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A serving of fish and chips
A serving of fish and chips

Fish and chips (sometimes written "fish 'n' chips"), a popular take-away food with British origins, consists of deep-fried fish (traditionally Cod) in batter or breadcrumbs with deep-fried chipped (slab-cut) potatoes. Take-out (in North American English) carry-out (in US and Scottish English) take-away (in Australian English, The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Deep frying is a Cooking method in which food is submerged in hot oil or Fat. Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two Cod is the common name for the Genus Gadus of Fish, belonging to the family Gadidae, and is also used in the common name of a variety Batter is a liquid mixture usually based on one or more Flours combined with liquids such as Water, Milk or Beer. Breadcrumbs or bread crumbs (regional variants breading crispies are small particles of dry Bread, which are used for Breading or crumbing foods topping French fries ( North American English; sometimes not capitalized chips ( British English) fries or French-fried potatoes (formal The potato is a Starchy Tuberous crop Vegetable from the perennial Solanum tuberosum of the Solanaceae

Popular tradition associates the dish with the United Kingdom; and fish and chips continues to dominate the take-away food sector in the United Kingdom, and New Zealand. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Economy may be classified into subdivisions called sectors (also called Industries) in several ways New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Fish and chips also has considerable popularity in parts of North America (New England, the Pacific Northwest and Canada generally), Australia, the Republic of Ireland and South Africa. History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the The Pacific Northwest is a region in the northwest of North America (the term refers to the land not the ocean Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Establishments in Denmark and in some coastal towns in Norway serve fried fillets. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional In the Netherlands, the popular deep-fried, battered fillet dish called lekkerbek sometimes appears served with chips. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands

Contents

The term "chips"

Speakers of American English differ from speakers of some other Englishes in their use of the word "chips".

Local names for the fried, chipped (slab-cut) potatoes traditionally served as part of "fish'n'chips":

In contrast, local names for the crunchy snack-food comprising deep-fried wafers of thin potato, generally eaten cold:

The British usually serve thicker slabs of potato than the "french fries" popularised by major multinational U. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world S. hamburger-chains. A hamburger (or burger) is a Sandwich consisting of a cooked ground Meat Patty, usually Beef, placed in a sliced bun or between In their homes or in non-chain restaurants, people in or from the U. S. A. may eat a thicker type of chip, called "home fries" or "steak fries". Home Fries is a 1998 Film directed by Dean Parisot, starring Drew Barrymore. [1][2]

Despite the differences in terminology, the combination of strips of potato-flesh served hot with fish still has the name "fish and chips" in most U. S. restaurants which serve the dish. But a few U. S. restaurants will offer "crisps" instead of "fries" when a consumer orders "fish and chips". [3][4]

History

Service counter in an Irish fish-and-chip shop
Service counter in an Irish fish-and-chip shop

In the United Kingdom, fish and chips became a cheap food popular among the working classes with the rapid development of trawl fishing in the North Sea in the second half of the nineteenth century. Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types Trawling is a method of Fishing that involves pulling a large Fishing net through the water behind one or more boats The North Sea is a marginal, Epeiric sea of the Atlantic Ocean on the European Continental shelf. [5] Before then, fishermen had used long lines to target only large, high-quality demersal (bottom-dwelling) fish, especially valuable sole. The demersal zone is the part of the Sea or Ocean (or deep Lake) comprising the Water column that is near to (and is significantly affected The soles are Flatfishes of various families Generally speaking they are the members of the family Soleidae, but outside Europe, the name 'sole' is also Trawlers, on the other hand, landed a mixed catch of high-quality "prime" and cheaper "offal" fish, most of which fishermen initially threw back into the water due to the lack of a market. However, as railway charges fell, it became viable to transport this cheaper fish inland, and demersal fish became a mass-market commodity rather than a costly luxury. "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation.

Deep-fried "chips" (slices or pieces) of potato as a dish may have made their first appearance in Britain about the same period: the OED notes as its earliest usage of "chips" in this sense the mention in Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities (published in 1859): "Husky chips of potatoes, fried with some reluctant drops of oil". The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED) published by the Oxford University Press (OUP is a comprehensive Dictionary of the English A Tale of Two Cities (1859 is the second Historical novel by Charles Dickens, set in London and Paris before and during the (Note that Belgian tradition, as recorded in a manuscript of 1781, dates the frying of potatoes carved into the shape of fish back at least as far as 1680. )[6]

The modern fish-and-chip shop ("chippy" in modern British slang)[7] originated in the United Kingdom, although outlets selling fried food occurred commonly throughout Europe. According to one story, fried-potato shops spreading south from Scotland merged with fried-fish shops spreading from southern England. Early fish-and-chip shops had only very basic facilities. Usually these consisted principally of a large cauldron of cooking-fat, heated by a coal fire. A cauldron or caldron (from Latin Caldarium, hot bath is a large Metal pot ( Kettle) for cooking and/or boiling Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water Unsanitary by modern standards, such establishments also emitted a smell associated with frying, which led to the authorities classifying fish-and-chip supply as an "offensive trade", a stigma retained until the interwar period. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The industry overcame this reputation because during World War II fish and chips remained one of the few foods in the United Kingdom not subject to rationing. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Rationing in the United Kingdom is the series of Food rationing policies put in place by the government of the United Kingdom during certain wartime periods of [8]

England

A blue plaque marking the first chip shop in Britain, in Oldham, Greater Manchester
A blue plaque marking the first chip shop in Britain, in Oldham, Greater Manchester

Deep-fried fish and deep-fried chips have appeared separately on menus for many years, though potatoes did not reach Europe until the 17th century. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Oldham is a large town in Greater Manchester, England It lies amongst the Pennines on elevated ground between the rivers Irk and Medlock Greater Manchester is a Metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 2 Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two The potato is a Starchy Tuberous crop Vegetable from the perennial Solanum tuberosum of the Solanaceae The originally Sephardi dish pescado frito, or deep-fried fish, came to the Netherlands and England with the Spanish and Portuguese Jews in the 17th and 18th centuries. Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural Pescado frito (literally means fried fish, or peixe frito is a traditional Shabbat fish dish (usually Cod) amongst Spanish and Portuguese Jews. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Spanish and Portuguese Jews are a distinctive sub-group of Sephardim who have their main ethnic origins within the crypto-Jewish communities of the Iberian (History credits the Portuguese with introducing the dish to Japan: see tempura. The Portuguese people (os Portugueses literally the Portuguese) are the Ethnic group or Nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west is a classic Japanese dish of deep fried battered Vegetables or Seafood. )

The dish became popular in wider circles in London and South East England in the middle of the 19th century (Charles Dickens mentions a "fried fish warehouse" in Oliver Twist, first published in 1838) whilst in the north of England a trade in deep-fried "chipped" potatoes developed. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. South East England is one of the nine official Regions of England. Oliver Twist (1838 is Charles Dickens' second Novel. The book was originally published in Bentley's Miscellany as a serial The first chip shop stood on the present site of Oldham's Tommyfield Market. Oldham is a large town in Greater Manchester, England It lies amongst the Pennines on elevated ground between the rivers Irk and Medlock [9] It remains unclear exactly when and where these two trades combined to become the fish-and-chip shop industry we know today. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Joseph Malin opened the first recorded combined fish-and-chip shop in London in 1860 or in 1865 while a Mr Lees pioneered the concept in the North of England in Mossley, Lancashire in 1863. Mossley is a small town and Civil parish within the Metropolitan Borough of Tameside, in Greater Manchester, England. Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea [10]


Scotland

Main article: Scottish cuisine

In common with the rest of the United Kingdom, Scotland experienced a wave of immigration from Italy toward the end of the nineteenth century. Scottish cuisine is the specific set of cooking traditions and practices associated with Scotland. Many of the new Scots Italians set up friggitoria or gelateria businesses, catering for their own communities as well as for the native population. Italian Scots or Scots-Italians are an Ethnic minority of Italian descent living in Scotland. Such Italian traders in Scotland originally hawked their wares from carts selling mostly ice-cream, but with the abundance and wide availability of seafood in Scotland, fish and chip shops soon became common. The Dundee City Council claims that ". Dundee (Dùn Dèagh is the fourth-largest city in Scotland and fully named as Dundee City, one of Scotland's 32 local government council . . in the 1870s, that glory of British gastronomy — the chip — was first sold by Belgian immigrant Edward De Gernier in the city’s Greenmarket. "[11] Brattisani's in Edinburgh's Newington district promotes itself as the oldest operational chip shop in Scotland, having traded since 1889. Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. Newington is an area of Edinburgh, Scotland, about 15 to 20 minutes walk south of the city centre the Royal Mile and Princes Street.

