First Peloponnesian War
Date c. 460 – c. Events By place Persian Empire Egypt revolts against Persian rule 445 BC Location Mainland Greece Result Arrangement between Sparta and Athens ratified by the "Thirty Years' Peace" Territorial changes Megara was returned to the Peloponnesian League, Troezen and Achaea became independent, Aegina was to be a tributary to Athens but autonomous, and disputes were to be settled by arbitration. Events By place Greece Pericles, concerned over the draining effect of years of war on Athenian manpower looks for peace with The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca The Peloponnesian League was an alliance of states in the Peloponnese in the 6th and 5th centuries BC. Troezen (ˈtriːzən Τροιζήν modern Troizina or Trizina, Turkish: Damala is a small town (pop Achaea (Αχαΐα Achaïa, axaˈia in Polytonic orthography) is an ancient province and a present prefecture of Greece, on the northern Aegina ( Greek: Αίγινα ( Egina) is one of the Saronic Islands of Greece in the Saronic Gulf, 17 miles (30 km from
Belligerents
Delian League led by Athens, Argos	Peloponnesian League led by Sparta, Thebes
Commanders
Pericles Cimon Leosthenes Tolmides Myronides	Pleistoanax Nicodemes

The First Peloponnesian War (460 BC - circa 445 BC) was fought between Sparta as the leaders of the Peloponnesian League and Sparta's other allies, most notably Thebes, and the Delian League led by Athens with support from Argos. The Delian League was an association of approximately 150 5th-century BC Greek City-states under the leadership of Athens, whose purpose was to continue The History of Athens is one of the longest of any city in Europe and in the world Argos ( Greek: Ἄργος, Árgos ˈaɾɣos is a city in Greece in the Peloponnese near Nafplio, which was its historic harbor The Peloponnesian League was an alliance of states in the Peloponnese in the 6th and 5th centuries BC. This article covers the history of Sparta from its founding to the present concentrating primarily on the Spartan state during the height of its power from the 6th Thebes ( Classic Greek Θῆβαι, Mod Θήβα) is a city in Greece, situated to the north of the Cithaeron range which divides Pericles (also spelled Perikles) (c 495 – 429 BC Greek:, meaning "surrounded by glory" was a prominent and influential Statesman, orator Cimon (in Greek, Κίμων &mdash Kimōn) (510 Athens - 450 BC Citium, Cyprus) was an Athenian Leosthenes (in Greek Λεωσθένης; died 323 BC was an Athenian, commander of the combined Greek army in the Lamian war. Myronides was an Athenian general in 458 BCE when he defeated the Corinthians at Megara, and again in 457 BCE when he defeated the Boeotians Pleistoanax (reigned 458 BCE &ndash 409 BCE was an Agiad King of Sparta. Events By place Persian Empire Egypt revolts against Persian rule Events By place Greece Pericles, concerned over the draining effect of years of war on Athenian manpower looks for peace with The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη The Peloponnesian League was an alliance of states in the Peloponnese in the 6th and 5th centuries BC. Thebes ( Classic Greek Θῆβαι, Mod Θήβα) is a city in Greece, situated to the north of the Cithaeron range which divides The Delian League was an association of approximately 150 5th-century BC Greek City-states under the leadership of Athens, whose purpose was to continue Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Argos ( Greek: Ἄργος, Árgos ˈaɾɣos is a city in Greece in the Peloponnese near Nafplio, which was its historic harbor This war consisted of a series of conflicts and minor wars, such as the Second Sacred War. The Second Sacred War took place between 449 BC - 448 BC and resulted in an indirect confrontation between Athens and Sparta during the so-called There were several causes for the war including the building of the Athenian long walls, Megara's defection and the envy felt by Sparta at the growth of the Athenian Empire.

