Your Ad Here

Distinguished from fluorene and fluorone. Fluorene, or 9H-fluorene, is a Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Fluorone is the basic skeleton for various chemicals most notably Fluorone dyes (see Dyes.
9 oxygen ← fluorine → neon
-
↑
F
↓
Cl
General
Name, symbol, number fluorine, F, 9
Chemical series halogens
Group, period, block 17, 2, p
Appearance Yellowish brown gas
Standard atomic weight 18.9984032(5) g·mol−1
Electron configuration 1s2 2s2 2p5
Electrons per shell 2, 7
Physical properties
Phase gas
Density (0 °C, 101. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Neon (ˈniːɒn is the Chemical element that has the symbol Ne and Atomic number 10 Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in Abundance Owing to their high Reactivity, the halogens are found in the environment only in compounds or as Ions Halide ions and oxoanions In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic Abundance Owing to their high Reactivity, the halogens are found in the environment only in compounds or as Ions Halide ions and oxoanions A period 2 element is one of the Chemical elements in the second row (or period) of the periodic table of the chemical elements. See also Electron configuration The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various Mass levels between 10&minus36&thinsp kg and 1053&thinspkg Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties This page is about the physical properties of gas as a state of matter The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 325 kPa)
1. 7 g/L
Melting point 53. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 53 K
(−219. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic 62 °C, −363. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. 32 °F)
Boiling point 85. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid 03 K
(−188. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic 12 °C, −306. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. 62 °F)
Critical point 144. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 In Physical chemistry, Thermodynamics, Chemistry and Condensed matter physics, a critical point, also called a critical state 13 K, 5. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic 172 MPa
Heat of fusion (F2) 0. The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 510 kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization (F2) 6. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required 62 kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity (25 °C) (F2)
31. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 304 J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure
P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T/K 38 44 50 58 69 85
Atomic properties
Crystal structure cubic
Oxidation states −1
(strongly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity 3. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. The oxidation number of a central atom in a coordination compound is the charge that it would have if all the Ligands were removed along with the Electron pairs In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 98 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more)		 1st: 1681. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron These tables list the Ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove one mole of Electrons from one mole of neutral gaseous Atoms (first energy respectively 0 kJ·mol−1
2nd: 3374. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material 2 kJ·mol−1
3rd: 6050. 4 kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius 50 pm
Atomic radius (calc. Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth ) 42 pm
Covalent radius 71 pm
(see covalent radius of fluorine)
Van der Waals radius 147 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering nonmagnetic
Thermal conductivity (300 K) 27. The covalent radius, r cov is a measure of the size of Atom which forms part of a Covalent bond. The covalent radius of fluorine is a measure of the size of a Fluorine Atom, which is approximated at about 60 pm Van der Waals Volume The van der Waals volume, V, also called the atomic volume or molecular volume, is the atomic property most directly In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. 7 m W·m−1·K−1
CAS registry number 7782-41-4
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of fluorine
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
18F syn 109. CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Although Fluorine ( F) has multiple Isotopes, only one of these isotopes is stable as such it is considered a monoisotopic element Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides In Chemistry, natural abundance (NA refers to the abundance Isotopes of a Chemical element as naturally found on a planet Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. The decay energy is the Energy released by a Nuclear decay. The energy difference of the Reactants is often written as Q: where Q In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 77 min ε 1. Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the 656 18O
19F 100% 19F is stable with 10 neutrons
References
This box: view • talk • edit

Fluorine (pronounced /ˈflʊəriːn/, Latin: fluere, meaning "to flow"), is the chemical element with the symbol F and atomic number 9. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton Atomic fluorine is univalent and is the most chemically reactive and electronegative of all the elements. In Chemistry, valence, also known as valency or valency number, is a measure of the number of Chemical bonds formed by the Atoms " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons In its elementally isolated (pure) form, fluorine is a poisonous, pale, yellowish brown gas, with chemical formula F2. In the context of Biology, poisons are substances that can cause damage, Illness, or Death to Organisms usually by Like other halogens, molecular fluorine is highly dangerous; it causes severe chemical burns on contact with skin. Abundance Owing to their high Reactivity, the halogens are found in the environment only in compounds or as Ions Halide ions and oxoanions

Fluorine's large electronegativity and small atomic radius gives it interesting bonding characteristics, particularly in conjunction with carbon, with which it forms stable compounds with a wide range of industrial applications. See covalent radius of fluorine, fluorocarbon, Perfluorocarbon, and fluoropolymer. The covalent radius of fluorine is a measure of the size of a Fluorine Atom, which is approximated at about 60 pm Fluorocarbons are chemical compounds that contain Carbon - Fluorine bonds The relatively low reactivity and high polarity of the carbon-fluorine bond imparts Perfluorocarbons (PFCs are compounds derived from Hydrocarbons by replacement of Hydrogen Atoms by Fluorine atoms A fluoropolymer is a Polymer that contains atoms of Fluorine.

