Five-pins (Italian cinque birilli),[1] also known as Italian stecca, five-pin billiards, 5-pins, 5-quillas, Italian billiards (Italian biliardo all'italiana),[2] and simply Italiana, with a variant known as nine-pins or goriziana, is a usually carom but sometimes pocket form of cue sport, popular especially in Italy and Argentina but also in some other parts of Latin America and Europe, with international, televised professional tournaments. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Carom billiards, sometimes called carambole billiards or simply carambole and in some cases used as a synonym for the game of straight rail from Pocket billiards, most commonly referred to as pool, is the general term for a family of games played on a specific class of Billiards table, having 6 receptacles Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics.
Contents |
History
Until the late 1980s, the game (with some rules differences) was a form of pocket billiards, known in English as Italian skittle pool,[3] and was principally played in pubs, with an object ball that was smaller than the two cue balls. Pocket billiards, most commonly referred to as pool, is the general term for a family of games played on a specific class of Billiards table, having 6 receptacles [2] Professional and regulated amateur play today exclusively uses pocketless tables and equal-sized balls. Professional competition began in 1965,[1] and play is centered in billiard parlors, with players competing in provincial, regional and national federations. A billiard[s], pool or snooker hall (or parlo[u]r or room) (sometimes written poolhall, snookerhall [2] The pocket version is still favored by some in amateur play.
Equipment and setup
The game is played on a pocketless[4] billiards table, with standardized playing surface dimensions of 2. TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles A billiard table or billiards table (or more specifically a pool table or snooker table) is a bounded table on which billiards-type games 84 m (approximately 9-1/3 ft) by 1. 42 m (approx. 4-2/3 ft), plus/minus 5 mm, from cushion to cushion. TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles [5] The slate bed of the table must be heated to about 5 degrees C (9 degrees F) above room temperature, which helps to keep moisture out of the cloth to aid the balls rolling and rebounding in a consistent manner, and generally makes the table play "faster". TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed [3][6]
Like most other carom games, five-pins requires three standard[7] carom billiard balls of equal diameter: a red object ball, a plain white cue ball for the first player or team, and a yellow or spotted-white cue ball for the second player or team. Billiard balls are used in Cue sports, such as Carom billiards, pool, and Snooker. TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles [2] The balls are 61. 5 mm (2-3/8 [2. 4] in) in diameter and weigh between 205 and 220 g (7. 23 – 7. 75 oz; 7. 5 is average). [8][7] The white (or plain white) cue ball is given to the starting player, who may place it anywhere on the head side of the table (without disturbing the pins) — i. e. , anywhere unobstructed between the head rail and the center string. TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles The red object ball is placed at the center of the foot spot (i. TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles e. , the intersection of the foot string and the long string. TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles The yellow (or spotted white) cue ball of the opponent is placed on the long string, in a position that can be labelled the "foot rail spot", 10 cm (approx. 4 in) from the foot rail. TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles [9][10]
As the name implies, the game makes use of five upright pins called skittles in English (so-called since at least 1634)[3] or birilli (singular birillo) in Italian, which look like miniature bowling pins, 25 mm (1 in) tall, and with 7 mm (0. Ten-pin bowling is a competitive Sport in which a player (the “bowler” rolls a Bowling ball down a wooden or synthetic ( Polyurethane 28 in. ) round bases. [8][a] There are traditionally four white pins, and one red. [2] The red pin is placed on the center spot (the exact middle of the table both lengthwise and widthwise), and the four white pins are placed equidistant from the red in a square diamond pattern around it. TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles Distance is a numerical description of how far apart objects are Two whites are aligned along the center string with the head and foot spots, as well as the rail diamonds in the center of the head and foot rails, and with the red object ball, and red pin. TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles Meanwhile the other two whites are placed on the center string, aligned with the diamonds in the center of the long rails, and again with the red pin. TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles The whites are spaced just far enough away from the red that a cue ball can pass between the pins without touching any of them. The final pattern looks like a "+" (plus sign), as shown in the diagram to the right. This arrangement of pins on the table is referred to as the "castle". Tables have the precise castle positions for the pins, and for the starting positions of the balls, permanently marked, as they must be placed back into position before every shot if any have been knocked over or moved. [11]
Each player uses a cue stick to shoot the appropriate cue ball; average cue length is 140 cm (about 55 in. A cue stick (or simply cue, or more specifically pool cue, snooker cue, or billiards cue) is an item of sporting equipment essential to the )[2] A bridge stick (rest) may be used to reach long shots. TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles [12]
Rules
Though there are variants in Central and South America, the Italian five-pins rules are the best codified. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Because the Italian-rules championships organized by the Italian Federation of Billiard Sport (FIBiS) are international, televised events, and often hosted outside of Italy, the FIBiS rules are the global de facto standard,[2] and have been incorporated into the rules promulgated by the Union Mondiale de Billard and thus are likely to be the eventual Olympic rules. The Union Mondiale de Billard ( French for World Union of Billiards) is the world governing body for carom (carambole billiard games The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games
Object
To earn the required number of points, before one's opponent does, by using one's cue ball to cause the opponent's cue ball to knock over pins (and to not do so with one's own cue ball), and by contacting the red object ball with either cue ball, after one's own cue ball has contacted that of the opponent, and/or by causing the object ball to knock over pins, again after one's own cue ball has contacted that of the opponent. [13]
Play
The game is played by two players or by two teams (a pair of doubles partners most commonly, but also larger teams). Each player or team is assigned one of the two cue balls; this is the only cue ball they may hit with the cue stick. Determining who goes first can be done by any means (lag usually, but also coin toss, tournament stipulations about player order, etc. TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles ) The first player or team always uses the white cue ball. Unlike in many games, shots are always taken in rotation - the same player or team never shoots twice in a row even if they have scored (other than if the opponent fouled before actually shooting when their turn came up, such as by moving one of the balls accidentally). Play continues until one player or team wins by being the first to achieve or exceed a specific number of points (usually 50 or 60), either agreed upon beforehand by the players, or set by tournament organizers. [2][13]
The incoming player strokes his/her own cue ball (sometimes called the battente or "clapper") to carom off the opponent's cue ball (sometimes called the "receiver") — usually directly, but off a cushion is permitted and very common — with the goal of secondarily having the opponent's cue ball, directly or by way of rebounding off a cushion, next hit the pins and/or the red object ball (sometimes called the pallino ("bullet") or "jack", a term common to several other games, such as bocce). TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles Bocce (or Bocci, or Boccie) is a precision Sport belonging to the Boules sport family closely related to Bowls and Pétanque [2]
Unlike in balkline and straight rail or three-cushion billiards, there is no requirement to hit one or more cushions at any time. Balkline (sometimes spelled balk line)is the overarching title of a large array of Carom billiards games generally played with two and a third red, on a -covered Carom billiards, sometimes called carambole billiards or simply carambole and in some cases used as a synonym for the game of straight rail from [2]
Scoring
Knocking over pins, by any of the acceptable prescribed manners, earns cumulative points as follows:[2][14]
- Each white pin is worth 2 points.
- The red pin is worth 4 points, if white pins were also knocked over.
- The red pin is worth 8 points, if it is the only pin knocked down (by the cue ball going between the set of pins narrowly missing all of the whites).
- Knocking over pins with the object ball or one's own cue ball does not earn the shooter any points, and with the latter is a foul that awards points to the opponent.
The acceptable means of knocking over pins include are any that result from hitting the opponent's object ball first with one's own, and not hitting the pins with one's own cue ball. For example, one can simply send the opponent's cue ball into the pins, send the opponent's cue ball into the red object ball and have the object ball hit the pins, or hit the opponent's cue ball and then the object ball with one's own cue ball and send the object ball into the pins. [15][16]
The object ball itself is also worth points:[2][15][17]
- If struck by the opponent's cue ball (after the shooter strikes the opponent's cue ball with his/her own), it is worth 3 points (this is known as a casin or in broader terminology a combination shot).
