Citizendia
Your Ad Here

This article is about the chemical ion F −. For the addition of fluoride ions to water supplies, see Water fluoridation. Water fluoridation is the addition of a chemical to increase the concentration of Fluoride Ions in Drinking water with the purpose of reducing the

Fluoride is the reduced form of fluorine. Fluorine, fluorum meaning "to flow" is the Chemical element with the symbol F and Atomic number 9 Both organic and inorganic compounds containing the element fluorine are considered fluorides. An organic compound is any member of a large class of Chemical compounds whose Molecules contain Carbon. Traditionally inorganic compounds are considered to be of mineral not biological origin A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. As a halogen, fluorine forms a monovalent ion (−1 charge). Abundance Owing to their high Reactivity, the halogens are found in the environment only in compounds or as Ions Halide ions and oxoanions The range of fluorides is considerable as fluorine forms compounds with all elements except He and Ne[1][2]. Fluorides range from severe toxins such as sarin to life-saving pharmaceuticals such as efavirenz and from refractory materials such as calcium fluoride to highly reactive sulfur tetrafluoride. Sarin, also known by its NATO designation of GB, is an extremely toxic substance whose sole application is as a Nerve agent. Efavirenz (brand names Sustiva and Stocrin) is a Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI and is used as part of highly active antiretroviral Calcium fluoride (CaF2 is an insoluble Ionic compound of Calcium and Fluorine. Sulfur tetrafluoride is the Chemical compound with the formula SF4

Contents

Occurrence

The mineral fluorite.
The mineral fluorite. A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific Fluorite (also called fluorspar) is a Mineral composed of Calcium fluoride, Ca[[Fluorine F2]]

Solutions of inorganic fluorides in water contain F− and bifluoride HF2−. The bifluoride, or hydrogen(difluoride, ion is the species HF2− [3] Few inorganic fluorides are soluble in water without undergoing significant hydrolysis. Examples of inorganic fluorides include hydrofluoric acid (HF), sodium fluoride (NaF), and uranium hexafluoride (UF6). Hydrofluoric acid is a Solution of Hydrogen fluoride in Water. Sodium fluoride is the Chemical compound with the formula NaF Uranium hexafluoride (UF6 referred to as "hex" in the nuclear industry is a compound used in the Uranium enrichment process that produces In terms of its reactivity, fluoride differs significantly from chloride and other halides, and is more strongly solvated due to its smaller radius/charge ratio. The chloride Ion is formed when the element Chlorine picks up one Electron to form an Anion (negatively-charged ion Cl&minus Its closest chemical relative is hydroxide. In Chemistry, hydroxide is the most common name for the diatomic Anion OH− consisting of Oxygen and Hydrogen The Si-F linkage is one of the strongest single bonds. In contrast, other silyl halides are easily hydrolyzed.

Many fluoride minerals are known, but paramount in commercial importance are fluorite and fluoroapatite. Fluorite (also called fluorspar) is a Mineral composed of Calcium fluoride, Ca[[Fluorine F2]] Fluorapatite, often with the alternate spelling of fluoroapatite, is a Mineral with the formula Ca5(PO43F (calcium halophosphate Fluoride is found naturally in low concentration in drinking water and foods. Water with underground sources is more likely to have higher levels of fluoride, whereas the concentration in seawater averages 1. 3 parts per million (ppm). "Parts-per" notation is used especially in Science and Engineering, to denote Ratios (relative proportions in measured quantities particularly [4] Fresh water supplies generally contain between 0. 01-0. 3 ppm, while the ocean contains between 1. 2 and 1. 5 ppm. [5]

Applications

Fluorides are pervasive in modern technology. Hydrofluoric acid is the most important fluoride synthesized. Hydrofluoric acid is a Solution of Hydrogen fluoride in Water. It is principally used in the production of fluorocarbons and aluminium fluorides. Hydrofluoric acid has a variety of specialized applications, including its ability to dissolve glass. [6]

Organic synthesis

Fluoride reagents are significant in synthetic organic chemistry. Organic synthesis is a special branch of Chemical synthesis and is concerned with the construction of Organic compounds via Organic reactions Organic Organic chemistry is a discipline within Chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure properties composition reactions, and preparation Due to the affinity of silicon for fluoride, and the ability of silicon to expand its coordination number, silyl ether protecting groups can be easily removed by the fluoride sources such as sodium fluoride and tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride (TBAF). Silicon (ˈsɪlɪkən or /ˈsɪlɪkɒn/ silicium is the Chemical element that has the symbol Si and Atomic number 14 Silyl ethers are a group of Chemical compounds which contain a Silicon atom covalently bonded to an Alkoxy group A protecting group or protective group is introduced into a molecule by chemical modification of a Functional group in order to obtain Chemoselectivity Sodium fluoride is the Chemical compound with the formula NaF Tetra- n -butylammonium fluoride or TBAF is a Quaternary ammonium salt with the chemical formula (CH3CH2CH2CH24N+F-

