Simplified schematic of an island's flora - all its plant species, highlighted in boxes.

In botany, flora (plural: floras or florae) has two meanings. Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life Plural is a Grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the Referent in the real world The first meaning, or flora of an area or of time period, refers to all plant life occurring in an area or time period, especially the naturally occurring or indigenous plant life. The second meaning refers to a book or other work which describes the plant species occurring in an area or time period, with the aim of allowing identification. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Some classic and modern floras are listed below.

The term flora comes from Latin language Flora, the goddess of flowers in Roman mythology. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. In Roman mythology, Flora was a Goddess of flowers and the season of spring. A goddess is a Female Deity. Many Cultures have goddesses Often deities are part of a polytheistic system that includes several deities A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also Roman mythology, or more appropriately Latin mythology, refers to the mythological beliefs of the Italic people inhabiting the region of Latium and its The corresponding term for animal life is fauna. Fauna is all of the Animal life of any particular region or time Flora, fauna and other forms of life such as fungi are collectively referred to as biota. In biological Taxonomy, a kingdom or regnum is a Taxonomic rank in either (historically the highest rank or (in the new three-domain system A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ In some systems of Scientific classification, Biota or Vitae is the Superdomain that contains all Life. In relation to all the flora and fauna of a region, it is collectively referred to as biota. Biota is the total collection of Organisms of a geographic region or a time period from local geographic scales and instantaneous temporal scales all the way up to whole-planet

Flora classifications

Plants are grouped into floras based on region, period, special environment, or climate. Regions can be geographically distinct habitats like mountain vs. A habitat (which is Latin for "it inhabits" is an Ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular Species. flatland. Floras can mean plant life of an historic era as in fossil flora. Lastly, floras may be subdivided by special environments:

• Native flora. The native and indigenous flora of an area.
• Agricultural and garden flora. The plants that are deliberately grown by humans.
• Weed flora. Traditionally this classification was applied to plants regarded as undesirable, and studied in efforts to control or eradicate them. Today the designation is less often used as a classification of plant life, since it includes three different types of plants: weedy species, invasive species (that may or may not be weedy), and native and introduced non-weedy species that are agriculturally undesirable. Introduced species|Weed Invasive species is a phrase with several definitions Introduced species|Weed Invasive species is a phrase with several definitions Many native plants previously considered weeds have been shown to be beneficial or even necessary to various ecosystems.

Bacterial organisms are sometimes included in a flora [1] [2]. Other times, the terms bacterial flora and plant flora are used separately.

Flora treatises

Traditionally floras are books, but some are now published on CD-ROM or websites. A Book is a set or collection of written printed illustrated or blank sheets made of Paper, Parchment, or other material usually fastened together CD-ROM (an initialism of "Compact Disc Read-Only Memory " is a pre-pressed Compact Disc that contains data accessible to but not writable A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages The area that a flora covers can be either geographically or politically defined. Floras usually require some specialist botanical knowledge to use with any effectiveness.

A flora often contains diagnostic keys. Often these are dichotomous keys, which require the user to repeatedly examine a plant, and decide which one of two alternatives given in the flora best applies to the plant. An identification key is a printed or computer-aided device that aids the identification of biological organisms (e

Classic floras

Floristic regions in Europe according to Wolfgang Frey and Rainer Lösch

Europe

• Flora Londinensis, William Curtis. Flora Londinensis is a book that described the Flora found in the London region of the mid eighteenth century William Curtis ( 11 January 1746 – 7 July 1799) was an English Botanist and Entomologist, who was born England 1777- 1798
• Flora Graeca, John Sibthorp. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Flora Graeca was a publication of the plants of Greece in the late eighteenth century resulting from a survey by John Sibthorp and Ferdinand John Sibthorp ( October 28, 1758 &ndash February 8, 1796) was an English Botanist. (England) 1806 - 1840
• Flora Danica, Simon Paulli. A product of The Age of Enlightenment, Flora Danica is a comprehensive atlas of Botany, containing folio-sized pictures of all the wild plants native Denmark, 1847. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Year 1847 ( MDCCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common
• Flora Jenensis, Heinrich Bernhard Rupp Germany, 1718. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Year 1718 ( MDCCXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a
• Flora Scorer, Paolo Di Canio. 1723. Year 1723 ( MDCCXXIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a
• Flora Suecica, Carolus Linnaeus. Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for 1745. Year 1745 ( MDCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a

India

• Hortus indicus malabaricus, Hendrik van Rheede 1683–1703

Indonesia

• Flora Javae, Carl Ludwig Blume and Joanne Baptista Fischer. Hendrik Adriaan van Rheede tot Draakenstein (1636 Utrecht - Dec 15 1691, off the coast of Bombay) was a Dutch traveller and naturalist Year 1703 ( MDCCIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Karl Ludwig Ritter von Blume ( 9 June 1796 - 3 February 1862) was a German - Dutch Botanist. 1828. The year 1828 ( MDCCCXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap

Modern floras

Americas

Caribbean

• Britton, N. L. , and Percy Wilson. Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands — Volume V, Part 1: Botany of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands: Pandanales to Thymeleales. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1924. The City of New York Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Central & South America

• Flora Brasiliensis
• Flora of São Paulo in Brazil
• Flora de Chile
• Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica
• Flora of Ecuador
• Flora of Guatemala
• Flora de Nicaragua
• Flora of Peru
• Flora of the Guianas
• Flora of Panama
• Flora del Paraguay
• Flora of Suriname
• Flora Mesoamericana (1994-ongoing) Introduction
• Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana
• Flora Neotropica (1968-ongoing) Organising committee website. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

North America

• Flora of North America
• Kearney, Thomas H. Arizona Flora. University of California Press, 1940. University of California Press, also known as UC Press, is a Publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in Academic Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• Hickman, James C. , editor. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, 1993. University of California Press, also known as UC Press, is a Publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in Academic Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar)
• Hultén, Eric. Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories: A Manual of the Vascular Plants. Stanford University Press, 1968. The Stanford University Press is the Publishing house of Stanford University. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• Radford, Albert E. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. University of North Carolina Press, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press (or UNC Press) founded in 1922 is a University press that is part of the University of North Carolina. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, 1973. See Washington (disambiguation for other uses The University of Washington, founded in 1861, is a public research University Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar.
• Chadde, Steve W. , and Steve Chadde. A Great Lakes Wetland Flora. 2nd ed. Pocketflora Press, 2002. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ISBN 0-9651385-5-0
• P. D. Strausbaugh and Earl L. Core. Flora of West Virginia. 2nd ed. Seneca Books Inc. , 1964. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. ISBN 0-89092-010-9
• Ann Fouler Rhoads and Timothy A. Block. The Plants of Pennsylvania. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000. The University of Pennsylvania (also known as Penn) is a private University located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ISBN 0-8122-3535-5
• Nathaniel Lord Britton and Hon. Addison Brown. An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada. In three volumes. Dover Publications, 1913, 1970. Dover Publications is an American book Publisher founded in 1941 by Hayward Cirker and his wife Blanche Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ISBN 0-486-22642-5

Asia

China and Japan

• Flora of China
• Flora of China in eFloras
• Flora of Japan

Southeast Asia

• Flora of Thailand
• Florae Siamensis Enumeratio
• Flora Malesiana (1984-ongoing) About Flora Malesiana. Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar)
• Flora of the Malay Peninsula
• Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viêt-Nam

Indian region and Sri Lanka

• Flora of Bhutan
• Flora of the Presidency of Madras by J. S. Gamble (1915-36)
• Flora of Nepal
• Bengal Plants by D. Prain (1903)
• Flora of the upper Gangetic plains by J. F. Duthie (1903-29)
• Botany of Bihar and Orissa by H. H. Haines (1921-25)
• Flora of British India (1872-1897) by Sir J.D. Hooker

Middle East and western Asia

• Flora of Turkey
• Flora Iranica
• Flora Palaestina:
  • M. Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, OM, GCSI, MD, FRS (30 June 1817 – 10 December 1911 was an English Botanist and Explorer Zohary (1966). Flora Palaestina part 1.
  • M. Zohary (1972). Flora Palaestina part 2.
  • N. Feinbrun (1978). Flora Palaestina part 3.
  • N. Feinbrun (1986). Flora Palaestina part 4.
  • A. Danin, (2004). Distribution Atlas of Plants in the Flora Palaestina Area (Flora Palaestina part 5).
  • Online updates: http://flora.huji.ac.il/browse.asp?lang=en&action=showfile&fileid=14005

Australasia

• Flora of Australia
• Flora of New Zealand series:
  • Allan, H. The Flora of Australia is a 59 volume series describing the vascular plants bryophytes and lichens present in Australian and its external territories This page relates to the indigenous flora of New Zealand. New Zealand 's Geographical isolation has meant the Country has developed a unique variety H. 1961, reprinted 1982. Flora of New Zealand. Volume I: Indigenous Tracheophyta - Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledons. ISBN 0-477-01056-3.
  • Moore, L. B. ; Edgar, E. 1970, reprinted 1976. Flora of New Zealand. Volume II: Indigenous Tracheophyta - Monocotyledons except Graminae. ISBN 0-477-01889-0.
  • Healy, A. J. ; Edgar, E. 1980. Flora of New Zealand Volume III. Adventive Cyperaceous, Petalous & Spathaceous Monocotyledons. ISBN 0-477-01041-5.
  • Webb, C. J. ; Sykes, W. R. ;Garnock-Jones, P. J. 1988. Flora of New Zealand Volume IV: Naturalised Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons. ISBN 0-477-02529-3.
  • Edgar, E. ; Connor, H. E. 2000. Flora of New Zealand Volume V: Grasses. ISBN 0-478-09331-4.
  • Volumes I-V: First electronic edition, Landcare Research, June 2004. Transcribed by A. D. Wilton and I. M. L. Andres.
• Galloway, D. J. 1985. Flora of New Zealand: Lichens. ISBN 0-477-01266-3.
• Croasdale, H. ; Flint, E. A. 1986. Flora of New Zealand: Desmids. Volume I. ISBN 0-477-02530-7.
• Croasdale, H. ; Flint, E. A. 1988. Flora of New Zealand: Desmids. Volume II. ISBN 0-477-01353-8.
• Croasdale, H. ; Flint, E. A. ;Racine, M. M. 1994. Flora of New Zealand: Desmids. Volume III. ISBN 0-477-01642-1.
• Sykes, W. R. ; West, C. J. ; Beever, J. E. ; Fife, A. J. 2000. Kermadec Islands Flora - Special Edition. ISBN 0-478-09339-X.

Pacific Islands

• Flora Vitiensis Nova, a New Flora of Fiji
• Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai‘i, Warren L. Wagner and Derral R. Herbst (1991) + suppl. [3]
• Flore de la Nouvelle-Calédonie
• Flore de la Polynésie Française (J. Florence, vol. 1 & 2, 1997 & 2004)

Europe

British Isles

• Morton, O. 1994. Marine Algae of Northern Ireland. Ulster Museum, Belfast. ISBN 0 900761 28 8
• Stace, Clive Anthony, and Hilli Thompson (illustrator). Osborne Morton (born 1945 in Belfast, Northern Ireland) is a former Phycologist in the Ulster Museum. Clive Anthony Stace (1938- is a British Botanist and botanical Author. For the vector -based drawing program by Adobe Systems, see Adobe Illustrator. A New Flora of the British Isles. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 1997. Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP is a Publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534 Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar ISBN 0-521-58935-5.
• Beesley, S. and J. Wilde. Urban Flora of Belfast. Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies, Queen's University of Belfast, 1997. Belfast ( is the capital city of Northern Ireland and the seat of government in Northern Ireland. Queen's University Belfast is a university in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar
• Killick, John, Roy Perry and Stan Woodell. Stan Woodell (died 24 April 2004) was a British Botanist. Stanley Reginald John Woodell obtained a PhD from the Flora of Oxfordshire. Pisces Publications, 1998. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) ISBN 1-874357-07-2.
• Bowen, Humphry. Humphry John Moule Bowen ( June 22, 1929 – August 9, 2001) was a British Botanist and Chemist. The Flora of Dorset. Pisces Publications, 2000. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ISBN 1-874357-16-1.
• Flora Celtica Plants and people in Celtic Europe
• Flora Europaea at the site of The Royal Botanical Gardens of Edinburgh Flora Europaea
• Flora of Europe
• Flora iberica
• Flora of Acores
• Flora Danica
• Flora of Romania

Africa and Madagascar

• Flore du Gabon
• Flore du Cameroun
• Flora of Tropical Africa
• Flora of Tropical East Africa
• Flora Capensis
• Flora Zambesiaca
• Flora of South Africa
• Flore du Rwanda
• Flore de Madagascar et des Comores

Flora on Wikipedia

Wikipedia has the following mainly flora categories:

• Flora by continent
• Flora by country
• Flora by region

Oceania

Africa

Antarctica

Asia

Europe

South
America

Caribbean

Central
America

North
America

See also

• Biome — a major regional group of distinctive plant and animal communities. The Flora Europaea is a 5-volume encyclopedia of plants published between 1964 and 1993 by Cambridge University Press. All the genera and species of plants found in Romania are presented in "The Flora of Romania Illustrated determinator of vascular plants" vol I Romanian Academy A biome is a climatically and geographically defined area of ecologically similar climatic conditions such as communities of Plants Animals and
• Vegetation — a general term for the plant life of a region. Vegetation is a general term for the plant life of a region it refers to the Ground cover provided by plants
• Fauna
• Flora (microbiology)
• Fauna and Flora Preservation Society
• Herbal
• Pharmacopoeia

External links

• eFloras — a collection of on-line floras
• Chilebosque — checklist of Chilean native flora
• Flora of NW Europe with descriptions and a quiz to test your knowledge
• Flora of Israel Online
• Flora of Australia Online
• Flora of New Zealand Series Online