Originally situated only in the larger cities and ports, fish and chip shops have proliferated in Scotland. Many Scottish chip shops remain Italian-owned, with names such as Crolla's, L'Alba d'Oro, Brandeschi's and L'Aquila Bianca.

Scotland made the transition to polystyrene containers later[12] than some places, and although polystyrene containers have become a common sight in Scottish fish-and-chip shops, some shops still sell the food with its traditional wrapping of paper. The traditional packaging involved an inner white-paper wrapping and an outer insulating layer of newspaper, though nowadays the use of newspaper has largely ceased on grounds of hygiene, with food-quality wrapping paper often used as a substitute. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Authorities banned the use of actual newspaper in the 1970s. Polystyrene packing, usual in many other kinds of take-away outlet, then infiltrated the industry. Purists maintain that it "doesn't taste the same" in polystyrene or cardboard, as polystyrene cannot absorb any excess oil, vinegar or condensation coming off the hot food, possibly leaving the food less crisp.

Scots often call a portion of fish and chips a "fish supper".

In Edinburgh a combination of Gold Star brown sauce and water, known either simply as "sauce", or more specifically as "chippie sauce", has great popularity. Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. [13] Many Scottish comedians have made capital out of the difference in condiment choice between Glasgow and Edinburgh, with Glaswegians eating salt-and-vinegar, and Edinburghers preferring salt and sauce. Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom

Ireland

Main article: Irish cuisine

Similarly to England and Scotland in the late 19th-century, Ireland experienced a wave of immigration from Italy after 1945. The Anstruther Fish Bar is an award winning fish and chip shop in Anstruther, a fishing village in the East Neuk of Fife, Scotland. Irish cuisine can be divided into two main categories &ndash traditional mainly simple dishes and more modern dishes as served in restaurants and hotels Hence many of the chippers have "Roma" as part of their name ("The Roma Grill", "Roma Takeaway", etc. ), or "Napoli". Famous Italian-Irish families include the Borza family, the Macari family and the Mizzoni family.

Most establishments in Ireland continue to serve fish and chips in paper-bags with greaseproof inner-lining bags. Consumers in Ireland normally eat chips with salt and vinegar. Since many of the Italian families didn't have a high standard of English when they first arrived in Ireland, it has become popular to order a "one and one" (originating from pointing at a menu and asking for "one of those and one of those"), in the Republic of Ireland, meaning "a fish fillet and chips". A "single and fish" (often ordered in Dublin) or a "fish supper" (in Belfast) means the same.

The potato pie — a spoon of mashed potato (sometimes with chopped onion and/or cheese) deep-fried in batter — has become an Irish chipper favorite, notably in Cork. In Wexford, the same dish appears as a "rissole". Some rissoles feature batter, but one can also find spicy rissoles — deep-fried in spicy breadcrumbs

Folkways

The long-standing Roman Catholic tradition of not eating meat other than fish on Fridays — especially during Lent — and of substituting fish for other types of meat on that day — continues to influence habits even in predominantly Protestant, semi-secular and secular societies. In modern English usage meat most often refers to Animal tissue used as food mostly Skeletal muscle and associated Fat, but it may also refer Friday (pronunciation ˈfraɪdeɪ ˈfraɪdi is the day of the Week falling between Thursday and Saturday. Lent, in some Christian denominations, is the forty-day-long liturgical season of fasting and prayer before Easter. Secularism is generally the assertion that governmental practices or institutions should exist separately from Religion or religious beliefs Friday night remains a traditional occasion for patronising fish-and-chip shops; and many cafeterias and similar establishments, while varying their menus on other days of the week, habitually offer fish and chips every Friday. InfosysElectronicCityCafeteriaJPG|thumb|250px|right|One of a number of cafeterias at Electronic City campus Infosys Technologies Ltd [14]

Chips may have become associated with meals of fried fish because the fat used for frying the fish often became too hot for good frying. To return the fat to an optimal temperature, chefs dropped cut-up potatoes into the fat. Legend has it that shops initially gave the resultant "chips" away free with the fish.

Culinary variations

Regional differences exist in the United Kingdom for preparing the fish before battering. Some outlets, particularly those in the south of England, leave the skin on one or both sides of the fish, while others (mainly in the north of England, in Scotland and in Northern Ireland) fry a fillet with no skin at all.

The operation of frying

Frying range
Frying range

Traditional frying uses beef dripping or lard; however, vegetable oils, such as peanut oil (used due to its relatively high smoke-point) now predominate. Dripping, also known as beef or pork dripping, is an Animal fat produced from the fatty or otherwise unusable parts of Cow or Pig carcasses Lard is pig Fat in both its rendered and unrendered forms Lard was commonly used in many cuisines as a Cooking fat or Shortening Peanut oil ( arachis oil is an organic oil derived from Peanuts noted to have the slight aroma and taste of its parent Legume. The smoke point refers to the temperature at which a cooking fat or oil begins to break down Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. A minority of vendors in the north of England and Scotland still use dripping or lard, as it imparts a different flavour to the dish, but it has the side-effect of making the fried chips unsuitable for vegetarians and for adherents of certain faiths. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Lard continues in use in some other cases in the UK, especially in Living Industrial History Museums, such as the Black Country Living Museum. The Black Country Living Museum (formerly The Black Country Museum) is an open-air Museum of rebuilt historic buildings located in Dudley in the West

In the UK, waste fat from fish and chip shops has become a useful source of biodiesel. Biodiesel refers to a non-petroleum-based Diesel fuel consisting of short chain Alkyl ( Methyl or ethyl) Esters made by [15]

The chips component of "Fish and chips"

American-style "french fries" typically have a slimmer shape than their British counterpart chips; thicker "fries" sometimes appear on US menus as "steak fries". Thicker slabs of potato result in a lower fat-content per portion than with "French fries". Cooking-fat penetrates a relatively shallow depth into the potato during cooking, thus the surface-area reflects the fat-content proportionally. Thick chips have a smaller surface-area per unit weight than "French fries" and thus absorb less oil per weight of potato. Chips also require a somewhat longer cooking-time than fries.

Lincolnshire White or Maris Piper potatoes produce good chips, although Belgians and Swedes tend to use the Bintje variety. Lincolnshire (abbreviated Lincs) is a county in the east of England. The potato is a Starchy Tuberous crop Vegetable from the perennial Solanum tuberosum of the Solanaceae Belgium has a population of about 10666866 citizens as of January 2008 "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Most traditional fish and chip shops in the United Kingdom make their own chips from fresh potatoes. Most Australian chips (or "hot chips") undergo pre-frying, then freezing before their final cooking.