Enzyme inhibitors

In biochemistry, fluoride salts are commonly used to inhibit the activity of phosphatases, such as serine/threonine phosphatases. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as Enzyme inhibitors are Molecules that bind to Enzymes and decrease their activity. A phosphatase is an Enzyme that removes a Phosphate group from its Substrate by hydrolysing Phosphoric acid mono Esters into Serine (abbreviated as Ser or S) is an Organic compound with the formula H[[oxygen O]]2 CCH NH sub>2CH2OH Threonine (abbreviated as Thr or T) is an α- Amino acid with the Chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2CH(OHCH3 [7] It may do this by replacing the nucleophilic hydroxyl ion in these enzymes' active sites. In Chemistry, a nucleophile (literally nucleus lover as in nucleus and phile) is a Reagent that forms a Chemical bond to In Chemistry, hydroxide is the most common name for the diatomic Anion OH− consisting of Oxygen and Hydrogen [8] Beryllium fluoride and aluminium fluoride are also used as phosphatase inhibitors, since these compounds are structural mimics of the phosphate group and can act as analogues of the transition state of the reaction. Beryllium fluoride is the Chemical compound with the formula BeF2 Aluminum fluoride is the Inorganic compound with the formula Al[[fluorine F]]3 A phosphate, an Inorganic chemical, is a salt of Phosphoric acid. The transition state of a Chemical reaction is a particular configuration along the Reaction coordinate. [9][10]

Inorganic materials

Sulfur hexafluoride is an inert, nontoxic insulator that is used in electrical transformers. Sulfur hexafluoride is an Inorganic compound with the formula. Uranium hexafluoride is used in the separation of isotopes of uranium between the fissile isotope U-235 and the non-fissile isotope U-238 in preparation of nuclear reactor fuel and atomic bombs. Uranium hexafluoride (UF6 referred to as "hex" in the nuclear industry is a compound used in the Uranium enrichment process that produces Nuclear fission is the splitting of the nucleus of an atom into parts (lighter nuclei) often producing Free neutrons and other smaller nuclei which may Uranium-235 is an isotope of uranium that differs from the element's other common isotope Uranium-238, by its ability to cause a rapidly expanding fission This article is a subarticle of Nuclear power. A nuclear reactor is a device in which Nuclear chain reactions are initiated controlled Nuclear fuel is any material that can be consumed to derive Nuclear energy, by analogy to chemical Fuel that is burned to derive energy A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion.

PTFE is often used to coat non-stick frying pans as it is not water-wettable and possesses high heat resistance.
PTFE is often used to coat non-stick frying pans as it is not water-wettable and possesses high heat resistance. A frying pan, frypan, or skillet is a pan used for Frying, Searing, and browning foods

Fluoropolymers

Fluoropolymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene, Teflon, are used as chemically inert and biocompatible materials for a variety of applications, including as surgical implants such as coronary bypass grafts,[11] and a replacement for soft tissue in cosmetic and reconstructive surgery. A fluoropolymer is a Polymer that contains atoms of Fluorine. Teflon is a Registered trademark and Brand name of the DuPont company for products made from three types of fluorine-containing polymers ( Fluoropolymers Biocompatibility is related to the behavior of Biomaterials and in that it is a peculiar word because it would seem that are at least two opposing uses of the same term In Medicine, a prosthesis (plural prostheses) is an Artificial extension that replaces a missing Body part. Coronary artery bypass surgery, also coronary artery bypass graft surgery, and colloquially heart bypass or bypass surgery is a surgical procedure In Medicine, the term soft tissue refers to tissues that connect support or surround other structures and organs of the body Plastic surgery is a medical specialty interested in the correction of form and function Reconstructive surgery is in its broadest sense the use of Surgery to restore the form and function of the body [12] These compounds are also commonly used as non-stick surfaces in cookware and bakeware, and the fluoropolymer fabric Gore-Tex used in breathable garments for outdoor use. A non-stick surface is a surface engineered to reduce the ability of other materials to Stick to it "Saucepan" redirects here In Australia "the Saucepan" is sometimes used as an unofficial name for part of the constellation of Pavo, when finding the