Contents

Notable characteristics

Pure fluorine (F2) is a corrosive pale yellow or brown[1] gas that is a powerful oxidizing agent. This page is about the physical properties of gas as a state of matter Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state It is the most reactive and most electronegative of all the elements (4. 0), and readily forms compounds with most other elements. It has an oxidation number -1, except when bonded to another fluorine in F2 which gives it an oxidation number of 0. Fluorine even combines with argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. This article pertains to the chemical element For other uses see Argon (disambiguation. Krypton (ˈkrɪptən or /ˈkrɪptɒn/ from kryptos "hidden" is a Chemical element with the symbol Kr and Atomic number 36 Xenon (ˈzɛnɒn or) is a Chemical element represented by the symbol Xe. Radon (ˈreɪdɒn is the Chemical element that has the symbol Rn and Atomic number 86 Even in dark, cool conditions, fluorine reacts explosively with hydrogen. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 The reaction with hydrogen occurs even at extremely low temperatures, using liquid hydrogen and solid fluorine. It is so reactive that metals, and even water, as well as other substances, burn with a bright flame in a jet of fluorine gas. The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. It is far too reactive to be found in elemental form. In moist air it reacts with water to form also-dangerous hydrofluoric acid. Hydrofluoric acid is a Solution of Hydrogen fluoride in Water.

Fluorides are compounds that combine fluorine with some positively charged counterpart. Fluoride is the reduced form of Fluorine. Both organic and Inorganic compounds containing the element fluorine are considered fluorides They often consist of crystalline ionic salts. Fluorine compounds with metals are among the most stable of salts.

Hydrogen fluoride is a weak acid when dissolved in water. Structure HF forms orthorhombic crystals consisting of zig-zag chains of HF molecules A weak acid is an Acid that does not completely donate all of its hydrogens when dissolved in water Consequently, fluorides of alkali metals produce basic solutions.

Applications

Chemical uses:

Dental and medical uses:

Compounds

Fluorine forms a variety of very different compounds, owing to its small atomic size and covalent behavior, and on the other hand, its oxidizing ability and extreme electronegativity. " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons For example, hydrofluoric acid is extremely dangerous, while in synthetic drugs incorporating an aromatic ring (e. Hydrofluoric acid is a Solution of Hydrogen fluoride in Water. g. flumazenil), fluorine is used to prevent toxication or to delay metabolism. Flumazenil (also known as flumazepil, code name Ro 15-1788, trade names Anexate, Lanexat, Mazicon, Romazicon Toxication is the process of Metabolism in which the metabolite of a compound is more toxic than the parent drug or Chemical.

The fluoride ion is basic, therefore hydrofluoric acid is a weak acid in water solution. Hydrofluoric acid is a Solution of Hydrogen fluoride in Water. A weak acid is an Acid that does not completely donate all of its hydrogens when dissolved in water However, water is not an inert solvent in this case: when less basic solvents such as anhydrous acetic acid are used, hydrofluoric acid is the strongest of the hydrohalogenic acids. Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound, giving Vinegar its sour taste Also, owing to the basicity of the fluoride ion, soluble fluorides give basic water solutions. The fluoride ion is a Lewis base, and has a high affinity to certain elements such as calcium and silicon. For example, deprotection of silicon protecting groups is achieved with a fluoride. A protecting group or protective group is introduced into a molecule by chemical modification of a Functional group in order to obtain Chemoselectivity The fluoride ion is poisonous.