Batter and its variants

The covering of the fish may also vary with bread-crumbs available alongside the traditional flour-based batter. Breadcrumbs or bread crumbs (regional variants breading crispies are small particles of dry Bread, which are used for Breading or crumbing foods topping Batter is a liquid mixture usually based on one or more Flours combined with liquids such as Water, Milk or Beer. In the United Kingdom batter comes as the standard coating, with breadcrumb-coated fish unavailable in many outlets.

Fish-and-chip suppliers in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland often include scraps of batter that fall into the fat and get fried (also known as batter, scratchins, scrumps, bits, scrobblings, gribblings, bits, fishbits, crimps, fishcrimps, crispy bits, or batters) free on request. In the United States of America, some fish-and-chips aficionados refer to these as "cracklin's" (distinct from fried pork-rind cracklins). The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Pork rind (known as pork scratchings in the United Kingdom, and pork crackle in Australia) is the skin of a Pig.

UK chippies sometimes use beer-batter. Beer is the world's oldest and most widely consumed Alcoholic beverage and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea The carbon dioxide in the beer lends a lighter texture to the batter, and also an orange colour. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single A simple batter might consist of a 2 to 3 ratio of flour to beer by volume.

Originally consumers did not actually eat the batter. Instead, it served to encase the fish for steaming, then got discarded.

Choice of fish

In England, haddock and cod appear most commonly as the fish used for fish and chips,[16] but vendors also sell many other kinds of fish, especially other white fish, such as pollock or coley; plaice; skate; and rock salmon (a term covering several species of dogfish and similar fish). The haddock or offshore hake is a marine Fish distributed on both sides of the North Atlantic. Cod is the common name for the Genus Gadus of Fish, belonging to the family Gadidae, and is also used in the common name of a variety Pollock (or pollack, pronounced the same and listed first in most UK and US dictionaries is the common name used for either of the two Species of marine Pollock (or pollack, pronounced the same and listed first in most UK and US dictionaries is the common name used for either of the two Species of marine European plaice, Pleuronectes platessa, are a commercially important Flatfish occurring on the sandy bottoms of the European shelf Skates are cartilaginous fish belonging to the family Rajidae in the superorder Batoidea of rays In freshwater lakes and rivers "Dogfish" refers to a member of the Bowfin family In some areas of northern England, and the vast majority of Scotland haddock predominates. The haddock or offshore hake is a marine Fish distributed on both sides of the North Atlantic. Indeed, in one part of West Yorkshire, the area between Bradford, Halifax and Keighley known as the "Haddock Triangle", very few shops offer cod on their menu. Bradford ( lies at the heart of the City of Bradford, a Metropolitan borough of West Yorkshire, England. Halifax is a large Market town within the Metropolitan Borough of Calderdale, in West Yorkshire, England, with a population of 82056 in the Keighley ( IPA /ˈkiːθli/ "Keeth-ly" is a town and Civil parish within the Metropolitan borough of the City of Bradford in In Northern Ireland, cod, plaice or whiting appear most commonly in "fish suppers".

Consumers in the Republic of Ireland eat mostly cod and plaice today. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Dublin has a long tradition of eating fresh ray-wings with chips, with a lesser tradition of rock salmon. Batoidea is a Superorder of cartilaginous fish containing more than 500 described species in thirteen families In the city of Galway (in the west of Ireland), chip-shops commonly offer a wide selection of fresh fish with chips, including monkfish, hake, coley, haddock, skate and scampi. Galway (Gaillimh is the only city in the province of Connacht in Ireland. Monkfish is the English name of a number of types of fish in the northwest Atlantic most notably the species of the anglerfish genus Lophius and the angelshark The term hake refers to Fish in either of family Gadidae (subfamily Phycinae family Merlucciidae (both Scampi is the plural of scampo, the Italian name for the Norway lobster ( Nephrops norvegicus) also known as the Dublin Bay prawn (especially

Australians prefer reef-cod (a different variety than that used in the United Kingdom) or flake, a type of shark meat, in their fish and chips. Cod is the common name for the Genus Gadus of Fish, belonging to the family Gadidae, and is also used in the common name of a variety Flake is a term used in Australia to indicate the flesh of any of several Species of small Shark, particularly Gummy shark. Sharks ( Superorder Selachimorpha) are a type of Fish with a full cartilaginous Skeleton and a highly streamlined body Victorians tend to prefer flake, whereas Australians in more northern states generally favour reef fish. Increasing demand and the decline of shark stocks due to overfishing has seen flake become more expensive and — as in the United Kingdom — other white fish (such as barramundi) will often replace it. Overfishing occurs when Fishing activities reduce fish stocks below an acceptable level Not to be confused with the Barramundi Cod or the Australian members of the genus Scleropages (which sometimes are referred to as Barramundis Australian fish-and-chip shops provide a wider range of fish (such as squid) than that commonly available in other countries.

New Zealanders prefer snapper because of its superior taste, but warehou and hoki offer an inexpensive alternative, and gurnard may also appear on the menu. The blue grenadier, hoki, blue hake, New Zealand whiptail, whiptail or whiptail hake, Macruronus novaezelandiae, is The use of lemonfish has encouraged the use of the popular local synonym for 'fish and chips' - 'shark 'n' taties'. The spotted estuary smooth-hound, Mustelus lenticulatus, is a Houndshark of the family Triakidae, found on the Continental shelves ( Kumara chips, sometimes with sour cream, may supplement potato chips. The sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas) is a Dicotyledonous plant which belongs to the family Convolvulaceae Sour cream is a Dairy product rich in Fats obtained by fermenting a regular Cream by certain kinds of Lactic acid bacteria. )

Canadians use a wide variety of fish, including cod, halibut, haddock, pollock and bluefish. Cod is the common name for the Genus Gadus of Fish, belonging to the family Gadidae, and is also used in the common name of a variety A halibut is a type of Flatfish The haddock or offshore hake is a marine Fish distributed on both sides of the North Atlantic. Pollock (or pollack, pronounced the same and listed first in most UK and US dictionaries is the common name used for either of the two Species of marine The bluefish ( Pomatomus saltatrix) called tailor in Australia, is a species of popular marine game- Fish found in all climates Fresh-water species such as yellow perch, walleye and smelt have also become quite popular in Ontario. The yellow perch ( Perca flavescens) is a species of Perch found in the United States and Canada, where it is often referred to by the shortform The walleye (common US name or yellow pickerel (Canada ( Sander vitreus vitreus, formerly Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) is a freshwater Perciform Smelts are a Family, Osmeridae, of small Anadromous Fish. They are common in the North American Great Lakes and in the lakes Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec In Vancouver, wild Pacific salmon has become a popular choice of fish. Salmon is the common name for several species of Fish of the family Salmonidae.