- If struck by the shooter's cue ball (after the shooter strikes the opponent's cue ball with his/her own), it is worth 4 points (this is considered a true billiard/carom or carambola in this game's nomenclature). TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles
- If both a casin and a carambola are achieved in the same shot, only the earliest of the two to occur earns points; they are not combined, though either may still combine with points scored from pins. [17]
Fouls
The game has some fouls unique to its ruleset, as well as the usual common typical of billiards games. TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles All fouls nullify any points the shooter would have earned on the foul shot, if any, and award the opponent free points (which vary depending on the type of foul). [2][16]
- Knocking over pins with the shooter's own cue ball, after having hit the opponent's cue ball — this foul awards the point values of those pins to the opponent. (In player jargon this is referred to as "drinking" one's points, as they are lost like the contents of an empty glass); opponent does not receive ball-in-hand. TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles (Note: Knocking over pins with the red object ball on an otherwise legal shot is not a foul, and has no effect on the score (i. e. , provided that the opponent's cue ball was struck first by one's own cue ball, either cue ball can be used to drive the object ball into the pins, provided that both cue balls make initial contact with each other. [15])
- Failure to hit the opponent's cue ball at all with the shooter's own — opponent receives ball-in-hand plus 2 points.
- Hitting the pins directly with the shooter's cue ball before any contact with the opponent's cue ball; opponent receives ball-in-hand plus 2 points (the erstwhile value of the knocked-over pins is not calculated at all).
- Hitting the object ball directly with the shooter's cue ball before any contact with the opponent's cue ball; opponent receives ball-in-hand plus 2 points.
- Knocking any ball off the table; opponent receives ball-in-hand plus 2 points (the ball is spotted in its starting position, or as close to this position as possible, unless it was the now-incoming opponent's cue ball, which as noted is in-hand).
- Jumping the cue ball entirely or partially over an interfering ball. TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles
- Standard billiards-wide fouls also apply and yield ball-in-hand plus 2 points (moving balls accidentally, double-hitting the cue ball, push shots, etc. TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles
Because of the particularity of the first-listed foul above, players watch the game carefully, and tournaments have referees. Any points earned by the shooter on a foul shot are awarded to the opponent. An extra 2 points go to the opponent if the object ball was (correctly) hit on a foul stroke (in addition to being awarded the 3 or 4 points the object ball was worth). Ball-in-hand on fouls is not entirely free; the incoming shooter after a ball-in-hand foul can only place his/her cue ball on the opposite half of the table from the other cue ball, and must shoot from the end (short part) not side of the table. [2] The cue ball does not have to be placed in the kitchen (behind the head string), just within the proper half of the table. TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles
Strategy
Five-pins integrates some of the target-shooting aspects of pool, snooker, etc. Pocket billiards, most commonly referred to as pool, is the general term for a family of games played on a specific class of Billiards table, having 6 receptacles Snooker is a Cue sport that is played on a large Baize -covered table with pockets in each of the four corners and in the middle of each of the long (perhaps via the influence of English billiards) into carom billiards, which is otherwise oriented at scoring carom points. English billiards, called simply billiards in many former British colonies and in Great Britain where it originated also known variously as the English game
Safety play and cue ball control are essential when attempting to score, with the goal of leaving the balls in such a position that in the incoming opponent is hooked (snookered) and will have a difficult bank, kick, or massé shot to perform. TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles
Because kicks and banks are so common, players must be more skilled at these shots than they would need to be for most forms of pool (other than one-pocket and bank pool). One-pocket is a two-player (or -team Pocket billiards (pool game Bank pool is a Pocket billiards game that has as it most fundamental requirement that all scoring shots in the game to be made by a called ball off a and into a called The game also requires a good understanding of carom angles and the effects of "english" (sidespin) on the cue ball. TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles TemplateCuegloss will have to be hacked to support multi-page articles
World Five-pins Championship
Organized by the Italian Federation of Billiard Sport (FIBiS), and inaugurated in 1965, the World Five-pins Championship (Albo d'Oro Campionato del Mondo "5 Birilli") is an international event, hosted to date in various places in Italy, Argentina, Switzerland and Spain. Auto Racing Stock car racing: Fred Lorenzen wins the Daytona 500 NASCAR Championship Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. It is semi-annual; many years since its inception have not featured such a tournament. As of early 2007, there have been nineteen such tournaments. There are various divisions, including youth, women, men, teams, and a one-on-one open championship. [1]
World Champions
- Note: In several years, events were not held.
| Date | Location | Winner | Nationality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1965 | Santa Fé, Argentina | Manuel Gomez |  Argentina |
| 1968 | Bell Ville, Argentina | Anselmo Berrondo |  Uruguay |
| 1975 | Campione d'Italia, Italy | Domenico Acanfora |  Italy |
| 1978 | Bell Ville, Argentina | Ricardo Fantasia | Argentina |
| 1979 | Pesaro, Italy | Attilio Sessa | Italy |
| 1980 | Necochea, Argentina | Nestor Osvaldo Gomez | Argentina |
| 1982 | Loano, Italy | Nestor Osvaldo Gomez | Argentina |
| 1983 | Marco Juarez, Argentina | Miguel Angel Borrelli | Argentina |
| 1985 | Spoleto, Italy | Giampiero Rosanna | Italy |
| 1987 | Milan, Italy | Carlo Cifalà | Italy |
| 1989 | Chiasso, Switzerland | Gustavo Enrique Torregiani | Argentina |
| 1990 | Brescia, Italy | Gustavo Enrique Torregiani | Argentina |
| 1992 | Arezzo, Italy | Giampiero Rosanna | Italy |
| 1993 | Bolivar, Argentina | Fabio Cavazzana | Italy |
| 1995 | Fiuggi, Italy | Gustavo Adrian Zito | Italy |
| 1998 | Ferrara, Italy | David Martinelli | Italy |
| 1999 | Necochea, Argentina | Gustavo Adrian Zito | Italy |
| 2003 | Legnano, Italy | Crocefisso Maggio | Italy |
| 2006 | Seville, Spain | Michelangelo Aniello | Italy |
Five-pins Pro World Cup
Also organized by FIBiS, the Five-pins Pro World Cup (Albo d’Oro World Cup Pro “5 Birilli”), was a semi-annual event begun in 1993, and discontinued after 1997. Auto Racing Stock car racing: Fred Lorenzen wins the Daytona 500 NASCAR Championship Santa Fe is the capital city of province of Santa Fe, Argentina. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Athletics Marathon December 8 &mdash Fukuoka Marathon, Japan Men's Winner Bill Bell Ville is a city in center-south of the province of Córdoba, Argentina, located 200 km southeast from the capital Córdoba City, on Uruguay.(official full name in República Oriental del Uruguay;, Oriental Republic of Uruguay) is a country located in the southeastern part of South America Athletics For an extensive coverage see 1975 in athletics (track and field Marathon August Campione redirects here For the football song see Campione 2000 Campione d'Italia is an Italian Comune (municipality Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Artistic Gymnastics World Artistic Gymnastics Championships: Men's all-around champion Nikolai Andrianov, USSR Bell Ville is a city in center-south of the province of Córdoba, Argentina, located 200 km southeast from the capital Córdoba City, on For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Artistic Gymnastics World Artistic Gymnastics Championships: Men's all-around champion Alexander Dityatin, USSR Pesaro is a town and Comune in the Italian region of the Marche, capital of the Pesaro e Urbino province, on the Adriatic. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Athletics For an extensive coverage see 1980 in athletics (track and field World Records June 12 &mdash Necochea is a port city in the southwest of the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, located on the Atlantic coast on the edge of the Quequén Grande Nestor Gomez ( Conceição de Macabu RJ, September 8, 1875 - March 9, 1941) was a Brazilian politician For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Athletics For an extensive coverage see 1982 in athletics (track and field Marathon Loano is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Savona in the Italian region Liguria, located about 60 km southwest of Genoa Nestor Gomez ( Conceição de Macabu RJ, September 8, 1875 - March 9, 1941) was a Brazilian politician For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Artistic Gymnastics World Artistic Gymnastics Championships: Men's all-around champion Dmitry Bilozerchev, USSR Marco Juarez is a placename in Argentina. It was the site of the 1983 World Five-pin Billiards Championship (won by Miguel Angel Borrelli of For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Artistic Gymnastics World Artistic Gymnastics Championships: Men's all-around champion Yuri Korolev, USSR For the festival in South Carolina see Spoleto Festival USA. Spoleto ( Latin Spoletium) is an ancient city in the Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Artistic Gymnastics World Artistic Gymnastics Championships: Men's all-around champion Dmitry Bilozerchev, USSR Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Artistic Gymnastics World Artistic Gymnastics Championships: Men's all-around champion Igor Korobchinsky, USSR Chiasso ( but most commonly, in the Lombard language: Ciass, ( is a municipality in the district of Mendrisio in the canton For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Athletics For an extensive coverage see 1990 in athletics (track and field Marathon International Brescia ( Lombard: Brèsa) is a city in the region of Lombardy in northern Italy. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Athletics For an extensive coverage see 1992 in athletics (track and field Marathon August Arezzo ( Latin Arretium) is a city in central Italy, capital of the province of the same name, located in Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Athletics For an extensive coverage see 1993 in athletics (track and field Marathon Bolívar Partido is a Partido located in mid central Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Athletics For an extensive coverage see 1995 in athletics (track and field Marathon January Fiuggi is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Frosinone in the region of Lazio in central Italy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Athletics For an extensive coverage see 1998 in athletics (track and field Decathlon Ferrara is a city in Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy, capital city of the Province of Ferrara. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Athletics For an extensive coverage see 1999 in athletics (track and field Track Hicham Necochea is a port city in the southwest of the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, located on the Atlantic coast on the edge of the Quequén Grande Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Artistic gymnastics World Artistic Gymnastics Championships: Men's all-around champions Paul Hamm, USA, Legnano is a town in the north-west of Lombardy, situated on the flat lands of the Po Valley between Milan and Lake Maggiore, straddling the little Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Athletics (track and field For an extensive coverage see 2006 in athletics (track and field Track Seville ( Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic cultural and financial capital of southern Spain. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Athletics For an extensive coverage see 1993 in athletics (track and field Marathon Artistic gymnastics World Artistic Gymnastics Championships: Men's all-around champion Ivan Ivankov, Belarus In only one year (1993) were both the Pro World Cup and the World Championships held. Athletics For an extensive coverage see 1993 in athletics (track and field Marathon The event was a one-on-one invitational championship, without other divisions. [1]
Pro World Cup Champions
- Note: In 1995, the event was not held.
| Date | Location | Winner | Nationality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1993 | Cannes, France | Salvatore Mannone | Italy |
| 1994 | Saint-Vincent, Italy | Gustavo Adrian Zito | Argentina?[18] |
| 1996 | Saint-Vincent, Italy | David Martinelli | Italy |
| 1997 | Todi, Italy | Gustavo Adrian Zito | Italy |
In popular culture
Five-pins is a major plot point of the Italian-produced, English-language drama/romance film Bye Bye Baby, which stars Brigitte Nielsen as a professional player. Athletics For an extensive coverage see 1993 in athletics (track and field Marathon Cannes (kan in Occitan Canas) is a city in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Athletics For an extensive coverage see 1994 in athletics (track and field Track February 20 &mdash Saint-Vincent is a Town and Comune in the Aosta Valley region of north-western Italy. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Athletics Decathlon Best Year Performance * &ndash 8824 points Marathon Saint-Vincent is a Town and Comune in the Aosta Valley region of north-western Italy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Artistic gymnastics World Artistic Gymnastics Championships: Men's all-around champion Ivan Ivankov, Belarus Todi is a town and Comune (municipality of the Province of Perugia ( Umbria) in central Italy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Brigitte Nielsen (born 15 July 1963 is a Danish actress who became known for appearing in the 1985 films Red Sonja and Rocky IV The movie does not focus on five-pins, but does demonstrate the game clearly in a few sequences.
References
- ^ a b c d Sezione Stecca: Organigramma della Sezione - Attività agonistica - Calendari - Regolamento Tecnico Sportivo, 2004-2005 (Italian), Federazione Italiana Biliardo Sportivo, 2004, Italy.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Biliardo all'italiana manual at Wikibooks, accessed February 1, 2007. (Italian)
- ^ a b c Shamos, Michael Ian (1993). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Billiards. New York, NY: Lyons & Burford, Pages 124, 215. The City of New York ISBN 1-55821-219-1.
- ^ World Rules of 5-pin Billiard (English language version), Chapter II ("Equipment"), Article 11 ("Article 11 - Billiard [table], cushion, cloth"), Section 3; Union Mondiale de Billard, Sint-Martens-Latem, Belgium, 1997 (official online PDF scan, accessed 11 March 2007). The Union Mondiale de Billard ( French for World Union of Billiards) is the world governing body for carom (carambole billiard games Sint-Martens-Latem is a Municipality located in the Flemish province of East Flanders, in Belgium. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ World Rules of 5-pin Billiard (English language version), Chapter II ("Equipment"), Article 11 ("Article 11 - Billiard [table], cushion, cloth"), Section 4; op. cit.
- ^ World Rules of 5-pin Billiard, Chapter II ("Equipment"), Article 11 ("Article 11 - Billiard [table], cushion, cloth"), Section 9; op. cit.
- ^ a b World Rules of Carom Billiard (English language version), Chapter II ("Equipment"), Article 12 ("Balls, Chalk"), Section 2; Union Mondiale de Billard, Sint-Martens-Latem, Belgium, 1 January 1989 (official online PDF scan, accessed 5 March 2007). The Union Mondiale de Billard ( French for World Union of Billiards) is the world governing body for carom (carambole billiard games Sint-Martens-Latem is a Municipality located in the Flemish province of East Flanders, in Belgium. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. While UMB, the International Olympic Committee-recognized world carom billiards authority, permits balls as small as 61. 0 mm, no major manufacturer produces such balls any longer, and the de facto standard is 61. 5 mm. Amusingly, the cited document has a "cm" for "mm" typographical error, which would result in beachball sizes.
- ^ a b World Rules of 5-pin Billiard, Chapter II ("Equipment"), Article 12 ("Balls, Pins, Chalk"), Section 1; op. cit. The cited document repeats the "cm" for "mm" typographical error of the parent general carom billiards rules. Note: The English-language version of this document confusingly refers to the opponent's cue ball as the object ball, and the red object ball as simply the red ball. As this usage does not conform with standard billiards terminology in English, it has been abandoned in this article, which when referring to "the object ball" means the red ball.
- ^ World Rules of 5-pin Billiard, Chapter III ("Goal of the Game, the Match"), Article 25 ("Starting position, cue-ball"), Section 1; op. cit. The translated Italian name for this spot is the "top spot", but this name makes no sense in English, as the metaphoric "head" or "top" of the table in Italian is the reverse of the usage in English. Also, the Appendix referred to in this document is absent; however the next-cited source, a different version of the rules document, in Italian, provides the missing diagrams.
- ^ "Regolamento di Gioco Specialità' '5 Birilli' - '9 Birilli Goriziana e Tutti Doppi'" (Italian), Federazione Italiana Biliardo Sportivo, October 2003, Italy. An [www. palazzettodelbiliardo. com/regolamento. html HTML version] (Italian) is also available, from a FIBiS affiliate.
- ^ World Rules of 5-pin Billiard, Chapter II ("Equipment"), Article 13 ("Marking of the spots and position lines"); op. cit.
- ^ World Rules of 5-pin Billiard, Chapter II ("Equipment"), Article 14 ("Billiard cue, rake"), Section 2; op. cit.
- ^ a b World Rules of 5-pin Billiard, Chapter III ("Goal of the Game, the Match"), Article 21 ("Goal of the game"), Section 2; op. cit.
- ^ World Rules of 5-pin Billiard, Chapter III ("Goal of the Game, the Match"), Article 22 ("Allocation of the points"), Section 1; op. cit.
- ^ a b c World Rules of 5-pin Billiard, Chapter III ("Goal of the Game, the Match"), Article 21 ("Goal of the game"), Section 4; op. cit. The English-language version is poorly worded in this section with regard to pin scoring, though it is clarified in Section 6.
- ^ a b World Rules of 5-pin Billiard, Chapter III ("Goal of the Game, the Match"), Article 21 ("Goal of the game"), Section 6; op. cit. The rather lacking English translation of these rules seems to contradict itself with regard to the striking-pins-with-own-cue-ball foul; in particular III-21-4 does not agree with III-21-6, but this appears to be a typographical error, as the various copies of Italian-language rules from UMB and FIBiS do not share this inconsistency.
- ^ a b World Rules of 5-pin Billiard, Chapter III ("Goal of the Game, the Match"), Article 22 ("Allocation of the points"), Section 2; op. cit.
- ^ Sezione Stecca (Italian), op. cit. The published FIBiS records list Zito as representing Argentina in this particular instance, but this is likely a typographical error, as he was representing Italy both before and after this event.
Footnotes
- a Due to this use of extraneous objects, five-pins could be said to vestigially be a form of obstacle billiards, as well as a carom billiards game.
External links
- Federazione Italiana Biliardo Sportivo (FIBiS) — the Italian Federation of Billiard Sport; provides rules and organizes events. (Italian)
- [1] — tv shedule
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