Fluorine as a freely reacting oxidant gives the strongest oxidants known. Chlorine trifluoride, for example, can burn water and sand, both compounds of a weaker oxidant, oxygen. Chlorine trifluoride is the Chemical compound with the formula ClF3

Fluorine compounds involving noble gases were first synthesised by Neil Bartlett in 1962—xenon hexafluoroplatinate, XePtF6, being the first. For the playwright see Neil Bartlett. Neil Bartlett was a chemist best known for his discovery of Noble gas compounds He taught Fluorides of krypton and radon have also been prepared. Krypton (ˈkrɪptən or /ˈkrɪptɒn/ from kryptos "hidden" is a Chemical element with the symbol Kr and Atomic number 36 Radon (ˈreɪdɒn is the Chemical element that has the symbol Rn and Atomic number 86 Also argon fluorohydride has been prepared, although it is only stable at cryogenic temperatures. Argon fluorohydride (HArF is the first known compound of the Chemical element Argon.

The carbon-fluoride bond is covalent and very stable. The use of a fluorocarbon polymer, poly(tetrafluoroethene) or Teflon, is an example: it is thermostable and waterproof enough to be used in frying pans. Organofluorines may be safely used in applications such as drugs, without the risk of release of toxic fluoride. In synthetic drugs, toxication can be prevented. Toxication is the process of Metabolism in which the metabolite of a compound is more toxic than the parent drug or Chemical. For example, an aromatic ring is useful but presents a safety problem: enzymes in the body metabolize some of them into poisonous epoxides. Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins An epoxide is a cyclic Ether with only three ring atoms This ring approximately is an Equilateral triangle, i When the para position is substituted with fluorine, the aromatic ring is protected and epoxide is no longer produced.

The substitution of hydrogen for fluorine in organic compounds offers a very large number of compounds. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. An estimated fifth of pharmaceutical compounds and 30% of agrochemical compounds contain fluorine. [1] The -CF3 and -OCF3 moieties provide further variation, and more recently the -SF5 group. [2]

Fluorite (CaF2) crystals
Fluorite (CaF2) crystals

This element is recovered from fluorite, cryolite, and fluorapatite. Fluorite (also called fluorspar) is a Mineral composed of Calcium fluoride, Ca[[Fluorine F2]] Cryolite ( Na 3 Al[[fluorine F]]6 Sodium hexafluoroaluminate) is an uncommon Mineral identified with the once large deposit Fluorapatite, often with the alternate spelling of fluoroapatite, is a Mineral with the formula Ca5(PO43F (calcium halophosphate

For a list of fluorine compounds, see here.

History

Fluorine in the form of fluorspar (also called fluorite, calcium fluoride) was described in 1530 by Georgius Agricola for its use as a flux,[5] which is a substance that is used to promote the fusion of metals or minerals. Fluorite (also called fluorspar) is a Mineral composed of Calcium fluoride, Ca[[Fluorine F2]] Fluorite (also called fluorspar) is a Mineral composed of Calcium fluoride, Ca[[Fluorine F2]] Calcium fluoride (CaF2 is an insoluble Ionic compound of Calcium and Fluorine. Georgius Agricola ( March 24, 1494 – November 21, 1555) was a German scholar and scientist In Metallurgy, a flux is a chemical cleaning agent which facilitates Soldering, Brazing, and Welding by removing Oxidation from The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific In 1670 Schwanhard found that glass was etched when it was exposed to fluorspar that was treated with acid. Fluorite (also called fluorspar) is a Mineral composed of Calcium fluoride, Ca[[Fluorine F2]] In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are Carl Wilhelm Scheele and many later researchers, including Humphry Davy, Caroline Menard, Gay-Lussac, Antoine Lavoisier, and Louis Thenard all would experiment with hydrofluoric acid, easily obtained by treating calcium fluoride (fluorspar) with concentrated sulfuric acid. Carl Wilhelm Scheele (9 December 1742 &ndash 21 May 1786 was a German - Swedish pharmaceutical chemist born in Stralsund, Western Pomerania, Sir Humphry Davy 1st Baronet FRS MRIA (17 December 1778 &ndash 29 May 1829 was a British Chemist and inventor Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (also Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac, December 6, 1778 – May 9, 1850) was a French chemist Louis Jacques Thénard ( May 4, 1777 in the village of La Louptière, Aube - June 21, 1857 in Paris) was a Fluorite (also called fluorspar) is a Mineral composed of Calcium fluoride, Ca[[Fluorine F2]]

It was eventually realized that hydrofluoric acid contained a previously unknown element. This element was not isolated for many years after this, due to its extreme reactivity; fluorine can only be prepared from its compounds electrolytically, and then it immediately attacks any susceptible materials in the area. Finally, in 1886, elemental fluorine was isolated by Henri Moissan after almost 74 years of continuous effort by other chemists. Ferdinand Frederick Henri Moissan ( September 28, 1852 &ndash February 20, 1907) was a French Chemist who won the [6] The derivation of elemental fluorine from hydrofluoric acid is exceptionally dangerous, killing or blinding several scientists who attempted early experiments on this halogen. These men came to be referred to as "fluorine martyrs". For Moissan, it earned him the 1906 Nobel Prize in chemistry (Moissan himself lived to be 54, and it is not clear whether his fluorine work shortened his life).

The first large-scale production of fluorine was needed for the atomic bomb Manhattan project in World War II where the compound uranium hexafluoride (UF6) was needed as a gaseous carrier of uranium to separate the 235U and 238U isotopes of uranium. A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. The World War II Manhattan Project developed the first Nuclear weapon (atomic bomb World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Uranium hexafluoride (UF6 referred to as "hex" in the nuclear industry is a compound used in the Uranium enrichment process that produces Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides Uranium (jʊˈreɪniəm is a silvery-gray Metallic Chemical element in the Today both the gaseous diffusion process and the gas centrifuge process use gaseous UF6 to produce enriched uranium for nuclear power applications. Gaseous diffusion is a technology used to produce Enriched uranium by forcing gaseous Uranium hexafluoride, UF6 through semi-permeable membranes A gas centrifuge is a separating machine specifically developed to separate Uranium-235 from Uranium-238. Enriched uranium is a kind of Uranium in which the percent composition of Uranium-235 has been increased through the process of Isotope separation. Nuclear power is any Nuclear technology designed to extract usable Energy from atomic nuclei via controlled Nuclear reactions In the Manhattan Project, it was found that elemental fluorine was present whenever UF6 was, due to the spontaneous decomposition of this compound into UF4 and F2. The corrosion problem due to the F2 was eventually solved by electrolytically coating all UF6 carrying piping with nickel metal, which resists fluorine's attack. Joints and flexible parts were made from teflon, then a very recently discovered fluorocarbon plastic which was not attacked by F2. In Chemistry, poly(tetrafluoroethene or poly(tetrafluoroethylene ( PTFE) is a synthetic Fluoropolymer which finds numerous applications Fluorocarbons are chemical compounds that contain Carbon - Fluorine bonds The relatively low reactivity and high polarity of the carbon-fluorine bond imparts

Preparation

Fluorine cell room at F2 Chemicals Ltd, Preston, UK
Fluorine cell room at F2 Chemicals Ltd, Preston, UK

Industrial fluorine production starts with fluorspar (CaF2), which is heated with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to produce anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (HF). Fluorite (also called fluorspar) is a Mineral composed of Calcium fluoride, Ca[[Fluorine F2]] Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Structure HF forms orthorhombic crystals consisting of zig-zag chains of HF molecules The hydrogen fluoride is added to potassium fluoride (KF) to make potassium bifluoride (KHF2). Potassium fluoride is the Chemical compound with the formula KF Electrolysis of potassium bifluoride produces fluorine gas at the anode, and hydrogen gas at the cathode. This is essentially the same method employed by Moissan in 1886; the use of potassium bifluoride rather than hydrogen fluoride itself aids electrolysis by greatly increasing the conductivity.

2 CaF2 + H2SO4 → 2 HF + CaSO4
HF + KF → KHF2
2 KHF2 → 2 KF + H2 + F2

In 1986, when preparing for a conference to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the discovery of fluorine, Karl Christe discovered a purely chemical preparation involving the reaction of solutions in anhydrous HF, K2MnF6, and SbF5 at 150 °C:

K2MnF6 + 2SbF5 → 2KSbF6 + MnF3 + ½F2

Though not a practical synthesis, it demonstrates that electrolysis is not essential. Antimony pentafluoride is the Chemical compound with the formula Sb[[Fluorine F]]5 Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 Manganese (ˈmæŋgəniːz is a Chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. Antimony (IPA (Received Pronunciation, /ˈæntɪmoʊni/ (US is a Chemical element with the symbol Sb (stibium meaning "mark" and Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 Antimony (IPA (Received Pronunciation, /ˈæntɪmoʊni/ (US is a Chemical element with the symbol Sb (stibium meaning "mark" and Manganese (ˈmæŋgəniːz is a Chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn.

Safety

Elemental fluorine

Elemental fluorine (fluorine gas) is a highly toxic, corrosive oxidant, which can cause organic material, combustibles, or other flammable materials to ignite. It must be handled with great care and any contact with skin and eyes should be strictly avoided. The skin is the outer covering of living tissue of an animal (or plant Eyes are organs that detect Light, and send signals along the Optic nerve to the visual areas of the brain Fluorine gas has a characteristic pungent odor that is detectable in concentrations as low as 20 ppb. "Parts-per" notation is used especially in Science and Engineering, to denote Ratios (relative proportions in measured quantities particularly As it is so reactive, all materials of construction must be carefully selected. All metal surfaces must be passivated before exposure to fluorine. Passivation is the process of making a material "passive" in relation to another material prior to using the materials together

Fluoride ion

Main article: fluoride poisoning

Fluoride ions are also highly toxic and must also be handled with great care and any contact with skin and eyes should be strictly avoided. In high concentrations soluble Fluoride Salts are somewhat Toxic. The skin is the outer covering of living tissue of an animal (or plant Eyes are organs that detect Light, and send signals along the Optic nerve to the visual areas of the brain

Hydrogen fluoride and hydrofluoric acid

Contact of exposed skin with hydrofluoric acid solutions poses one of the most extreme and insidious industrial threats—one which is exacerbated by the fact that hydrofluoric acid damages nerves in such a way as to make such burns initially painless. Hydrofluoric acid is a Solution of Hydrogen fluoride in Water. The HF molecule is a weaker acid which is significantly non-dissociated in water, and the intact molecule is capable of rapidly migrating through lipid layers of cells which would ordinarily stop an ion or partly ionized acid, and the burns it produces are typically deep. HF may react with calcium, permanently damaging the bone . More seriously, HF reaction with the body's calcium inside cells can cause cardiac arrhythmias, followed by cardiac arrest brought on by sudden chemical changes within the body (hypocalcaemia). In Medicine, hypocalcaemia is the presence of low serum Calcium levels in the Blood, usually taken as less than 2 These cannot always be prevented with local or intravenous injection of calcium salts. Hydrofluoric acid spills over just 2. 5% of the body's surface area (about 75 in2 or 5 dm2), despite copious immediate washing, have been fatal. [7] If the patient survives, hydrofluoric acid burns typically produce open wounds of an especially slow-healing nature.

Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride will rapidly form hydrofluoric acid on contact with moisture; its physiological effects are then the same. Structure HF forms orthorhombic crystals consisting of zig-zag chains of HF molecules

Organic fluorides

Perfluorocarbons are generally inert and nontoxic, but there are many other fluorine compounds that have physiological effects, both good and bad. For example, fluoroacetic acid (one of the very few natural fluorine compounds) is very poisonous, while fluorouracil is an anti-cancer drug. Sodium fluoroacetate (also known as sodium monofluoroacetate, compound 1080 or 1080) is a potent metabolic poison that occurs naturally as an Fluorouracil (5-FU or f5U is a Pyrimidine analog, which is used as a drug in the treatment of Cancer.

See also

References

  1. ^ Theodore Gray. Fluorocarbons are chemical compounds that contain Carbon - Fluorine bonds The relatively low reactivity and high polarity of the carbon-fluorine bond imparts Although Fluorine ( F) has multiple Isotopes, only one of these isotopes is stable as such it is considered a monoisotopic element Real visible fluorine. The Wooden Periodic Table.
  2. ^ Leonel R Arana, Nuria de Mas, Raymond Schmidt, Aleksander J Franz, Martin A Schmidt and Klavs F Jensen, Isotropic etching of silicon in fluorine gas for MEMS micromachining , J. Micromech. Microeng. 17 , 2007, pp. 384-392.
  3. ^ Class I Ozone-Depleting Substances. Ozone Depletion. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
  4. ^ eMedicine - Corticosteroid-Induced Myopathy : Article by Steve S Lim, MD
  5. ^ Fluoride History Discovery of fluorine
  6. ^ H. Moissan (1886). "Action d'un courant électrique sur l'acide fluorhydrique anhydre". Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences 102: 1543-1544.  
  7. ^ Hydrogen fluoride (PIM 268)

External links

Dictionary

fluorine

-noun

  1. The chemical element (symbol F) with an atomic number of 9.
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic