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Florence Nightingale

Born 12 May 1820 (1820-05-12)
Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Died 13 August 1910 (aged 90)
Park Lane, London, United Kingdom. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. Year 1820 ( MDCCCXX) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Granducato di Toscana Magnus Ducatus Tusciae was a state in central Italy that existed from 1569 to 1859 replacing the Duchy of Florence Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Park Lane is a major Road (designated A4202) in the City of Westminster, in Central London. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located
Profession Nurse and Statistician
Institutions Selimiye Barracks, Scutari
Specialism Hospital hygiene and sanitation
Known for Pioneering modern nursing
Notable prizes Royal Red Cross
Order of Merit
Embley Park, now a school, was the family home of Florence Nightingale.
Embley Park, now a school, was the family home of Florence Nightingale. A nurse is responsible—along with other Health care Professionals —for the treatment safety and recovery of acutely or chronically Statisticians work with theoretical and applied Statistics in both the private and public sectors Selimiye Barracks, also known as Scutari Barracks is a Turkish army Barracks located in the Üsküdar district on the Asian part of Üsküdar is a large and densely populated suburb of Istanbul, on the Anatolian shore of the Bosphorus right opposite the heart of the great city next Hygiene refers to practices associated with ensuring good health and cleanliness Sanitation is the hygienic means of preventing human contact from the hazards of wastes to promote health The Royal Red Cross is a military decoration awarded in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth for exceptional services in military nursing The Order of Merit is a British and Commonwealth Order bestowed by the Monarch. Embley Park is a school and former country house close to the New Forest and the town of Romsey in Hampshire, which was one of the childhood homes
The grave of Florence Nightingale in the churchyard of St. Margaret's Church, East Wellow.
The grave of Florence Nightingale in the churchyard of St. Margaret's Church, East Wellow. Wellow is a village in Hampshire, England that falls within the Test Valley district

Florence Nightingale, OM, RRC (in her own pronunciation IPA: [ˈflɒɾəns ˈnaɪtɪŋgeɪl]; 12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910), who came to be known as "The Lady with the Lamp", was a pioneer of modern nursing, a writer, and a noted statistician. The Order of Merit is a British and Commonwealth Order bestowed by the Monarch. The Royal Red Cross is a military decoration awarded in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth for exceptional services in military nursing Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. Year 1820 ( MDCCCXX) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting A nurse is responsible—along with other Health care Professionals —for the treatment safety and recovery of acutely or chronically A writer is anyone who creates a written work although the word usually designates those who write creatively or professionally as well as those who have written in many different forms Statisticians work with theoretical and applied Statistics in both the private and public sectors

Contents

Biography

Early life

Florence Nightingale was born into a rich, upper-class, well-connected British family at the Villa Colombaia, Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany, and was named after the city of her birth. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Granducato di Toscana Magnus Ducatus Tusciae was a state in central Italy that existed from 1569 to 1859 replacing the Duchy of Florence Florence's older sister Parthenope (pronounced ParTHENopee) had similarly been named after her place of birth, a Greek settlement now part of the city of Naples. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the

Her parents were William Edward Nightingale (1794–1875) and Frances Nightingale née Smith (1789–1880). William Nightingale was born William Edward Shore. His mother Mary née Evans was the niece of one Peter Nightingale, under the terms of whose will William Shore not only inherited his estate Lea Hurst in Derbyshire, but also assumed the name and arms of Nightingale. History The area that is now Derbyshire was first visited probably briefly by humans 200000 years ago during the Aveley Interglacial as evidenced by a Middle Fanny's father (Florence's maternal grandfather) was the abolitionist William Smith. Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies William Smith (1756 &ndash 1835 was a British politician and dissenter and Member of Parliament (MP for Norwich.

Inspired by what she took as a Christian divine calling, experienced first in 1837 at Embley Park and later throughout Florence's life, she committed herself to nursing (though discouraged by her parents). A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth A vocation is an occupation for which a person is suited trained or qualified Embley Park is a school and former country house close to the New Forest and the town of Romsey in Hampshire, which was one of the childhood homes This demonstrated a passion on her part, and also a rebellion against the expected role for a woman of her status, which was to become a wife and mother. In those days, nursing was a career with a poor reputation, filled mostly by poorer women, "hangers-on" who followed the armies. In fact, nurses were equally likely to function as cooks. A cook is a person that prepares Food for consumption A cook is sometimes referred to as a Chef, although within the professional kitchen the terms are not exchangeable Nightingale announced her decision to enter nursing in 1845 bringing intense anger and distress to her family, particularly her mother. The Nightingale ( Luscinia megarhynchos) also known as Rufous and Common Nightingale, is a small Passerine Bird that was formerly

She cared for poor and indigent people. In December 1844, in response to a pauper's death in a workhouse infirmary in London that became a public scandal, she became the leading advocate for improved medical care in the infirmaries and immediately engaged the support of Charles Villiers, then president of the Poor Law Board. A workhouse, colloquially known as a spike was a place where people who were unable to support themselves could go to live and work London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Charles Pelham Villiers ( 3 January 1802 &ndash 16 January 1898) was a British Lawyer and Politician of the The Poor Law Board was established in the United Kingdom in 1847 as a successor body to the Poor Law Commission overseeing the administration This led to her active role in the reform of the Poor Laws, extending far beyond the provision of medical care. This article deals chiefly with the English Poor Laws covering England and Wales She was later instrumental in mentoring and then sending Agnes Elizabeth Jones and other Nightingale Probationers to Liverpool Workhouse Infirmary. Agnes Elizabeth Jones (1832 &ndash 1868 of Fahan, County Donegal, Ireland became the first trained Nursing Superintendent of Liverpool Liverpool ( is a City and Metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary A workhouse, colloquially known as a spike was a place where people who were unable to support themselves could go to live and work

Nightingale was courted by politician and poet Richard Monckton Milnes, 1st Baron Houghton, but she rejected him, convinced that marriage would interfere with her ability to follow her calling to nursing. Richard Monckton Milnes 1st Baron Houghton ( June 19, 1809 - August 11, 1885) was an English Poet and Politician When in Rome in 1847, recovering from a mental breakdown precipitated by a continuing crisis of her relationship with Milnes, she met Sidney Herbert, a brilliant politician who had been Secretary at War (1845–1846), a position he would hold again during the Crimean War. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Sidney Herbert 1st Baron Herbert of Lea ( 16 September 1810 – 2 August 1861) was an English Statesman. The Secretary at War was a political position in the British government with some responsibility over the administration and organization of the British army, but The Crimean War, also known in Russia as the Eastern War (Восточная война Vostochnaya Vojna) (March 1854–February 1856 was fought Herbert was already married, but he and Nightingale were immediately attracted to each other and they became lifelong close friends. Herbert was instrumental in facilitating her pioneering work in Crimea and in the field of nursing, and she became a key advisor to him in his political career. In 1851 she rejected Milnes' marriage proposal against her mother's wishes.

Nightingale also had strong and intimate relations with Benjamin Jowett, particularly about the time that she was considering leaving money in her will to establish a Chair in Applied Statistics at the University of Oxford. Benjamin Jowett (April 15 1817 – October 1 1893 was an English scholar Classicist and theologian, and Master of Balliol College Oxford Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection analysis interpretation or explanation and presentation of Data. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the [1]

In 1850 she visited the Lutheran religious community at Kaiserswerth-am-Rhein where she observed Pastor Theodor Fliedner and the deaconesses working for the sick and the deprived. Kaiserswerth is one of the oldest parts of the City of Düsseldorf, it is in the north of the city and next to the river Rhine. Theodor Fliedner was a minister and founder of Lutheran Deaconess training She regarded the experience as a turning point in her life, and issued her findings anonymously in 1851; The Institution of Kaiserswerth on the Rhine, for the Practical Training of Deaconesses, etc. was her first published work. [2]

On 22 August 1853, Nightingale took a post of superintendent at the Institute for the Care of Sick Gentlewomen in Upper Harley Street, London, a position she held until October 1854. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. Year 1853 ( MDCCCLIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Her father had given her an annual income of £500 (roughly £25,000/US$50,000 in present terms), which allowed her to live comfortably and to pursue her career. James Joseph Sylvester is said to have been her mentor. James Joseph Sylvester ( September 3, 1814 London – March 15, 1897 Oxford) was an English Mathematician

Crimean War

Florence Nightingale's most famous contribution came during the Crimean War, which became her central focus when reports began to filter back to Britain about the horrific conditions for the wounded. The Crimean War, also known in Russia as the Eastern War (Восточная война Vostochnaya Vojna) (March 1854–February 1856 was fought On 21 October 1854, she and a staff of 38 women volunteer nurses, trained by Nightingale and including her aunt Mai Smith,[3] were sent (under the authorization of Sidney Herbert) to Turkey, about 545 km across the Black Sea from Balaklava in the Crimea, where the main British camp was based. Events 1512 - Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg. Year 1854 ( MDCCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey For the article about the South Australian town see Balaklava South Australia. Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым

Nightingale arrived early in November 1854 at Selimiye Barracks in Scutari (modern-day Üsküdar in Istanbul). Selimiye Barracks, also known as Scutari Barracks is a Turkish army Barracks located in the Üsküdar district on the Asian part of Üsküdar is a large and densely populated suburb of Istanbul, on the Anatolian shore of the Bosphorus right opposite the heart of the great city next Üsküdar is a large and densely populated suburb of Istanbul, on the Anatolian shore of the Bosphorus right opposite the heart of the great city next Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey She and her nurses found wounded soldiers being badly cared for by overworked medical staff in the face of official indifference. Medicines were in short supply, hygiene was being neglected, and mass infections were common, many of them fatal. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Hygiene refers to practices associated with ensuring good health and cleanliness An infection is the detrimental Colonization of a host Organism by a foreign Species. There was no equipment to process food for the patients.

Florence and her colleagues began by thoroughly cleaning the hospital and equipment and reorganizing patient care. However, during her time at Scutari, the death rate did not drop; on the contrary, it began to rise. The death count would be highest of all other hospitals in the region. During her first winter at Scutari, 4077 soldiers died there. Ten times more soldiers died from illnesses such as typhus, typhoid, cholera and dysentery than from battle wounds. Typhus is any of several similar diseases caused by Louse -borne bacteria Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, bilious fever, Yellow Jack or commonly just typhoid, is an illness caused by the Bacterium Cholera, sometimes known as Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera, is an infectious Gastroenteritis caused by the Bacterium Dysentery (formerly known as flux or the bloody flux) is an infection of the digestive system that results in severe Diarrhea containing mucus and blood Conditions at the temporary barracks hospital were so fatal to the patients because of overcrowding and the hospital's defective sewers and lack of ventilation. A sanitary commission had to be sent out by the British government to Scutari in March 1855, almost six months after Florence Nightingale had arrived, which flushed out the sewers and improved ventilation. Death rates were sharply reduced.

Nightingale continued believing the death rates were due to poor nutrition and supplies and overworking of the soldiers. It was not until after she returned to Britain and began collecting evidence before the Royal Commission on the Health of the Army, that she came to believe that most of the soldiers at the hospital were killed by poor living conditions. This experience would influence her later career, when she advocated sanitary living conditions as of great importance. Consequently, she reduced deaths in the Army during peacetime and turned attention to the sanitary design of hospitals.

The Lady with the Lamp

During the Crimean campaign Florence Nightingale gained the nickname "The Lady with the Lamp", deriving from a phrase in a report in The Times:

She is a ‘ministering angel’ without any exaggeration in these hospitals, and as her slender form glides quietly along each corridor, every poor fellow's face softens with gratitude at the sight of her. When all the medical officers have retired for the night and silence and darkness have settled down upon those miles of prostrate sick, she may be observed alone, with a little lamp in her hand, making her solitary rounds. [4]

The phrase was further popularised by Henry Longfellow's 1857 poem "Santa Filomena":

Lo! in that hour of misery
A lady with a lamp I see
Pass through the glimmering gloom,
And flit from room to room. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (February 27 1807 &ndash March 24 1882 was an American educator and Poet whose works include " Paul Revere's Ride "

Return home

Florence Nightingale returned to Britain a heroine on 7 August 1857, and, according to the BBC, was arguably the most famous Victorian after Queen Victoria herself. Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. Click here for Indian Rebellion of 1857 Year 1857 ( MDCCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Nightingale moved from her family home in Middle Claydon, Buckinghamshire, to the Burlington Hotel in Piccadilly, where she was stricken by a fever, probably due to a chronic form of Brucellosis ("Crimean fever") that she contracted during the Crimean war. Middle Claydon is a Village and also a Civil parish within Aylesbury Vale district in Buckinghamshire, England. Buckinghamshire (abbreviated Bucks) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan home county in South East England. Piccadilly is a major London street running from Hyde Park Corner in the west to Piccadilly Circus in the east Brucellosis, also called undulant fever, or Malta fever, is a highly contagious Zoonosis caused by ingestion of unsterilized Milk [5] She barred her mother and sister from her room and rarely left it.

In response to an invitation from Queen Victoria – and despite the limitations of confinement to her room – Nightingale played the central role in the establishment of the Royal Commission on the Health of the Army, of which Sidney Herbert became chairman. The term Royal Commission may also be used in the United Kingdom to describe the group of Lords Commissioners who may act in the stead of the As a woman, Nightingale could not be appointed to the Royal Commission, but she wrote the Commission's 1,000-plus page report that included detailed statistical reports, and she was instrumental in the implementation of its recommendations. The report of the Royal Commission led to a major overhaul of army military care, and to the establishment of an Army Medical School and of a comprehensive system of army medical records. A medical record, health record, or medical chart is a systematic documentation of a Patient 's Medical history and care.

Later career

While she was still in Turkey, on 29 November 1855, a public meeting to give recognition to Florence Nightingale for her work in the war led to the establishment of the Nightingale Fund for the training of nurses. Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Year 1855 ( MDCCCLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year There was an outpouring of generous donations. Sidney Herbert served as honorary secretary of the fund, and the Duke of Cambridge was chairman. Prince George Duke of Cambridge (George William Frederick Charles 26 March 1819 &ndash 17 March 1904) was a member of the British Royal Nightingale was also considered a pioneer in the concept of medical tourism as well based on her letters from 1856 in which she would write of spas in Turkey detailing the health conditions, physical descriptions, dietary information, and other vitally important details of patients whom she directed there (which was significantly less expensive than Switzerland). Medical tourism (also called medical travel, health tourism or global healthcare is a term initially coined by travel agencies and the Mass media She was obviously directing patients of meagre means to affordable treatment.

By 1859 Nightingale had £45,000 at her disposal from the Nightingale Fund to set up the Nightingale Training School at St. Thomas' Hospital on 9 July 1860. St Thomas' Hospital is a large NHS Hospital in Lambeth, London, England. Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting (It is now called the Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery and is part of King's College London. The Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery is a School within King's College London. King's College London is a British Higher education institution and co-founding constituent college of the federal University of London. ) The first trained Nightingale nurses began work on 16 May 1865 at the Liverpool Workhouse Infirmary. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year She also campaigned and raised funds for the Royal Buckinghamshire Hospital in Aylesbury, near her family home. The Royal Buckinghamshire Hospital (colloquially called the Royal Bucks) was founded in 1832 in response to the Cholera Epidemic that swept across See also Aylesbury Urban Area Aylesbury is the County town of Buckinghamshire in south east England.

Nightingale wrote Notes on Nursing, which was published in 1860, a slim 136-page book that served as the cornerstone of the curriculum at the Nightingale School and other nursing schools established. Notes on Nursing What it is and What it is Not is a book first published by Florence Nightingale in 1859. Notes on Nursing also sold well to the general reading public and is considered a classic introduction to nursing. Nightingale would spend the rest of her life promoting the establishment and development of the nursing profession and organizing it into its modern form.

Nightingale's work served as an inspiration for nurses in the American Civil War. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South The Union government approached her for advice in organizing field medicine. During the American Civil War, the Union was a name used to refer to the federal government of the United States, which was supported by the twenty-three Although her ideas met official resistance, they inspired the volunteer body of United States Sanitary Commission. The United States Sanitary Commission was an official agency of the United States government created by legislation signed by President of the United States

In 1869, Nightingale and Elizabeth Blackwell opened the Women's Medical College. Elizabeth Blackwell ( February 3, 1821 &ndash May 31, 1910) was an Abolitionist, Women's rights Activist

In the 1870s, Nightingale mentored Linda Richards, "America's first trained nurse", and enabled her to return to the USA with adequate training and knowledge to establish quality nursing schools. Linda Richards was the first professionally trained American Nurse. Linda Richards went on to become a great nursing pioneer in the USA and Japan.

By 1882, Nightingale nurses had a growing and influential presence in the embryonic nursing profession. Some had become matrons at several leading hospitals, including, in London, St Mary's Hospital, Westminster Hospital, St Marylebone Workhouse Infirmary and the Hospital for Incurables at Putney; and throughout Britain, e. St Mary's Hospital is a Hospital located in Paddington, London, England. The Royal Hospital for Neuro-disability, in Putney in southwest London, is an independent Medical charity which undertakes research and provides specialist Putney is a district of south-west London in the London Borough of Wandsworth. g. Royal Victoria Hospital, Netley; Edinburgh Royal Infirmary; Cumberland Infirmary; Liverpool Royal Infirmary as well as at Sydney Hospital, in New South Wales, Australia. Netley, sometimes called Netley Abbey, is a Village on the south coast of Hampshire, England, situated close to the city of Southampton The Sydney Hospital is a major Hospital in Sydney, Australia, located on Macquarie Street in the Sydney central business district. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.

In 1883, Nightingale was awarded the Royal Red Cross by Queen Victoria. The Royal Red Cross is a military decoration awarded in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth for exceptional services in military nursing In 1907, she became the first woman to be awarded the Order of Merit. The Order of Merit is a British and Commonwealth Order bestowed by the Monarch. In 1908, she was given the Honorary Freedom of the City of London. For London as a whole see the main article London. The City of London is a geographically

By 1896, Florence Nightingale was bedridden. She may have had what is now known as chronic fatigue syndrome. Chronic fatigue syndrome ( CFS) is the most common name given to a poorly understood variably debilitating disorder or disorders of uncertain causation Her birthday is now celebrated as the International CFS Awareness Day. During her bedridden years, she also did pioneering work in the field of hospital planning, and her work propagated quickly across Britain and the world.

Nightingale was a Christian universalist. Universal reconciliation, also called universal salvation or sometimes simply universalism, is the Christian doctrine or belief that all will receive Salvation [6] On 7 February 1837 – not long before her 17th birthday – something happened that would change her life: "God spoke to me", she wrote, "and called me to His service. Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common "

Death

On 13 August 1910, at the age of 90, she died in her room while sleeping at 10 South Street, Park Lane. Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting [7] The offer of burial in Westminster Abbey was declined by her relatives, and she is buried in the graveyard at St. The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church Margaret Church in East Wellow, Hampshire. Wellow is a village in Hampshire, England that falls within the Test Valley district [8][9]

Contributions

Statistics

"Diagram of the causes of mortality in the army in the East" by Florence Nightingale.
"Diagram of the causes of mortality in the army in the East" by Florence Nightingale.

Florence Nightingale had exhibited a gift for mathematics from an early age and excelled in the subject under the tutorship of her father. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and She had a special interest in statistics, a field in which her father, a pioneer in the nascent field of epidemiology, was an expert. Birth is the act or process of bearing or bringing forth Offspring. Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the Health and Illness of populations and serves as the foundation and Logic of interventions made in the She made extensive use of statistical analysis in the compilation, analysis and presentation of statistics on medical care and public health. Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection analysis interpretation or explanation and presentation of Data. Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society organisations

Nightingale was a pioneer in the visual presentation of information and statistical graphics. Statistical graphics, also known as graphical techniques, are Information graphics in the field of Statistics used to visualize quantitative [10] Among other things she used the pie chart, which had first been developed by William Playfair in 1801. A pie chart (or a circle graph) is a circular Chart divided into sectors illustrating relative magnitudes or frequencies or percents William Playfair ( Sept 22, 1759 – Feb 11, 1823) was a Scottish Engineer and Political economist, who is considered the founder of After the Crimean War, Nightingale used the polar area chart, equivalent to a modern circular histogram or rose diagram, to illustrate seasonal sources of patient mortality in the military field hospital she managed. Nightingale called a compilation of such diagrams a "coxcomb", but later that term has frequently been used for the individual diagrams. She made extensive use of coxcombs to present reports on the nature and magnitude of the conditions of medical care in the Crimean War to Members of Parliament and civil servants who would have been unlikely to read or understand traditional statistical reports. The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories

In her later life Nightingale made a comprehensive statistical study of sanitation in Indian rural life and was the leading figure in the introduction of improved medical care and public health service in India. Sanitation is the hygienic means of preventing human contact from the hazards of wastes to promote health India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country

In 1859 Nightingale was elected the first female member of the Royal Statistical Society and she later became an honorary member of the American Statistical Association. The Royal Statistical Society (RSS is a Learned society for Statistics and a Professional body for Statisticians in the UK. The American Statistical Association (ASA, a scientific and educational society founded in Boston Massachusetts on November 27, 1839, is the second

Literature and the women's movement

While better known for her contributions in the nursing and mathematical fields, Nightingale is also an important link in the study of English feminism. Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate During 1850 and 1852, she was struggling with her self-definition and the expectations of an upper-class marriage from her family. As she sorted out her thoughts, she wrote Suggestions for Thought to Searchers after Religious Truth. The three-volume book has never been printed in its entirety, but a section, called Cassandra, was published by Ray Strachey in 1928. Strachey included it in The Cause, a history of the women's movement. Apparently, the writing served the original purpose of sorting out thoughts; Nightingale left soon after to train at the Institute for deaconesses at Kaiserswerth.

Cassandra protests the over-feminization of women into near helplessness, such as Nightingale saw in her mother's and older sister's lethargic lifestyle, despite their education. She rejected their life of thoughtless comfort for the world of social service. The work also reflects her fear of her ideas being ineffective, as were Cassandra's. Cassandra is a virgin-priestess of Apollo who receives a divinely-inspired prophecy, but her prophetic warnings go unheeded. Elaine Showalter called Nightingale's writing "a major text of English feminism, a link between Wollstonecraft and Woolf. Elaine Showalter (born January 21, 1941) is an American literary critic, Feminist, and writer on cultural and social issues "[11]

Theology

Suggestions for Thought is also Nightingale's great work of theology, her own theodicee, where she develops her radical heterodox ideas. Theodicy (θiːˈɒdɪsi (adjectival form theodicean) is a specific branch of Theology and Philosophy that attempts to reconcile the existence of She was not only a militant feminist but also a radical liberation theologist long before the concept was coined. Liberation theology is a school of Theology within Christianity, particularly in the Roman Catholic [12]

Legacy and memory

A young Florence Nightingale
A young Florence Nightingale

Nursing

Florence Nightingale's lasting contribution has been her role in founding the modern nursing profession. She set an example of compassion, commitment to patient care, and diligent and thoughtful hospital administration.

The work of the Nightingale School of Nursing continues today. The Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery is a School within King's College London. The Nightingale building in the School of Nursing and Midwifery at the University of Southampton is named after her. The University of Southampton is a university situated in the city of Southampton, on the south coast of England. International Nurses Day is celebrated on her birthday each year. International Nurses Day ( IND) is celebrated around the world every 12 May.

The Florence Nightingale Declaration Campaign,[13] established by nursing leaders throughout the world through the Nightingale Initiative for Global Health (NIGH), aims to build a global grassroots movement to achieve two United Nations Resolutions for adoption by the UN General Assembly of 2008 which will declare: The International Year of the Nurse–2010 (the centennial of Nightingale's death); The UN Decade for a Healthy World–2011 to 2020 (the bicentennial of Nightingale's birth). NIGH also works to rekindle awareness about the important issues highlighted by Florence Nightingale, such as preventive medicine and holistic health. So far, The Florence Nightingale Declaration has been signed by over 18,500 signatories from 86 countries.

During the Vietnam War, Nightingale inspired many US Army nurses, sparking a renewal of interest in her life and work. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. Her admirers include Country Joe of Country Joe and the Fish, who has assembled an extensive website in her honour. Joseph Allen McDonald (born January 1, 1942 in Washington DC) was the leader and lead Singer of the 1960s Psychedelic rock group Country Joe and the Fish was a rock band most widely known for musical protests against the Vietnam War, from 1966 to 1971. [14]

Three hospitals in Istanbul are named after Nightingale: F. N. Hastanesi in Şişli (the biggest private hospital in Turkey), Metropolitan F. Şişli is a crowded central District of İstanbul, Turkey. It is a business shopping and residential area north of Taksim, the entertainment N. Hastanesi in Gayrettepe, and Avrupa F. N. Hastanesi in Mecidiyeköy, all belonging to the Turkish Cardiology Foundation. [15]

The Agostino Gemelli Medical Center[16] in Rome, the first university-based hospital in Italy and one of its most respected medical centres, honoured Nightingale's contribution to the nursing profession by giving the name "Bedside Florence" to a wireless computer system it developed to assist nursing. [17]

There are many foundations named after Florence Nightingale. Most are nursing foundations, but there is also Nightingale Research Foundation in Canada, dedicated to the study and treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome which Nightingale is believed to have had.

There is a psychological effect known as the "Florence Nightingale Effect", whereby nurses and doctors fall in love with their patients. The Florence Nightingale Effect is a psychological complex where people who are entrusted with the care and wellbeing of vulnerable patients begin to form a romantic

A bronze plaque, attached to the plinth of the Crimean Memorial in the Haydarpaşa Cemetery, Istanbul and unveiled on Empire Day, 1954 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of her nursing service in that region, bears the inscription:[18]

"To Florence Nightingale, whose work near this Cemetery a century ago relieved much human suffering and laid the foundations for the nursing profession. Haydarpaşa Cemetery, also known as Haidar Pasha Cemetery Istanbul (Haydarpaşa İngiliz Mezarlığı located in the Haydarpaşa neighborhood of Üsküdar Commonwealth Day is the annual celebration of the Commonwealth of Nations held on the second Monday in March and marked by a multi-faith service in Westminster Abbey Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) "

Museums and monuments

Statue of Florence Nightingale in Waterloo Place, London
Statue of Florence Nightingale in Waterloo Place, London

A statue of Florence Nightingale stands in Waterloo Place, Westminster, London, just off The Mall. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The Mall (ˈmæl in London is the road running from Buckingham Palace at its western end to Admiralty Arch and on to Trafalgar Square

There are three statues of Florence Nightingale in Derby - one outside the Derby Royal Infirmary, one in St. Peter's Street, and one above the Nightingale-Macmillan Continuing Care Unit opposite the Derby Royal Infirmary. [19]

There is a Florence Nightingale Museum in London and another museum devoted to her at her sister's family home, Claydon House, now a property of the National Trust. The Florence Nightingale Museum is located at St Thomas' Hospital, which faces the Palace of Westminster across the River Thames in central Claydon House is a Country house in the Aylesbury Vale, Buckinghamshire, England, close to the Village of Middle Claydon The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty, usually known as the National Trust, is a conservation organization in England, Wales The northmost tower of the Selimiye Barracks building is today a museum, and in several of its rooms, relics and reproductions relevant to Florence Nightingale and her nurses are on exhibition. [20]

When she first arrived in Turkey, Nightingale would travel on horseback to make inspections. She then transferred to a mule cart and was reported to have escaped serious injury when the cart was toppled in an accident. Following this episode, she used a solid Russian-built carriage, with a waterproof hood and curtains. The carriage was returned to England after the war and subsequently given to the Nightingale training school for nurses, which she founded at St Thomas's Hospital. The carriage was damaged when the hospital was bombed in the Blitz. The Blitz was the sustained bombing of Britain by Nazi Germany between 7 September 1940 and 10 May 1941 in World War II. It was later restored and transferred to the Army Medical Services Museum in Mytchett, Surrey, near Aldershot. Aldershot is a town in the English County of Hampshire, located on heathland about 60 km (37 miles southwest of London.

Florence Nightingale's voice was saved for posterity in a phonograph recording from 1890 preserved in the British Library Sound Archive. The phonograph, or gramophone, was the most common device for playing recorded Sound from the 1870s through the 1980s The British Library Sound Archive in London, England is one of the largest collections of recorded sound in the world including Music, spoken word and

Television

Portrayals of Nightingale on television, in documentary as in fiction, vary - the BBC's 2008 Florence Nightingale emphasised her independence and feeling of religious calling, but in Channel 4's 2006 Mary Seacole: The Real Angel of the Crimea she was portrayed as narrow-minded and opposed to Seacole's efforts. Florence Nightingale was a 60-minute 2008 BBC 1 television drama on the early years of Florence Nightingale, from 1837 to the Royal Commission into the Crimean Mary Jane Seacole (1858 &ndash 26 May 1889 sometimes known as Mother Seacole or Mary Grant, was a Jamaican born Multiracial British Nurse

Other

Several churches in the Anglican Communion commemorate Nightingale with a feast day on their liturgical calendars. See also Anglicanism The Anglican Communion is an international association of national Anglican churches The liturgical year, also known as the Christian year, consists of the cycle of liturgical seasons in Christian churches which determines when The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America commemorates her as a renewer of society with Clara Maass on 13 August. The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America ( ELCA) is a mainline Protestant denomination headquartered in Chicago Illinois. Clara Louise Maass ( June 28, 1876 &ndash August 24, 1901) was an American Nurse who died as a result of volunteering Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar.

Beginning in 1968, the U.S. Air Force operated a fleet of 20 C-9A "Nightingale" aeromedical evacuation aircraft, based on the McDonnell Douglas DC-9 platform. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Medical evacuation, often termed MEDEVAC or medivac, is the timely and efficient movement and en route care provided by medical personnel to the wounded being WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout [21] The last of these planes was retired from service in 2005. [22] The Dutch airline KLM has named one of its MD-11 airliners in her memory. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands KLM Royal Dutch Airlines ( Dutch: Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij, literally Royal Aviation Company; usual English translation WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout [23]

Nightingale Corona, on the surface of Venus is named after her. Nightingale Corona is a corona found on the planet Venus. Latitude 63 The VENUS ( V ictoria E xperimental N etwork U nder the S ea project is a cabled sea floor observatory operated by the University

In the TV series Star Trek Voyager the character Ensign Harry Kim names an alien medical vessel after her.

M C Smith, nurse historian, credits Nightingale with making the profession ". . . appealing to the masses. "

The medical helicopter in Hampton Roads, Virginia is named in her honour. Hampton Roads is the name of both a body of water and the region of land areas which surround it in southeastern Virginia in the USA.

The Library in Steeple Claydon, Buckinghamshire, displays a cheque signed by Florence Nightingale as a donation to its foundation.

See also

Works

Sources

References

  1. ^ Bibby, John. (1986) Notes towards a history of teaching statistics
  2. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  3. ^ Gill, Christopher J. ; Gillian C. Gill (2005). "Nightingale in Scutari: Her Legacy Reexamined". Clinical Infectious Diseases 40: 1799–1805.  
  4. ^ Cited in Cook, E. T. The Life of Florence Nightingale. (1913) Vol 1, p 237.
  5. ^ Florence Nightingale's fever. BMJ 1995;311:1697-1700
  6. ^ Florence Nightengale at Tentmaker.org. Accessed July 13, 2007.
  7. ^ "Miss Nightingale Dies, Aged Ninety", The New York Times, 1910-08-15. Retrieved on 2007-07-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World  "Florence Nightingale, the famous nurse of the Crimean war, and the only woman who ever received the Order of Merit, died yesterday afternoon at her London home. Although she had been an invalid for a long time, rarely leaving her room, where she passed the time in a half-recumbent position, and was under the constant care of a physician, her death was somewhat unexpected. A week ago she was quite sick, but then improved, and on Friday was cheerful. During that night alarming symptoms developed, and she gradually sank until 2 o'clock Saturday afternoon, when the end came. " 
  8. ^ http://www.countryjoe.com/nightingale/joe_grave.jpg
  9. ^ Florence Nightingale: The Grave at East Wellow
  10. ^ Lewi, Paul J. (2006). Paul J Lewi (born 4 Jan 1938) is a Belgian scientist who elaborated Spectral Map Analysis in 1975 and was one of the cofounders of Chemometrics Speaking of Graphics.  
  11. ^ Gilbert, Sandra M. and Susan Gubar. "Florence Nightingale. " The Norton Anthology of Literature by Women: The Traditions in English. New York: W. W. Norton, 1996. 836-837.
  12. ^ Webb, 2002.
  13. ^ Florence Nightingale Declaration Campaign - creating a healthy world together - Home
  14. ^ Country Joe McDonald's Tribute to Florence Nightingale
  15. ^ http://www.florence.com.tr/tr/index.asp Florence
  16. ^ Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore - The Rome Campus
  17. ^ http://www.gesi.it/MS%20bedside(e).pdf
  18. ^ Commenwealth War Graves Commission Haidar Pasha Cemetery
  19. ^ http://www.derby-guide.co.uk/florence_nightingale.html
  20. ^ Florence Nightingale
  21. ^ Air Mobility Command Museum: "C-9 Nightingale".
  22. ^ Air Force Link: "Historic C-9 heads to Andrews for retirement".
  23. ^ KLM McDonnell Douglas MD-11 PH-KCD - Airfleets.net Photo ID 34481

Further reading

External links


Persondata
NAME Nightingale, Florence
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION English nurse and statistician
DATE OF BIRTH 12 May 1820
PLACE OF BIRTH Florence, Italy
DATE OF DEATH 13 August 1910
PLACE OF DEATH London, England

The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive is an award-winning website maintained by John J A nurse is responsible—along with other Health care Professionals —for the treatment safety and recovery of acutely or chronically Statisticians work with theoretical and applied Statistics in both the private and public sectors Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. Year 1820 ( MDCCCXX) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland
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