The war began in 460 BC. Events By place Persian Empire Egypt revolts against Persian rule At first the Athenians had the better of the fighting, winning the naval engagements using their superior fleet. They also had the better of the fighting on land, until 457 BC when the Spartans and their allies defeated the Athenian army at Tanagra. Events By place Persian empire Artaxerxes I decrees that the city government of Jerusalem shall be re-established (see Ezra 7 There was a later battle at Tanagra during the Peloponnesian War; see Battle of Tanagra (426 BC. The Athenians, however, counter attacked and scored a crushing victory over the Beotians at the Battle of Oenophyta and followed this victory up by conquering all of Beotia except for Thebes. Boeotia, Beotia, or Bœotia ( Greek: Βοιωτία - English biːˈoʊʃiə formerly Cadmeis was a region of Ancient Greece, north of the The Battle of Oenophyta took place between Athens and the Boeotian City-states in 457 BC during the First Peloponnesian War.

Athens further consolidated their position by making Aegina a member of the Delian League and by ravaging the Peloponnese. Aegina ( Greek: Αίγινα ( Egina) is one of the Saronic Islands of Greece in the Saronic Gulf, 17 miles (30 km from The Athenians were defeated in 454 BC by the Persians in Egypt which caused them to enter into a five years' truce with Sparta. Events By place Persian Empire Persian rule in Egypt is finally restored by Megabyzus, Satrap of Syria The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now However, the war flared up again in 448 BC with the start of the Second Sacred War. Events By place Greece Pericles leads the Athenian army against Delphi to restore the sanctuary of the Oracle In 446 BC, Beotia revolted and defeated the Athenians at Coronea and regained their independence. Events By place Greece Achaea achieves its independence from Athens, while Euboea, crucial to Athenian control of The Battle of Coronea took place between the Athenian -led Delian League and the Boeotian League in 447 BC during the First Peloponnesian

The First Peloponnesian War ended in an arrangement between Sparta and Athens, which was ratified by the Thirty Years' Peace (winter of 446–445 BC). Events By place Greece Achaea achieves its independence from Athens, while Euboea, crucial to Athenian control of Events By place Greece Pericles, concerned over the draining effect of years of war on Athenian manpower looks for peace with According to the provisions of this peace treaty, both sides maintained the main parts of their empires. Athens continued its domination of the sea while Sparta dominated the land. Megara returned to the Peloponnesian League and Aegina becoming a tribute paying but autonomous member of the Delian League. The war between the two leagues restarted in 431 BC and in 404 BC, Athens was occupied by Sparta. Events By place Greece Athens enters into an alliance with King Sitalkes of Thrace, after Nymphodorus an influential Athenian Events By place Greece The Athenian leader Cleophon continues to urge resistance against the Peloponnesians but the situation

Contents 1 Origins and Causes 2 Early battles 3 Athenian successes 3.1 Tanagra 3.2 Athens conquers 4 The importance of Megara 5 Athenian crisis and the truce 6 After the truce 7 Significance and aftermath 8 References 8.1 Primary Sources 8.2 Secondary Sources 9 Notes

Origins and Causes

A mere twenty years before the First Peloponnesian War broke out, Athens and Sparta had fought alongside each other in the Greco-Persian Wars. In that war, Sparta had held the hegemony of what modern scholars call the Hellenic League and the overall command in the crucial victories of 480 and 479 BC. Events By place Greece May — King Xerxes I of Persia marches from Sardis and onto Thrace Events By place Greece The Persian commander Mardonius, now based in Thessaly, wins support Over the next several years, however, Spartan leadership bred resentment among the Greek naval powers that took the lead in carrying the war against Persian territories in Asia and the Aegean, and after 478 BC the Spartans abandoned their leadership of this campaign. Events By place Greece Despite Spartan opposition Athens is refortified as well as rebuilt after the ^[1]

Athens, meanwhile, had been asserting itself on the international scene, and was eager to take the lead in the Aegean. The Athenians had already rebuilt their walls, against the express wishes of Sparta,^[2] and in 479 BC and 478 BC had taken a much more active role in the Aegean campaigning. Events By place Greece The Persian commander Mardonius, now based in Thessaly, wins support Events By place Greece Despite Spartan opposition Athens is refortified as well as rebuilt after the In the winter of 479–8 BC they accepted the leadership of a new league, the Delian League, in a conference of Ionian and Aegean states at Delos. The Delian League was an association of approximately 150 5th-century BC Greek City-states under the leadership of Athens, whose purpose was to continue Geography Physical Ionia was of small extent not exceeding 90 geographical miles in length from north to south with a breadth varying from 40 to 55 miles but to this Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. The island of Delos ( Greek: Δήλος Dhilos) isolated in the centre of the roughly circular ring of islands called the Cyclades, near Mykonos At this time, one of the first hints of animosity between Athens and Sparta emerges in an anecdote reported by Diodorus Siculus, who said that the Spartans in 475–4 BC considered reclaiming the hegemony of the campaign against Persia by force;^[3] modern scholars, although uncertain of the dating and reliability of this story, have generally cited it as evidence of the existence, even at this early date, of a "war party" in Sparta. Events By place Greece Cimon leads an Athenian attack on the island of Skyros and expels the Events By place Italy Hiero I, tyrant of Sicily, allied with Aristodemus, the tyrant of ^[4][5]