Cavity-prevention

Main article: Fluoride therapy

Fluoride-containing compounds are used in topical and systemic fluoride therapy for preventing tooth decay. Fluoride therapy is the delivery of Fluoride to the Teeth Topically or systemically in order to prevent Tooth decay ( Dental caries Fluoride therapy is the delivery of Fluoride to the Teeth Topically or systemically in order to prevent Tooth decay ( Dental caries Dental caries is a disease that damages Tooth structures resulting in what is commonly called tooth decay or cavities which are holes in the teeth They are used for water fluoridation and in many products associated with oral hygiene. Water fluoridation is the addition of a chemical to increase the concentration of Fluoride Ions in Drinking water with the purpose of reducing the Oral hygiene is the practice of keeping the Mouth and Teeth clean in order to prevent dental problems and bad breath. [13] Originally, sodium fluoride was used to fluoridate water, however, hexafluorosilicic acid (H2SiF6) and its salt sodium hexafluorosilicate (Na2SiF6) are more commonly used additives, especially in the United States. Sodium fluoride is the Chemical compound with the formula NaF Hexafluorosilicic acid is the Chemical compound with the formula H2SiF6 The fluoridation of water prevents tooth decay[14][15] and is considered by the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as "one of 10 great public health achievements of the 20th century". The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (or CDC) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services based in unincorporated [16] In some countries where large, centralized water systems are uncommon, fluoride is delivered to the populace by fluoridating table salt. Fluoridation of water is not without critics, however (see water fluoridation opposition). [17]

Structure of halothane.
Structure of halothane. Halothane vapour (or Fluothane) is an inhalational General anaesthetic.

Biomedical applications

Positron emission tomography is commonly carried out using fluoride-containing pharmaceuticals such as fluorodeoxyglucose, which is labelled with the radioactive isotope fluorine-18 that emits positrons when it decays into 18O. Positron emission tomography ( PET) is a Nuclear medicine imaging technique which produces a three-dimensional image or map of functional processes in the Fluorodeoxyglucose is a Glucose analog. Its full chemical name is 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose, commonly abbreviated to FDG A radionuclide is an Atom with an unstable nucleus, which is a nucleus characterized by excess energy which is available to be imparted either to a newly-created Fluorine-18 is a Fluorine radioisotope which is an important source of Positrons It has a mass of 18 The positrons or antielectron is the Antiparticle or the Antimatter counterpart of the Electron.

Fluorine is also part of a large variety of drugs including: antipsychotics such as fluphenazine, HIV protease inhibitors such as tipranavir, antibiotics such as ofloxacin and trovafloxacin, and anesthetics such as halothane. Antipsychotics are a group of Psychoactive drugs commonly but not exclusively used to treat Psychosis, which is typified by Schizophrenia. Fluphenazine (marketed as Prolixin is a Typical antipsychotic drug For natural protease inhibitors please see Protease inhibitor (biology Protease inhibitors (PIs are a class of Medications used Tipranavir, or tipranavir disodium, is a nonpeptidic protease inhibitor (PI manufactured by Boehringer-Ingelheim under the trade names Aptivus In modern usage an antibiotic is a Chemotherapeutic agent with activity against Microorganisms such as Bacteria, fungi or Protozoa Ofloxacin (sold under the brand name Floxin in the United States, Tarivid in Europe and some other countries is a Fluoroquinolone Antibiotic Trovafloxacin (sold as Trovan by Pfizer) is a broad spectrum Antibiotic that inhibits the uncoiling of supercoiled DNA in various Anesthesia, or anaesthesia (see spelling differences; from Greek grc αν- an-, "without" and grc αἲσθησις Halothane vapour (or Fluothane) is an inhalational General anaesthetic. [18] These atoms are incorporated in the drug structures to reduce drug metabolism, as the strong C-F bond resists deactivation in the liver by cytochrome P450 oxidases. Drug metabolism is the Metabolism of drugs, their Biochemical modification or degradation usually through specialized enzymatic systems Cytochrome P450 (abbreviated CYP, P450, infrequently CYP450) is a very large and diverse superfamily of Hemoproteins found in all Domains [19]

Toxicology

Main article: fluoride poisoning

Fluoride-containing compounds are so diverse that it is not possible to generalize on their toxicity, which depends on their reactivity and structure, and in the case of salts, their solubility and ability to release fluoride ions. In high concentrations soluble Fluoride Salts are somewhat Toxic. Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism

Reaction of the irreversible inhibitor diisopropylfluorophosphate with a serine protease
Reaction of the irreversible inhibitor diisopropylfluorophosphate with a serine protease