In the United States, white fish occur most commonly by far. This article is about demersal fish for more definitions see Whitefish. Salmon can, however, appear on occasion. Southern New England "clam shacks" typically use cod fillets in their fish-and-chips offerings. Minnesotans often use walleye — not necessarily branded as "fish-and-chips" but as "fried walleye" — and involving similar preparation. The walleye (common US name or yellow pickerel (Canada ( Sander vitreus vitreus, formerly Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) is a freshwater Perciform In the Pacific Northwest, halibut commonly appears. See also Pacific Northwest The Northwestern United States comprise the northwestern states up to the western Great Plains regions of the United States A halibut is a type of Flatfish In the Southern United States "fish and chips" commonly comprises catfish and fries with the addition of coleslaw and hushpuppies. Catfish ( order Siluriformes) are a very diverse group of bony Fish. Coleslaw (or cole slaw) is a Salad consisting primarily of shredded raw Cabbage. Hushpuppies or Hush puppies are an American food consisting of small Cornmeal Breads that are Deep fried in a Spherical or Oblong The south usually breads the fish with a light dusting of cornmeal, rather than the tempura type batter. Due mainly to the aquaculture industry of the south, catfish has become more commercially available and economical to obtain on a large scale. A few areas around major lakes and rivers may also serve bluegill and crappie in addition to catfish. For the exoatmospheric nuclear test refer to Bluegill (nuclear test. "Calico Bass" redirects here For the marine fish see Kelp Bass. Catfish ( order Siluriformes) are a very diverse group of bony Fish. However, law around serving panfish (bluegill, crappie) commercially varies by state. A Panfish, also spelled pan-fish or pan fish, is an edible Game fish that usually doesn't outgrow the size of a frying pan

South Africans most commonly use hake (Merluccius capensis) for fish and chips. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa The term hake refers to Fish in either of family Gadidae (subfamily Phycinae family Merlucciidae (both Snoek (Thyrsites atun) has also become popular in Cape coastal areas. Kingklip (Xiphiurus capensis, known as cusk eel internationally) offers a less common and generally more expensive alternative. The Ophidiidae, including the cusk eels, are a group of marine fishes in the order Ophidiiformes.

In Denmark, deep-fried, breaded plaice fish-fillets served with french fries (Danish, pomfritter) arguably outsells other cooked fish - almost every restaurant in Denmark serves this dish. European plaice, Pleuronectes platessa, are a commercially important Flatfish occurring on the sandy bottoms of the European shelf Traditionally, it has an accompaniment of remoulade sauce and lemon-wedges. Remoulade or rémoulade is a popular Condiment in many countries and was invented in France.

Accompaniments

In the United Kingdom, fish and chips usually have an accompaniment of free salt and vinegar. Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants Vinegar is an acidic liquid processed from the Fermentation of Ethanol in a process that yields its key ingredient Acetic acid (also called ethanoic acid [17]Suppliers may use malt vinegar or onion vinegar (the vinegar used for storing pickled onions). Pickling, also known as brining or corning, is the process of preserving Food by Anaerobic fermentation in Brine (a solution Organicsalsajpg||thumb|right|Onions used in salsa.]]Cooked onions in frying pan A cheaper product called "non-brewed condiment" (actually a solution of acetic acid in water with caramel added for colour) substitutes for genuine malt vinegar in many fish-and-chip shops. In Chemistry, a solution is a Homogeneous Mixture composed of two or more substances Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound, giving Vinegar its sour taste Caramel (pronounced /ˈkærəmɛl/ or /ˈkɑrməl/ refers to a range of confections that are Beige to dark brown in Color, derived from the Scots tend to prefer white vinegar to malt vinegar. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Other standard accompaniments include "mushy peas", "chip shop curry", gravy and/or "scraps" (small pieces of left-over batter, usually provided free-of-charge). Gravy is an English Sauce made often from the juices that run naturally from meat or vegetables during cooking In the area around Kingston upon Hull, chip spice has become widely used. Kingston upon Hull ( almost invariably referred Chip spice, also American Chip Spice, is a Seasoning intended to be added to chips (french fries, including Paprika, Tomato and

In Scotland, preference for accompaniments divide the East and West sharply, with Scots in the East (for example in Edinburgh, Fife and Stirling) preferring a brown sauce known as chip-shop sauce (in response to the question "Salt and sauce?") whereas those from the West (for example in Glasgow) will have salt and vinegar. Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. Fife ( Gaelic: Fìobha) is a Council area of Scotland, situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth, with inland Stirling ( Gaelic: Sruighlea, Scots: Stirlin) is a city and former ancient Burgh in Scotland, and is at Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom East-coasters requesting "salt and sauce" in the West would probably end up with tomato ketchup — to their dismay. Ketchup (also spelled catsup or catchup) also known as tomato ketchup, tomato sauce, red sauce, Tommy sauce, However, "salt and sauce" features largely only in Edinburgh, Stirling and in parts of Fife; salt-and-vinegar occurs more commonly further North along the east coast. The vinegar in the sauce and used for the chips commonly comes from jars of pickled onion; pickled onions or pickled eggs serving as common accompaniments. "Chips and cheese" have also become a popular combination in most parts of the United Kingdom (compare the Canadian dish poutine). This is the fast food dish For the completely different Acadian dish see Poutine râpée.

In Northern Ireland salt and vinegar makes for a popular choice, though many people will pour either brown sauce or tomato sauce over the food, and "chippies" (or "chippers") frequently offer these options. This article is about the sauces often used with pasta In some countries "tomato sauce" is also used to refer to the condiment Ketchup.

Canadian fish and chip shops offer a variation of condoments including tartar sauce, white, cider or malt vinegar and fresh lemon for squeezing onto the fish. Tartar sauce or tartare sauce is a thick white Sauce made from Mayonnaise and finely chopped Pickled cucumber, Capers Onions Many fish-and-fry meals in southern Ontario (Toronto region) come served alongside fresh-cut coleslaw as a side dish (usually included at no extra charge). Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Canadians also favor poutine, a Canadian variation of fries served with cheese curds and gravy. This is the fast food dish For the completely different Acadian dish see Poutine râpée.

American diners that offer fish and chips typically provide a side of tartar sauce or vinegar (intended for the fish), with ketchup and mustard usually available on request free-of-charge (sometimes in bottles already on the table). A diner is a prefabricated Restaurant building characteristic of North America, especially on Long Island; in New York City; in

In Australia the use of seasoning salt on chips has become quite widespread; so much so that even fast-food chains like KFC no longer carry regular salt and use seasoning salt by default. Seasoned salt is a flavoured blend of Table salt composed of herbs spices other flavourings and sometimes Monosodium glutamate (MSG Kentucky Fried Chicken, usually known as KFC, is a chain of Fast food restaurants based in Louisville Kentucky. Vendors usually include a small slice of lemon free of charge: the purchaser can squeeze the slice in order to release the juice as dressing.

Other popular dressings include:

Other accompaniments include:

In Holyhead in North Wales, all of the six current chip shops serve 'Peas Water' free of charge - water strained from the mushy peas. Steak and kidney pudding is a dish made by enclosing diced Steak and beef lambs or pigs kidney pieces in gravy in a Suet pastry A Chicken nugget is either whole or composed from a paste of finely minced chicken and sometimes purposefully added chicken skin which is then coated in batter or Potato cakes may refer to different preparations of Potatoes In the U A dim sim is a Chinese -inspired meat Dumpling -style snack food popular in Australia. Souvlaki ( Greek: el Σουβλάκι is a popular Greek Fast food consisting of small pieces of meat and sometimes vegetables grilled on a Skewer Clam chowder is any of several Chowders containing Clams and Broth. A fritter is any kind of food coated in batter and Deep fried. Holyhead ( IPA /ˈhɒlihɛd/ Welsh: Caergybi, "the fort of Saint Cybi " is the largest town in the county of North Wales (Gogledd Cymru is the northernmost unofficial region of Wales, bordered to the south by Mid Wales and to the east by England. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Mushy peas are dried marrowfat peas which are first soaked overnight in water and bicarbonate of soda, and then simmered with a little sugar and salt until This practice allegedly occurs only in Holyhead. The inhabitants of the Wigan and St. Helens areas refer to this product as "Pea Wet", while the mill towns such as Bolton and Oldham tend to refer to "pea soup". Wigan is a large town in Greater Manchester, England. It stands on the River Douglas, south of Preston, west-northwest of Manchester St Helens ( is a large town in Merseyside, England It is the largest settlement of the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens with a population of just over 100000 Bolton ( is a large town in Greater Manchester, in the North West region of England. Oldham is a large town in Greater Manchester, England It lies amongst the Pennines on elevated ground between the rivers Irk and Medlock "Pea Wet and Scraps" comprise a free meal of the pea water and pieces of batter and chip ends rescued from the frier.

"Wet" can also refer to whether to serve the chips with gravy or not. (Often as a question at serving-time: "Wet?. . . . ")

In many parts of Lancashire, the name "split" refers to a serving of chips with a portion of mushy peas. Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea Inhabitants of the Midlands, especially Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire, refer to this as a "pea mix"; and to chips and baked beans as a "bean mix". History The area that is now Derbyshire was first visited probably briefly by humans 200000 years ago during the Aveley Interglacial as evidenced by a Middle Nottinghamshire (abbreviated Notts) is an English county in the East Midlands, which borders South Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Leicestershire

Locals in the Midlands, particularly in the Black Country, often enjoy battered chips, which gives the chips a distinctive orange hue. The Black Country is a loosely defined area of the English West Midlands conurbation, to the north and west of Birmingham, and to the south and east of Wolverhampton Many "chippies" in the region also offer cheesy chips.

In Preston, once reputed the most Catholic town in England, chippies regularly serve butter pie as an alternative to the Catholic practice of eating fish (as opposed to meat) on Fridays. Preston ( ˈprɛstən is a city and local government district in Lancashire, England, located on the River Ribble. A butter pie is a savoury pie originating from Lancashire in North West England.

In Sheffield, chip shops often supply free the locally-produced Henderson's Relish - made of vinegar, sugar, spices etc and resembling Worcestershire sauce — which in Worcestershire itself commonly turns up in chip-shops as a dressing. Sheffield ( is a city and Metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England Henderson's Relish is a spicy and Fruity Condiment, similar in some respects to Worcestershire sauce, but as it contains no anchovies, it is Worcestershire sauce (ˈwʊstəˌʃɪə wooster-sheer is a widely used fermented liquid Condiment first made at 68 Broad Street Worcester by two Worcestershire (ˈwʊstəʃə abbreviated Worcs) is a county located in the West Midlands region of central England.

In Kingston upon Hull and certain other areas of East Yorkshire, chippies commonly offer chip spice as an accompaniment: this product appears rarely in other areas of the United Kingdom. Kingston upon Hull ( almost invariably referred Chip spice, also American Chip Spice, is a Seasoning intended to be added to chips (french fries, including Paprika, Tomato and In Peterborough and other selected places, chip-shops sometimes offer a cajun seasoning as an accompaniment to fish and chips. History Early history Present-day Peterborough is the latest in a series of settlements which have at one time or other benefited from its situation where the Nene See also [[Cajun]] Cajun cuisine (in French Cuisine cadienne) originates from the French-speaking Acadian or "Cajun" immigrants deported

Around North America's Great Lakes (especially in Detroit or Chicago), as well as in New England, the popular tradition of Catholics eating fish on Fridays (especially during Lent) has resulted in a codifying of a particular sort of "fish fry", which includes a piece of whitefish (often haddock), a plentiful amount of french fries (generally thicker-cut "steak" fries), potato-salad and/or macaroni-salad, and coleslaw. The Laurentian Great Lakes are a chain of freshwater lakes located in eastern North America, on the Canada–United States border. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". Lent, in some Christian denominations, is the forty-day-long liturgical season of fasting and prayer before Easter. A fish fry is a meal usually consisting of battered and Fried fish, French fries, Coleslaw, Hushpuppies, lemon slices Tartar The haddock or offshore hake is a marine Fish distributed on both sides of the North Atlantic. This dish has become so well established that some supermarkets in the area sell it from their seafood departments, and many local bars serve fish fries every week. Customer divider barjpg|thumb|In supermarkets sellers periodically change prices for classes of goods in response to market conditions rather than negotiating the price of each good During the Lenten season, many churches raise funds by selling fish and chips on Fridays. Lent, in some Christian denominations, is the forty-day-long liturgical season of fasting and prayer before Easter. A church building is a Building or Structure whose primary purpose is to facilitate the meeting of a church. In Ontario, Canada, a popular variant consists of freshwater perch or pickerel (walleye) — typically sold at lakeside resort towns. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec The yellow perch ( Perca flavescens) is a species of Perch found in the United States and Canada, where it is often referred to by the shortform The walleye (common US name or yellow pickerel (Canada ( Sander vitreus vitreus, formerly Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) is a freshwater Perciform

Fish-and-chip shops

In the United Kingdom and in Australia fish-and-chips usually sell through independent restaurants and take-aways — colloquially known as chippies, chippers or chip shops in the United Kingdom,[18] or as fish-and-chip[s] shops in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. Take-out (in North American English) carry-out (in US and Scottish English) take-away (in Australian English, Occasionally in these countries stores use the term "Fish and Chippery". Outlets range from small affairs to chain restaurants. In the United Kingdom, punning names for the shops, such as "The Batter Plaice", "Assault and Battery", "The Codfather" or "The Frying Scotsman" often occur. A pun (or paronomasia) is a Phrase that deliberately exploits confusion between similar-sounding Words for humorous or Rhetorical The PLAICE, or FLASH-PLAICE, is a powerful Open source hardware device combining a Flash memory programmer, In-circuit emulation, [19] Fish-and-chip outlets sell roughly 25% of all the white fish consumed in the United Kingdom, and 10% of all potatoes. This article is about demersal fish for more definitions see Whitefish. The potato is a Starchy Tuberous crop Vegetable from the perennial Solanum tuberosum of the Solanaceae

Fish-and-chip shops vary enormously in the United Kingdom: from small back-street affairs to posh "Fish Restaurants" with seating and with waiting-staff. The UK has a well-known chain called Harry Ramsden's, which originated in Guiseley near Leeds, and now has thirty-one chain restaurants throughout the country (the company also opened an ill-fated restaurant in Hong Kong and in Melbourne, Australia). Harry Ramsden's is a worldwide restaurant chain dedicated to traditional British -style Fish and chips. Guiseley is a small Town in the City of Leeds metropolitan borough in the Metropolitan county of West Yorkshire, England. Leeds ( is located on the River Aire in West Yorkshire, England British fish-and-chip shops sometimes sell other take-away food products, such as kebabs, pies, burgers, Chinese food and pizzas; more frequently the other items sold will involve deep-frying in the same way as with fish and chips, as the establishments often highlight the cooking method (some very traditional British fish-and-chip shops refer to their opening hours as "frying times"). In fishing-towns fish-and-chip shops also commonly sell uncooked fish. Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two Some fishing-town chip shops also offer to fry customers' own fresh fish, charging a fee dependent on the weight of the fish processed.

A variety of fish and chips with fried shrimp, hushpuppies and coleslaw, as commonly served in North America
A variety of fish and chips with fried shrimp, hushpuppies and coleslaw, as commonly served in North America

US fast-food restaurant chains that sell fish and chips include Long John Silver's, Arthur Treacher's Fish and Chips, Captain D's, H. Salt Esquire (in California), and Ivar's and Skipper's (in the Pacific Northwest). True shrimp are swimming decapod Crustaceans classified in the Infraorder Caridea, found widely around the world in both fresh Hushpuppies or Hush puppies are an American food consisting of small Cornmeal Breads that are Deep fried in a Spherical or Oblong Coleslaw (or cole slaw) is a Salad consisting primarily of shredded raw Cabbage. Fast food is the term given to food that can be prepared and served very quickly Chain stores are Retail outlets that share a Brand and central management and usually have standardized business methods and practices Long John Silver's Inc is a United States -based Fast-food restaurant that specializes in Seafood and Fish and chips. Arthur Treacher's Fish and Chips is a Fast food Seafood Restaurant chain. Captain D's is a US -based chain of Fast-food restaurants specializing in Seafood and Fish and chips. H Salt Esquire is a California -based Fast food restaurant chain which specializes in Fish and chips. Ivar's is a Seafood Restaurant chain based in Seattle Washington, United States with operations in the Puget Sound region in Spokane "Skippers" redirect here For other uses see Skipper Skipper's Seafood 'N Chowder House is a loosely affiliated chain of fast service Most of these chains refer to fish and chips as "fish and fries" or as "combo baskets", as opposed to "platters" (which include coleslaw, however the term "chips" still occurs frequently in the Northwest and Western United States when discussing this dish. Coleslaw (or cole slaw) is a Salad consisting primarily of shredded raw Cabbage. (See Burgerville, which generally also serves its baskets with a lemon wedge. Burgerville USA is a privately held American Restaurant chain in Oregon and southwest Washington, owned by The Holland Inc A Western United States "combo basket" will often include an additional side dish such as beans or coleslaw, especially in a pub setting. A side dish, sometimes referred to as a side order or simply a side, is a food item that accompanies the Entrée or Main course at a Meal ) In the 1990s, the perception within the United States of fish and chips as unhealthy led to a decline in consumption and to financial problems for Long John Silver's and Arthur Treacher's. Other restaurants have acquired these two brands, and the current growth-strategy of both of these chains appears to aim at combining fish-and-chips with other fast food brands to bolster them in the marketplace and to introduce new customers to the meal as a novelty. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. But some specialist restaurants prepare fish and chips in the full Commonwealth tradition — such as The Park Slope Chipshop in New York City. ChipShop NYC plans to spread around America by franchising. In Canada, Joey's Only Seafood Restaurants figure prominently in the fish-and-chips market with over 100 locations.

Fish and chip shops in the United Kingdom occur commonly near seaside resorts — where tourists and visitors commonly eat fish and chips as a "traditional" seaside meal — but also in both rural and urban settings, with most villages and towns having at least one shop, even in the absence of other fast-food establishments. A seaside resort is a Resort located on the Coast. Where a Beach is the primary focus for Tourists it may be called a beach resort

The existence of numerous competitions and awards for "best fish-and-chip shop"[20][21] testifies to the recognised status of this type of outlet in popular culture. Popular culture (or pop culture) is the Culture — patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance — [22]

Packaging and wrapping

In the UK most fish-and-chip shops offer a take-away service. They may supply the food either "open" — as individual servings for eating immediately — or "wrapped" — in a closed container or parcel for taking elsewhere. "Open" portions traditionally come in a greaseproof-paper (parchment) bag surrounded by an additional layer of folded paper so that one can hold it in one hand while eating. Britons still speak of a "bag" or "poke" of chips even when individual polystyrene or cardboard trays have replaced the bag. With "open" servings, the chippie usually puts a portion of chips in the bag first, with the fish and/or other accompaniments (such as mushy peas or curry sauce) placed on the top. The customer can usually take free salt and vinegar from the counter to add if wanted. Chippies usually offer disposable wooden or plastic forks for immediate use, although the traditional British way to eat fish and chips requires only fingers.

For "wrapped" servings, the chippie will either wrap the various components into a folded paper parcel or place them in a carrier with the accompaniments in individual containers, for plating up at home. Chippies usually ask customers whether they require salt and vinegar, then add them before wrapping the food.

Fish-and-chip shops traditionally wrapped their product in an inner layer of white paper (for hygiene) and an outer layer of newspaper or blank newsprint (for insulation and to absorb grease), though nowadays the use of newspaper has largely ceased on grounds of hygiene, and establishments often use food-quality wrapping paper instead — occasionally printed on the outside to emulate newspaper. A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint. Newsprint is low-cost non-archival Paper most commonly used to print Newspapers plus other publications and advertising material Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. In Northern Ireland, fish and chip meals once came wrapped solely with a couple of layers of newspaper, but concerns over ink-poisoning (especially relating to the use of lead type in newspaper-production) meant the phasing out of this practice. Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Printing-industry members, however, state that modern newspaper-inks to pose no such health risk. [23] Few chip shops now wrap the food in this way in Northern Ireland. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.

The steam produced by fish and chips causes paper wrapping to emit a characteristic smell, and the close wrapping prevents evaporation, giving the food a moist texture which can last for some time if the parcel remains unopened. Polystyrene packing, usual in many other kinds of take-away outlet, sometimes appears. Polystyrene ˌpɒliˈstaɪriːn ( IUPAC Polyphenylethene is an aromatic Polymer made from the aromatic Monomer Styrene Even when the fish get wrapped in paper, an open polystyrene container often holds the chips. The United Kingdom banned the use of real newspaper in the late 1980s. Australian fish-and-chip shops, faced with a ban on the use of actual newspaper in the 1970s, substituted butcher's paper as the external wrapping, though a few shops continue to wrap their product in newspaper, especially in rural areas. Some shops in New Zealand still wrap their fish and chips in newspaper.

Chip vans

Mobile fish-and-chip shops serve rural areas in the United Kingdom, although they can also occur in urban areas — particularly working-class housing estates. Van-operators may favour beef dripping rather than oil for frying in that cold dripping forms a solid mass and will not slosh around when on the move. Such vans also roam Ireland, both north and south, generally trading outside rural nightclubs and at sports-stadia.

Other dishes

Fish-and-chip shops typically offer other hot fast food which customers may eat in place of the traditional battered fish. Fast food is the term given to food that can be prepared and served very quickly Typical alternatives offered by English "chippies" may include:

pie 
in varieties such as meat-and-potato, steak and kidney, chicken and mushroom, mince and onion, or cheese and onion. A pie is a baked dish which is usually made of a Pastry dough shell that covers or completely contains a filling of various sweet or Savoury ingredients The steak and kidney pie is a typical British dish with a filling of diced Beef Steak and beef (ox lamb 's or Pig The chicken ( Gallus gallus, sometimes G gallus domesticus) is a domesticated Fowl which is traditionally believed to have descended from A mushroom is the fleshy Spore -bearing Fruiting body of a Fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source Ground beef, beef mince or hamburger meat (in North America) or mince or mince(d meat (in the rest of the English speaking Cheese is a Food made from Milk, usually the milk of cows, Buffalo, Goats or sheep, by coagulation. Usually factory-made, unlike the pies in pie-and-mash shops. Pie and mash is a traditional London Working class food Pie mash and stewed eels shops have been in London since the 18th century and are still common in south and Also, in areas of the south-west, cod-and-potato pies may appear as a rarity, consisting of chips and unbattered cod in a pastry with a similar taste.
sausage 
usually pork, deep-fried plain or in batter, or saveloys. A sausage is a prepared Food, usually made from Ground meat, animal fat salt and Spices (sometimes with other ingredients such as herbs typically packed A saveloy is a type of highly seasoned pork Sausage, usually bright red in colour which is served in English fish and Some chip shops use variations or combinations of other British sausages. In South Africa, standard sausages may include a Vienna sausage or simply a vienna (wiener), a frankfurter, a Russian sausage or simply a Russian (spicy pork sausage); all deep-fried or plain.
hot dog 
a fried plain sausage, or occasionally a frankfurter sausage, served in a bun. A hot dog is a type of fully-cooked cured and/or smoked moist Sausage of soft even texture and flavor A hot dog is a type of fully-cooked cured and/or smoked moist Sausage of soft even texture and flavor
sausage roll 
pork sausagemeat wrapped in puff pastry and baked. A sausage roll is a type of Convenience food commonly served at parties and available from Bakeries and Milk bars as a Takeaway food item
fishcake/Fish Fritter/Fish Slice 
fish and potatoes minced together and dipped in batter or bread-crumbs. A fishcake (also fish cake) is a food item similar to a fillet'o'fish or Croquette, consisting of a filleted fish and potato patty coated in Breadcrumbs In Yorkshire, a scallop fishcake consists of a thin piece of fish between two large flat slices of potato dipped in batter and fried. Yorkshire is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in Great Britain.
fish pattie or scallop 
two slices of potato with a slice of fish (usually cod) in between, always battered. Sometimes also sold as 'Fishcake'.
fish patty/scallop 
mashed potato, deep-fried in batter, usually served with chips ("patty and chips") as a low-cost meal, speciality of Hull, Yorkshire.
scampi 
deep-fried in bread-crumbs. Scampi is the plural of scampo, the Italian name for the Norway lobster ( Nephrops norvegicus) also known as the Dublin Bay prawn (especially
chicken 
deep-fried chicken leg or wing, and sometimes available either plain or "southern fried" in a flavoured, slightly spicy, batter-like coating. Fried chicken (also referred to as Southern Fried chicken) is chicken which is dipped in a Breading mixture and then deep fried, pan See also List of foods of the Southern United States The Cuisine of the Southern United States is defined as the regional culinary form of states
chip butty 
chips served between two slices of bread, traditionally spread with butter (now more usually with margarine). A chip sandwich, french fry sandwich, or a chip butty as it is sometimes referred to in the United Kingdom and New Zealand, is a Sandwich Bread is a Staple food prepared by Baking a Dough of Flour and Water. Butter is a Dairy product made by churning fresh or fermented Cream or Milk. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Margarine (ˈmɑrdʒərɨn /ˈmɑrdʒəriːn/ or /ˈmɑrgəriːn/ as a generic term can indicate any of a wide range of Butter substitutes The bread most commonly takes the form of a bun or soft bread roll. A bun is a small usually sweet Bread. Commonly they are hand-sized or smaller domed in shape with a flat bottom Regional names for the bread bun create variations such as "chip cob" in Nottinghamshire and "chip barm" or "chip muffin" in Lancashire and "chip bap" in Staffordshire. Nottinghamshire (abbreviated Notts) is an English county in the East Midlands, which borders South Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Leicestershire Barm is the foam or scum formed on the top of liquor (ie fermented alcoholic beverages such as Beer or Wine, or feedstock for Hard liquor Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea Staffordshire (abbreviated Staffs) is a landlocked county in the West Midlands region of England.
pineapple fritter 
a slice of pineapple coated in batter before frying. A fritter is any kind of food coated in batter and Deep fried.
kebab/Döner  
compressed mince meat, normally sliced from a rotating spit of meat held vertically. Kebab (also transliterated as kabab, kabob, kibob, kebhav, kephav) refers to a variety of meat dishes in Middle Eastern
scraps, or scratchings 
small pieces of leftover batter from the deep fat fryer, scooped into bags and served alone or as an accompaniment to fish and chips.
spam fritter 
a slice of spam coated in batter and fried. A spam fritter is a slice of Spam fried in batter Commonly eaten with chips and Mushy peas, spam fritters are served in fish and chip shops Name origin Introduced on July 5 1937, the name "Spam" was chosen in the 1930s when the product whose original name was far less memorable (Hormel
rissole 
similar to a spam fritter, but composed of minced meat, usually coated in breadcrumbs. A rissole (from Latin russeolus, meaning reddish, via French in which " rissoler " means "to redden" is a small
burger 
a minced meat (usually beef) patty, available either coated in fried batter or without. A hamburger (or burger) is a Sandwich consisting of a cooked ground Meat Patty, usually Beef, placed in a sliced bun or between
cheeseburger 
a dish of a fried burger with melted cheese inside. A cheeseburger is a Hamburger accompanied with melted Cheese.
suet pudding , (also known as Rag Pudding in Lancashire) 
a steamed savoury pudding of meat and gravy surrounded by suet pastry. Suet (/ˈsuːɪt/ is raw Beef or mutton Fat, especially the hard fat found around the Loins and Kidneys Suet has a Melting Rag Pudding is an old fashioned savoury dish originated in Oldham, popular in Lancashire, England. Also referred to simply as "a pudding" . Popular varieties include steak and steak-and-kidney. Steak and kidney pudding is a dish made by enclosing diced Steak and beef lambs or pigs kidney pieces in gravy in a Suet pastry
scallop/smack/slap/special 
a slice of potato, battered and deep-fried, in some places cooked without batter.
faggot or "savoury duck" 
a meatball or meat patty of pork-meat and liver. A faggot is a kind of meatball a traditional dish in the UK, especially the Midlands of England. Such "faggots" occur most commonly in Wales and in the Midlands of England (especially in the Black Country); "savoury ducks" come from Yorkshire and Lancashire. This article is mainly about the English Midlands For other uses see Midlands (disambiguation. The Black Country is a loosely defined area of the English West Midlands conurbation, to the north and west of Birmingham, and to the south and east of Wolverhampton Yorkshire is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in Great Britain. Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea
steak & salad 
usually beefsteak with fresh salad made with lettuces and tomatoes with different dressings. Some takeaways sell them as "combos" and some takeaways sell them separately.

Scotland

Chippies (in some regions "chippers") in Scotland sometimes sell other deep-fried foods (including fruit), such as banana fritters and pineapple fritters and on a rare occasion even deep-fried Mars Bars (arguably first developed at the Caron Fish & Chip Shop, Stonehaven). The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. For the fruit see Banana. For other meanings see Banana (disambiguation. Pineapple ( Ananas comosus) is the common name for an edible Tropical Plant and also its Fruit It is native to the southern part of Brazil A deep-fried Mars Bar is an ordinary Mars Bar normally fried in a type of batter commonly used for deep frying fish sausages and other battered products although Stonehaven ( Steenhive in the Doric dialect of Scots) and Cala na Creige in Gaelic is a town with around fourteen thousand inhabitants In addition to fruit fritters, potato fritters occur fairly commonly: these consist of roughly 1 cm-thick slices of potato battered and fried. In Scotland the choice of alternatives further includes deep-fried pizza, smoked sausage (a variant of saveloy) either battered or un-battered, Scotch pies, haggis, black pudding, red pudding and white pudding (the latter four served thickly battered in some locales). Deep-fried pizza is a dish available in many chip shops in Scotland. A saveloy is a type of highly seasoned pork Sausage, usually bright red in colour which is served in English fish and A Scotch pie is a small double-crust Meat pie filled with minced Mutton or other meat Haggis is a traditional Scottish dish There are many recipes most of which have in common the following ingredients Sheep 's ' pluck ' ( Heart Black pudding or (less often blood pudding is a British English term for Sausage made by cooking blood with a filler until it is thick enough to congeal Red pudding is a Food commonly served at chip shops in the North East of England and certain parts of Scotland as an alternative to fish (see White pudding or oatmeal pudding is a Meat dish popular in Scotland, Ireland, Northumberland, Iceland ( Lifrarpylsa In testament to the more global nature of food now available in the UK, many modern establishments also sell international dishes such as kebabs and pakora in addition to their domestic products. Kebab (also transliterated as kabab, kabob, kibob, kebhav, kephav) refers to a variety of meat dishes in Middle Eastern Pakora ( Hindi: पकोड़ा Urdu: پکوڑا) is a fried snack found across the Indian subcontinent.

In Scotland (especially in the West of Scotland) chip shops often have Italian names referring to the Italian family that owns the chip shop. However this doesn't seem as common elsewhere in the UK.

Northern Ireland

Some chippies/chippers in Northern Ireland, in common with Scotland, offer deep-fried Mars Bars (restaurants usually add banana and pineapple fritters to a Chicken Maryland). Chicken Maryland or Maryland Chicken is a dish with various interpretations depending on the country of origin In common with the rest of the United Kingdom, other meals sold in chippies include "hamburger suppers", chip butties, chicken and chips, "cowboy suppers" and hotdogs. Uniquely in Northern Ireland one can purchase the pastie bap and pastie supper. A pastie (IPA /pæstiː/ is a large round patéd pie common to Northern Ireland. Most chippies throughout Northern Ireland also sell battered sausages.

The British Isles generically

In Scotland, Northern Ireland and northern England the inhabitants speak of a meal of fish and chips as a fish supper. Similarly, in Scotland one can order a haggis supper, a steak pie supper, and so on; supper means "with chips", in this context. A "single" order comes without chips. As sausages often sell in pairs, a sausage supper may mean two sausages and chips, while a single sausage can refer to two sausages (without chips). A sausage is a prepared Food, usually made from Ground meat, animal fat salt and Spices (sometimes with other ingredients such as herbs typically packed

Australia

Australians favour a range of various accompaniments to fish and chips: such as the "potato cake" in Victoria, known as a "potato scallop" in Queensland and New South Wales or as a "potato fritter" in South Australia. Queensland is a state of Australia, occupying the north-eastern corner of the mainland continent South Australia is a state of Australia in the southern central part of the country Quite distinct from the sea-scallop, it consists of a thick slice of potato, deep-fried in batter. A scallop (ˈskɒləp or /ˈskæləp/ is a marine Bivalve Mollusk of the family Pectinidae.

Other common accompaniments in Australia include calamari rings (deep-fried rings of squid), "battered savs" (a saveloy coated in batter and then deep fried) and crab sticks (deep-fried imitation crab-meat) also known as "Seafood Sticks". Squid is a popular food in many parts of the world In many of the languages around the Mediterranean sea, squid are called 'calamari' (singular 'calamaro' A saveloy is a type of highly seasoned pork Sausage, usually bright red in colour which is served in English fish and Crab sticks are a type of processed sea food made of Surimi, or finely pulverized white Fish flesh that has been shaped and cured to resemble Snow crab Homemade hamburgers may come with a number of added extras including egg, cheese, salad, beetroot and sauce. The beet or beetroot is a Flowering plant species ( Beta vulgaris) in the family Chenopodiaceae. An increasing number of stores in Australia may also deal in Döner kebabs. Döner kebab ( Turkish döner kebap, literally "turning roast" is a Turkish national dish made of Meat cooked on a vertical spit The Döner Kebab has only recently become part of the fish-and-chip shop repertoire, however most fish and chip shops have served a version of it since the late 1980s. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.

New Zealand

New Zealand vendors offer an accompaniment identical to the Australian "potato scallop", but known either as a "fritter" (as in South Australia), or as a "flip". This leads to the dish "flips and chips": historically a lower-cost alternative to "fish and chips", but now sold for its own merits, rather than for reasons of economy. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.

Distinctively kiwi items found in New Zealand fish-and-chip shops include paua patties (typically minced paua and batter), whitebait patties and muttonbirds. Certain items and icons from New Zealand's cultural heritage are often called Kiwiana. Paua or pāua is the Māori name given to three Species of large edible sea Snails marine Gastropod Molluscs This article is concerned with whitebait as the juvenile of various species of fish around the world for other uses of the term see Whitebait (disambiguation. Muttonbirding is a seasonal harvesting activity which may be recreational or commercial of the chicks of Petrels especially Shearwater species for food oil and

Footnotes

  1. ^ Online recipes.
  2. ^ More online recipes.
  3. ^ Townsend, Bob (2005-02-09). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Neighborhood Nosh. Atlanta Journal. Retrieved on 2007-01-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina.
  4. ^ Whitey's Fish Camp - Restaurant. Menu. Whitey's Fish Camp. Retrieved on 2008-05-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed
  5. ^ Fish and chips
  6. ^ "La Frite est-elle belge?", retrieved 2007-10-22

    D'après Jo Gérard, notre peuple aurait déjà cuit des frites avant 1680. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus L'historien avance comme preuve un manuscrit familial daté de 1781 ("Curiosités de la table dans les Pays-Bas Belgiques", signé par son arrière-arrière-grand-oncle Joseph Gérard): "Les habitants de Namur, Andenne et Dinant ont l'usage de pêcher dans la Meuse du menu fretin et de le frire pour en améliorer leur ordinaire, surtout chez les pauvres gens. Mais lorsque le gel saisit les cours d'eau et que la pêche y devient hasardeuse, les habitants découpent les pommes de terre en forme de petits poissons et les passent à la friture comme ceux-ci. Il me revient que cette pratique remonte déjà à plus de cent années. "
    In English:
    According to Jo Gérard, our people already cooked chips prior to 1680. The historian offers as a proof a family manuscript dating from 1781 {Culinary curiosities in the Belgian Netherlands, signed by his great-great-uncle Joseph Gérard): "The inhabitants of Namur, Huy and Dinant have the habit of fishing in the Meuse River, frying their catch, with a view to improving their staple diet (especially poor people). But when the watercourses freeze over and fishing becomes less reliable, the inhabitants cut up potatoes in the shape of small fish and fry those instead. I gather that this kind of procedure has already gone on for over a hundred years. "

  7. ^ BBC news article
  8. ^ Resources for Learning, Scotland: Rationing
  9. ^ Chaloner W. H. & Henderson W. O. (1990). Industry and Innovation: Selected Essays. Taylor & Francis, Inc. . ISBN 0714633356.  
  10. ^ Tradition Historic UK, Fish and Chips
  11. ^ Dundee Fact File. Dundee City Council. Retrieved on 20 Mar, 2007. Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden.
  12. ^ http://www.scotsitalian.com/chippiescafe.htm
  13. ^ Federation of Fish Friers (professional body)
  14. ^ Icons of England
  15. ^ "German Biodiesel Firm To Use Chip Fat"
  16. ^ "Seafish. On Plate. Fish & chips" (UK Sea Fish Industry Authority website)
  17. ^ Seafish. On Plate. Fish & chips
  18. ^ Speakers of British English use the term chippy or chippie or chipper as a noun meaning a "fish-and-chip shop" or a "carpenter". British English or UK English ( BrE, BE, en-GB) is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the Speakers of American English may use "chippy" as a pejorative term for a prostitute. This is one of a series of articles about the differences between American English and Prostitution is the act of performing Sexual activity in exchange for Money.
  19. ^ Swillingham, Guy (2005). Shop Horror. London: Fourth Estate. ISBN 0-00-719813-2.  
  20. ^ The Fish & Chip Shop of the Year Competition. Seafish. Retrieved on 2007-01-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina.
  21. ^ Frier's Quality Award. Seafish. Retrieved on 2007-01-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina.
  22. ^ Couple scoop best chip shop award. BBC News (2006). Retrieved on 2007-01-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina.
  23. ^ Huber Group (09 2003). Newspaper inks and the environment. Retrieved on 2007-10-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross.

See also

External links

2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed

Dictionary

fish and chips

-noun

  1. A meal of fish fried in batter and served with chips (fried potatoes), popular in the United Kingdom.
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