For some time, however, friendly relations prevailed between Athens and Sparta. Themistocles, the Athenian of the period most associated with an anti-Spartan policy, was ostracised at some point in the early 470s BC, and was later forced to flee to Persia. Themistocles ( Greek:; c 524&ndash459 BC was an Athenian soldier and statesman Ostracism ( ostrakismos) was a procedure under the Athenian democracy in which a prominent Citizen could be expelled from the City-state ^[6] In his place in Athens rose Cimon, who advocated a policy of cooperation between the two states. Cimon (in Greek, Κίμων &mdash Kimōn) (510 Athens - 450 BC Citium, Cyprus) was an Athenian Cimon was Sparta's proxenos at Athens, and so fond was he of that city that he named one of his sons Lakedaemonios. In Classical Greece a Proxenos ( Πρόξενος) was a citizen (usually rich of a particular City state who felt friendship towards another city and voluntarily ^[7] Still, hints of conflict emerged; Thucydides reports that in the mid 460s BC, Sparta actually decided to invade Attica during the Thasian rebellion, and was only prevented from doing so by an earthquake, which triggered a revolt among the helots. Attica (Αττική Attikí;) is a periphery (subdivision in Greece, containing Athens, the capital of Greece The Thasian rebellion was an incident in 465 BC in which Thasos rebelled against Athenian control seeking to renounce its membership in the Delian League The helots (in Classical Greek / Heílôtes) were an unfree population group that formed the ^[8]

It was that helot revolt which would eventually bring on the crisis that precipitated the war. Unable to quell the revolt themselves, the Spartans summoned all their allies to assist them, invoking the old Hellenic League ties. Athens responded to the call, sending out 4,000 men with Cimon at their head. ^[9][10] Once an assault on the helots' fortifications had failed, the Spartans, suspicious of the Athenians, dismissed them, alone of all their allies. This action destroyed the political credibility of Cimon; he had already been under assault by opponents at Athens led by Ephialtes, and shortly after this embarrassment he was ostracized. Ephialtes ( Greek:, Ephialtēs) was an ancient Athenian politician and an early leader of the democratic movement there The demonstration of Spartan hostility was unmistakable, and when Athens responded, events spiraled rapidly into war. Athens concluded several alliances in quick succession: one with Thessaly, a powerful state in the north; one with Argos, Sparta's traditional enemy for centuries; and one with Megara, a former ally of Sparta's which was faring badly in a border war with Sparta's more powerful ally Corinth. Thessalia redirects here For the Butterfly Genus, see Thessalia (butterfly. Argos ( Greek: Ἄργος, Árgos ˈaɾɣos is a city in Greece in the Peloponnese near Nafplio, which was its historic harbor Megara ( Greek:, "Big Houses" is an ancient city (pop Corinth, or Korinth ( Greek Κόρινθος ( is a city in Greece. At about the same time, Athens settled the helots exiled after the defeat of their revolt at Naupactus on the Corinthian Gulf. Naupactus or Nafpaktos (Ναύπακτος rarely Έπαχτος Naupactus or Naupactos İnebahtı Italian Spanish and Portuguese Lepanto is the second largest town The Gulf of Corinth or the Corinthian Gulf is a deep inlet of the Ionian Sea separating the Peloponnese from western mainland Greece. By 460 BC, Athens found itself openly at war with Corinth and several other Peloponnesian states, and a larger war was clearly imminent. Events By place Persian Empire Egypt revolts against Persian rule

Early battles

As this war was beginning, Athens also took on a serious military commitment in another part of the Aegean when they sent a force to assist Inaros, a Libyan king who had led almost all of Egypt in revolt from the Persian king Artaxerxes. Ienheru or Inarus, also known as Inaros, (c460 BC was an Egyptian rebel ruler who was the son of a Libyan prince named Psametik presumably Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ( haχɒmaneʃijɒn (558–330 BC was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of Artaxerxes (Latin Greek Ἀρταξέρξης is a corruption of Old Persian Artaxšacā, "whose reign is through arta (truth" Athens and her allies sent a fleet of 200 ships to assist Inaros — a substantial investment of resources. ^[11] Thus, Athens entered the war with her forces spread across several theatres of conflict.

In either 460 or 459 BC, Athens fought several major battles with the combined forces of several Peloponnesian states. On land, the Athenians were defeated by the armies of Corinth and Epidaurus at Halieis, but at sea they were victorious at Cecryphaleia. Epidaurus (Ἐπίδαυρος Epidavros) was a small city ( Polis) in ancient Greece, at the Saronic Gulf. ^[12] Alarmed by this Athenian aggressiveness in the Saronic Gulf, Aegina entered into the war against Athens, combining its powerful fleet with that of the Peloponnesian allies. The Saronic Gulf ( Greek: Σαρωνικός κόλπος Saronikós kólpos) or Gulf of Aegina in Greece forms part of the Aegina ( Greek: Αίγινα ( Egina) is one of the Saronic Islands of Greece in the Saronic Gulf, 17 miles (30 km from ^[13] In the resulting sea battle, the Athenians won a commanding victory, capturing seventy Aeginetan and Peloponnesian ships. They then landed at Aegina and laid siege to the city. ^[12]

With substantial Athenian detachments tied down in Egypt and Aegina, Corinth invaded the Megarid, attempting to force the Athenians to withdraw their forces from Aegina to meet this new threat. ^[14] Instead, the Athenians scraped together a force of men too old and boys too young for ordinary military service and sent this force, under the command of Myronides, to relieve Megara. Myronides was an Athenian general in 458 BCE when he defeated the Corinthians at Megara, and again in 457 BCE when he defeated the Boeotians The resulting battle was indecisive, but the Athenians held the field at the end of the day and were thus able to set up a trophy of victory. About twelve days later the Corinthians attempted to return to the site to set up a trophy of their own, but the Athenians issued forth from Megara and routed them; during the retreat after the battle a large section of the Corinthian army blundered into a ditch-ringed enclosure on a farm, where they were trapped and massacred.

Athenian successes

Tanagra

Main article: Battle of Tanagra (457 BC)

For several years at the beginning of the war, Sparta remained largely inert. There was a later battle at Tanagra during the Peloponnesian War; see Battle of Tanagra (426 BC. Spartan troops may have been involved in some of the early battles of the war, but if so they were not specifically mentioned in any sources. ^[15] In 458 BC or 457 BC,^[16] Sparta at last made a move, but not directly at Athens. A war had broken out between Athens' ally Phocis and Doris, across the Corinthian Gulf from the Peloponnese. Phocis ( Greek, Modern: Φωκίδα foˈkiða Ancient / Katharevousa: Φωκίς foˈkis is an ancient district and a modern prefecture Doris ( Greek:: Eth, pl,; Latin: Dores Dorienses is small mountainous district in ancient Greece, bounded by Aetolia The Gulf of Corinth or the Corinthian Gulf is a deep inlet of the Ionian Sea separating the Peloponnese from western mainland Greece. ^[17] Doris was traditionally identified as the homeland of the Dorians, and the Spartans, being Dorians, had a longstanding alliance with that state. The Dorians or Dorian Greeks ( Greek:, Dōrieis singular, Dōrieus were Accordingly, a Spartan army under the command of the general Nicomedes, acting as deputy for the underage king Pleistonax was dispatched across the Corinthian Gulf to assist. Pleistoanax (reigned 458 BCE &ndash 409 BCE was an Agiad King of Sparta. This army forced the Phocians to accept terms, but while it was in Doris an Athenian fleet moved into position to block its return across the Corinthian Gulf.

At this point Nicomedes led his army south into Bœotia. Several factors may have influenced his decision to make this move. First, secret negotiations had been underway with a party at Athens which was willing to betray the city to the Spartans in order to overthrow the democracy. Furthermore, Donald Kagan has suggested that Nicomedes had been in contact with the government of Thebes and planned to unify Boeotia under Theban leadership; which, upon his arrival, he seems to have done. Thebes ( Classic Greek Θῆβαι, Mod Θήβα) is a city in Greece, situated to the north of the Cithaeron range which divides Boeotia, Beotia, or Bœotia ( Greek: Βοιωτία - English biːˈoʊʃiə formerly Cadmeis was a region of Ancient Greece, north of the ^[18][19]

With a strong Spartan army in Boeotia and the threat of treason in the air, the Athenians marched out with as many troops, both Athenian and allied, as they could muster to challenge the Peloponnesians. The two armies met at the Battle of Tanagra. Before the battle, the exiled Athenian politician Cimon, armored for battle, approached the Athenian lines to offer his services, but was ordered to depart; before going, he ordered his friends to prove their loyalty through their bravery. Cimon (in Greek, Κίμων &mdash Kimōn) (510 Athens - 450 BC Citium, Cyprus) was an Athenian ^[20] This they did, but the Athenians were defeated in the battle, although both sides suffered heavy losses. The Spartans, rather than invading Attica, marched home across the isthmus, and Donald Kagan believes that at this point Cimon was recalled from exile and negotiated a four month truce between the sides; other scholars believe no such truce was concluded, and place Cimon's return from exile at a later date. ^[21]

Athens conquers

The Athenians rebounded well after their defeat at Tanagra, by sending an army under Myronides to attack Beotia. ^[22] The Beotian army gave battle to the Athenians at Oenophyta. The Battle of Oenophyta took place between Athens and the Boeotian City-states in 457 BC during the First Peloponnesian War. ^[22] The Athenians scored a crushing victory which led to the Athenians conquering all of Beotia except for Thebes, as well as Phocis and Locris. Phocis ( Greek, Modern: Φωκίδα foˈkiða Ancient / Katharevousa: Φωκίς foˈkis is an ancient district and a modern prefecture Locris ( Greek, Modern Lokrida, Ancient Lokris) was a region of Ancient Greece, the homeland of the Locrians, made up of two districts ^[22] The Athenians pulled down Tanagra's fortifications and took the hundred richest citizens of Locris and made them hostages. ^[22] The Athenians also took this chance to finish off the construction of their long walls. ^[22]

Shortly after this, Aegina surrendered and was forced to pull down its walls, surrender its fleet and became a tribute-paying member of the Delian League, completing what Donald Kagan has called an annus mirabilis for the Athenians. The Delian League was an association of approximately 150 5th-century BC Greek City-states under the leadership of Athens, whose purpose was to continue ^[23]

The Athenians, pleased by their success, sent an expedition under the general Tolmides to ravage the coast of the Peloponnese. ^[22] The Athenians circumnavigated the Peloponnese and attacked and sacked the Spartan dockyards, whose location was most probably Gythium. Gytheio ( Greek, Modern Γύθειο Ancient/ Katharevousa: Γύθειον (Meaning Land of the Gods also Gythio, Githeio, Githio ^[22] The Athenians followed up this success by capturing the city of Chalcis on the Corinthian Gulf and then landing in the territory of Sicyon and defeating the Sicyonians in battle. Chalcis or Chalkida, Halkida, Halkis or Chalkis ( Greek, Modern Χαλκίδα xal'ciða Ancient/ Katharevousa: -ίς For the modern municipality see Sikyona. Sicyon (Σικυών was an ancient Greek city situated in the northern Peloponnesus ^[22]

The importance of Megara

Modern scholars have emphasized the critical significance of Athenian control of Megara in enabling the early Athenian successes in the war. Megara provided a convenient port on the Corinthian gulf, to which Athenian rowers could be transported overland, and a significant number of ships were probably kept at Megara's port of Nisaea throughout the war. ^[24] Moreover, while early modern scholars were skeptical of Athens' ability to prevent a Spartan army from moving through the Megarid, recent scholarship has concluded that the pass of Geraneia could have been held by a relatively small force;^[25] thus, with the isthmus of Corinth closed and Athenian fleets in both the Corinthian and Saronic gulfs, Attica was unassailable from the Peloponnese. Attica (Αττική Attikí;) is a periphery (subdivision in Greece, containing Athens, the capital of Greece

Athenian crisis and the truce

Athens' remarkable string of successes came to a sudden halt in 454 BC, when its Egyptian expedition was finally crushingly defeated. A massive Persian army under Megabazus had been sent overland against the rebels in Egypt some time earlier, and upon its arrival had quickly routed the rebel forces. Megabazus was a highly regarded Persian general under Darius. The Greek contingent had been besieged on the island of Prosopitis in the Nile. The Nile (النيل, Ancient Egyptian iteru or Ḥ'pī, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing River In 454, after a siege of 18 months, the Persians captured the island, destroying the force almost entirely. Though the force thus obliterated was probably not as large as the 200 ships that had originally been sent, it was at least 40 ships with their full complements, a significant number of men. ^[26]

The disaster in Egypt severely shook Athens' control of the Aegean, and for some years afterwards the Athenians concentrated their attention on reorganizing the Delian League and restabilizing the region. ^[27] The Athenians responded to a call for assistance from Orestes, the son of Echecratides, King of Thessaly, to restore him after he was exiled. Thessalia redirects here For the Butterfly Genus, see Thessalia (butterfly. Together with their Beotian and Phocian allies, the Athenians marched to Pharsalus. Farsala or Pharsala (Φάρσαλα known in Antiquity as Pharsalus, is a city in southern Thessaly, in Greece. They were not able to achieve their goals because of the Thessalian cavalry and were forced to return to Athens not having restored Orestes or capturing Pharsalus.

In 451 BC, therefore, when Cimon returned to the city, his ostracism over, the Athenians were willing to have him negotiate a truce with Sparta. ^[28] Cimon arranged a five year truce,^[29] and over the next several years Athens concentrated its efforts in the Aegean.

After the truce

The years after the truce were eventful ones in Greek politics. The Peace of Callias, if it existed, was concluded in 449 BC; it was probably in that same year that Pericles passed the Congress decree, calling for a pan-Hellenic congress to discuss the future of Greece. The Peace of Callias is a purported treaty established around 449 BC between the Delian League (led by Athens) and Persia, ending the Persian ^[30] Modern scholars have debated extensively over the intent of that proposal; some regard it as a good faith effort to secure a lasting peace, while others view it as a propaganda tool. ^[31] In any event, Sparta derailed the Congress by refusing to attend. ^[32]

In the same year the Second Sacred War erupted, when Sparta detached Delphi from Phocis and rendered it independent. The Second Sacred War took place between 449 BC - 448 BC and resulted in an indirect confrontation between Athens and Sparta during the so-called Delphi ( Greek,) ( pronounce and dialectal forms) is an archaeological site and a modern town in Greece on the south-western Phocis ( Greek, Modern: Φωκίδα foˈkiða Ancient / Katharevousa: Φωκίς foˈkis is an ancient district and a modern prefecture In 448 BC, Pericles led the Athenian army against Delphi, in order to reinstate Phocis in its former sovereign rights on the oracle of Delphi. Events By place Greece Pericles leads the Athenian army against Delphi to restore the sanctuary of the Oracle An oracle is a person or agency considered to be a source of wise counsel or prophetic opinion an Infallible authority usually spiritual in nature ^[33][34]

In 446 BC a revolt broke out in Boeotia which was to spell the end of Athens's "continental empire" on the Greek mainland. ^[35] Tolmides led an army out to challenge the Bœotians, but after some early successes was defeated at the Battle of Coronea; in the wake of this defeat, Pericles imposed a more moderate stance and Athens abandoned Boeotia, Phocis, and Locris. The Battle of Coronea took place between the Athenian -led Delian League and the Boeotian League in 447 BC during the First Peloponnesian ^[36]

The defeat at Coronea, however, triggered a more dangerous disturbance, in which Euboea and Megara revolted. For the mythological figure see Euboea (mythology Euboea ( Modern Greek, Εύβοια - Évia &mdash Megara ( Greek:, "Big Houses" is an ancient city (pop Pericles crossed over to Euboea with his troops to quash the rebellion there, but was forced to return when the Spartan army invaded Attica. Attica (Αττική Attikí;) is a periphery (subdivision in Greece, containing Athens, the capital of Greece Through negotiation and possibly bribery,^[37][38] Pericles persuaded the Spartan king Pleistonax to lead his army home;^[39] back in Sparta, Pleistonax would later be prosecuted for failing to press his advantage, and fined so heavily that he was forced to flee into exile, unable to pay. Pleistoanax (reigned 458 BCE &ndash 409 BCE was an Agiad King of Sparta. ^[40] With the Spartan threat removed, Pericles crossed back to Euboea with 50 ships and 5,000 soldiers, cracking down any opposition. He then inflicted a stringent punishment on the landowners of Chalcis, who lost their properties. Chalcis or Chalkida, Halkida, Halkis or Chalkis ( Greek, Modern Χαλκίδα xal'ciða Ancient/ Katharevousa: -ίς The residents of Istiaia, who had butchered the crew of an Athenian trireme, were chastised more harshly, since they were uprooted and replaced by 2,000 Athenian settlers. Trireme ( τριήρης sing τριήρεις pl triremis sing ^[39] The arrangement between Sparta and Athens was ratified by the "Thirty Years' Peace" (winter of 446–445 BC). Events By place British Isles The Cor Tewdws (Collage of Theodosius Llantwit Major is burned down Events By place Greece Pericles, concerned over the draining effect of years of war on Athenian manpower looks for peace with According to this treaty, Megara was returned to the Peloponnesian League, Troezen and Achaea became independent, Aegina was to be a tributary to Athens but autonomous, and disputes were to be settled by arbitration. The Peloponnesian League was an alliance of states in the Peloponnese in the 6th and 5th centuries BC. Troezen (ˈtriːzən Τροιζήν modern Troizina or Trizina, Turkish: Damala is a small town (pop Achaea (Αχαΐα Achaïa, axaˈia in Polytonic orthography) is an ancient province and a present prefecture of Greece, on the northern Aegina ( Greek: Αίγινα ( Egina) is one of the Saronic Islands of Greece in the Saronic Gulf, 17 miles (30 km from Each party agreed to respect the alliances of the other. ^[35]

Significance and aftermath

The middle years of the First Peloponnesian War marked the peak of Athenian power. Holding Boeotia and Megara on land and dominating the sea with its fleet, the city had stood utterly secure from attack. ^[41] The events of 447 and 446, however, destroyed this position, and although not all Athenians gave up their dreams of unipolar control of the Greek world, the peace treaty that ended the war laid out the framework for a bipolar Greece. ^[42] In return for abandoning her continental territories, Athens received recognition of her alliance by Sparta. ^[43] The peace concluded in 445, however, would last for less than half of its intended 30 years; in 431 BC, Athens and Sparta would go to war once again in the (second) Peloponnesian War, with decidedly more conclusive results.

References

Primary Sources

• Diodorus Siculus, Library
• Plutarch, translated by Bernadotte Perrin, (1914). Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus ( Greek: Μέστριος Πλούταρχος c Lives:Cimon. London: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-67-499052-8.
• Polybius, translated by Frank W. Polybius (ca 203 &ndash 120 BC, Greek) was a Greek historian of the Hellenistic Period noted for his book called The Histories Walbank, (1979). The Rise of the Roman Empire. New York: Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-044362-2.

Secondary Sources

• The Encyclopedia of World History (2001)
• Kagan, Donald. Donald Kagan (born 1932 is an American Historian at Yale specializing in Ancient Greece, notable for his four-volume history of the Peloponnesian The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War (Cornell, 1969). ISBN 0-8014-9556-3
• de Ste. Croix, G.E.M., The Origins of the Peloponnesian War, (Duckworth and Co. Geoffrey Ernest Maurice de Ste Croix ( February 10, 1910 – February 5, 2000) was a British historian who specialized in examining , 1972) ISBN 0-7156-0640-9

Notes

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