Soluble fluoride salts, of which NaF is the most common, are mildly toxic but have resulted in both accidental and suicidal deaths from acute poisoning. Diisopropyl fluorophosphate ( DFP, diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate) is an oily colorless liquid with the chemical formula C6H14FO3P Sodium fluoride is the Chemical compound with the formula NaF Acute toxicity describes the adverse effects of a substance which result either from a single exposure or from multiple exposures in a short space of time (usually less than 24 hours [6] While the minimum fatal dose in humans is not known, a case of a fatal poisoning of an adult with 4 grams of NaF is documented. [20] Sodium fluorosilicate, Na2SiF6 with its higher fluorine content, can cause death with as little as 0. 2 g. The fatal period ranges from 5 min to 12 hours. [20] The mechanism of toxicity involves the combination of the fluoride anion with the calcium ions in the blood to form insoluble calcium fluoride, resulting in hypocalcemia; calcium is indispensable for the function of the nervous system, and the condition can be fatal. Calcium fluoride (CaF2 is an insoluble Ionic compound of Calcium and Fluorine. In Medicine, hypocalcaemia is the presence of low serum Calcium levels in the Blood, usually taken as less than 2 Treatment may involve oral administration of dilute calcium hydroxide or calcium chloride to prevent further absorption, and injection of calcium gluconate to increase the calcium levels in the blood. Calcium hydroxide, traditionally called slaked lime, hydrated lime, or pickling lime, is a Chemical compound with the chemical formula Calcium chloride (CaCl2 is an ionic compound of Calcium and Chlorine. Calcium gluconate is a mineral supplement It is the form of calcium most widely used in the treatment of hypocalcemia. [20] Hydrogen fluoride is more dangerous than salts such as NaF because it is corrosive and volatile, and can result in fatal exposure through inhalation or contact with the skin; calcium gluconate gel is the usual antidote. Structure HF forms orthorhombic crystals consisting of zig-zag chains of HF molecules [21]

A few organofluorine compounds are extremely toxic, such as organophosphates like sarin and diisopropylfluorophosphate that react with the cholinesterase enzyme at neuromuscular junctions and thus block the transmission of nerve impulses to the muscles. An organophosphate (sometimes abbreviated OP) is the general name for Esters of Phosphoric acid. Sarin, also known by its NATO designation of GB, is an extremely toxic substance whose sole application is as a Nerve agent. Diisopropyl fluorophosphate ( DFP, diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate) is an oily colorless liquid with the chemical formula C6H14FO3P In Biochemistry, cholinesterase is an enzyme that catalyzes the Hydrolysis of the Neurotransmitter Acetylcholine into A neuromuscular junction ( NMJ) is the Synapse or junction of the Axon terminal of a Motoneuron with the motor end plate, the [22] Here, a reactive fluorine-phosphorous bond in the inhibitor is the site of nucleophilic attack by a serine residue in the enzyme's active site, causing the loss of a F- ion and alkylation and inactivation of the enzyme. Serine (abbreviated as Ser or S) is an Organic compound with the formula H[[oxygen O]]2 CCH NH sub>2CH2OH Alkylation is the transfer of an Alkyl group from one Molecule to another

While PTFE itself is chemically inert and non-toxic, it begins to deteriorate after the temperature of cookware reaches about 500 °F (260 °C), and decompose above 660 °F (350 °C). [23] These degradation products can be lethal to birds, and can cause flu-like symptoms in humans. Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. [23] In comparison, cooking fats, oils, and butter will begin to scorch and smoke at about 392 °F (200 °C), and meat is usually fried between 400–450 °F (200–230 °C), but empty cookware can exceed this temperature if left unattended on a hot burner.

A 1959 study, (conducted before the Food and Drug Administration approved the material for use in food processing equipment) showed that the toxicity of fumes given off by the coated pan on dry heating was less than that of fumes given off by ordinary cooking oils. [24]

See also

References

  1. ^ Greenwood, N. Dental fluorosis is a health condition caused by an overdose of fluoride Fluoride therapy is the delivery of Fluoride to the Teeth Topically or systemically in order to prevent Tooth decay ( Dental caries Fluoride or fluorine deficiency is a medical condition in which a human or other organism lacks the necessary compounds containing Fluorine to keep bones and teeth A halide is a Binary compound, of which one part is a Halogen Atom and the other part is an element or radical that is less In Chemistry, poly(tetrafluoroethene or poly(tetrafluoroethylene ( PTFE) is a synthetic Fluoropolymer which finds numerous applications N. ; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd Edition, Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.   p. 804
  2. ^ Khriachtchev, Leonid; Mika Pettersson, Nino Runeberg, Jan Lundell & Markku Räsänen (24 August 2000). Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. "A stable argon compound". Nature 406: 874–876. doi:10.1038/35022551. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  3. ^ Holleman, A. F. ; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
  4. ^ Fluoride in Drinking-water: Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. World Health Organization, 2004, page 2. Page accessed on February 22, 2007.
  5. ^ Environmental Health Criteria 227: Fluorides. World Health Organization, 2002, page 38. Page accessed on February 22, 2007.
  6. ^ a b Jean Aigueperse, Paul Mollard, Didier Devilliers, Marius Chemla, Robert Faron, Renée Romano, Jean Pierre Cuer, “Fluorine Compounds, Inorganic” in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. DOI 10. 1002/14356007. a11 307
  7. ^ Nakai C, Thomas JA (1974). "Properties of a phosphoprotein phosphatase from bovine heart with activity on glycogen synthase, phosphorylase, and histone". J. Biol. Chem. 249 (20): 6459-67. PMID 4370977.  
  8. ^ Schenk G, Elliott TW, Leung E, et al (2008). "Crystal structures of a purple acid phosphatase, representing different steps of this enzyme's catalytic cycle". BMC Struct. Biol. 8 (1): 6. doi:10.1186/1472-6807-8-6. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 18234116.  
  9. ^ Wang W, Cho HS, Kim R, et al (2002). "Structural characterization of the reaction pathway in phosphoserine phosphatase: crystallographic "snapshots" of intermediate states". J. Mol. Biol. 319 (2): 421-31. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00324-8. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 12051918.  
  10. ^ Cho H, Wang W, Kim R, et al (2001). "BeF(3)(-) acts as a phosphate analog in proteins phosphorylated on aspartate: structure of a BeF(3)(-) complex with phosphoserine phosphatase". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98 (15): 8525-30. doi:10.1073/pnas.131213698. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 11438683.  
  11. ^ Kannan RY, Salacinski HJ, Butler PE, Hamilton G, Seifalian AM (2005). "Current status of prosthetic bypass grafts: a review". J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater. 74 (1): 570-81. doi:10.1002/jbm.b.30247. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 15889440.  
  12. ^ Singh S, Baker JL (2000). "Use of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene in aesthetic surgery of the face". Clin Plast Surg 27 (4): 579-93. PMID 11039891.  
  13. ^ McDonagh M S, Whiting P F, Wilson P M, Sutton A J, Chestnutt I, Cooper J, Misso K, Bradley M, Treasure E, & Kleijnen J. (2000). "Systematic review of water fluoridation". British Medical Journal 321 (7265): 855-859. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7265.855. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  14. ^ Griffin SO, Regnier E, Griffin PM, Huntley V (2007). "Effectiveness of fluoride in preventing caries in adults". J. Dent. Res. 86 (5): 410-5. PMID 17452559.  
  15. ^ Winston AE, Bhaskar SN (1998). "Caries prevention in the 21st century". J Am Dent Assoc 129 (11): 1579-87. PMID 9818575.  
  16. ^ [1]
  17. ^ Newbrun E (1996). "The fluoridation war: a scientific dispute or a religious argument?". J Public Health Dent 56 (5 Spec No): 246-52. doi:10.1111/j.1752-7325.1996.tb02447.x. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 9034969.  
  18. ^ Park BK, Kitteringham NR, O'Neill PM (2001). "Metabolism of fluorine-containing drugs". Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 41: 443-70. doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.41.1.443. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 11264465.  
  19. ^ Fisher MB, Henne KR, Boer J (2006). "The complexities inherent in attempts to decrease drug clearance by blocking sites of CYP-mediated metabolism". Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel 9 (1): 101-9. PMID 16445122.  
  20. ^ a b c I. M. Rabinowitch. Acute Fluoride Poisoning. Can Med Assoc J. 1945, 52, 345–349. [2]
  21. ^ Muriale L, Lee E, Genovese J, Trend S. Fatality due to acute fluoride poisoning following dermal contact with hydrofluoric acid in a palynology laboratory. Ann Occup Hyg. 1996 40, 705-710. PMID 8958774.
  22. ^ Marrs TC (1993). "Organophosphate poisoning". Pharmacol. Ther. 58 (1): 51-66. doi:10.1016/0163-7258(93)90066-M. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 8415873.  
  23. ^ a b DuPont, Key Questions About Teflon®, accessed on 03 Dec 2007.
  24. ^ Dale Blumenthal. Is That Newfangled Cookware Safe?. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved on 2006-05-20. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held

Dictionary

fluoride

-noun

  1. (chemistry) Any salt of hydrofluoric acid; for example, potassium fluoride.
  2. (chemistry) A binary compound of fluorine and another element or radical.
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic