| First Indochina War | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 A French Foreign Legion unit patrols in a communist controlled area. |
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| Belligerents | |||||||
 French Union |
 Viet Minh |
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| Commanders | |||||||
French Expeditionary Corps
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Ho Chi Minh, Vo Nguyen Giap |
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| Strength | |||||||
| French Union: 190,000 Local Auxiliary: 55,000 State of Vietnam: 150,000[1] |
125,000 Regulars, 75,000 Regional, 250,000 Popular Forces/Irregulars[2] |
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| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Combined total: 94,581 dead, 78,127 wounded, 40,000 captured |
Combined total: 300,000+ dead, 500,000+ wounded, 100,000+ captured |
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The First Indochina War (also known as the French Indochina War, the The Anti-French War, the Franco-Vietnamese War, the Franco-Vietminh War, the Indochina War and the Dirty War in France and in contemporary Vietnam, as the French War) was fought in French Indochina from December 19, 1946 until August 1, 1954 between the French Union's French Far East Expeditionary Corps, led by France and supported by Bảo Đại's Vietnamese National Army against the Việt Minh, led by Hồ Chí Minh and Võ Nguyên Giáp. The French Union (Union française was a political entity created by the French Fourth Republic to replace the old French colonial system the " French Empire This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The State of Vietnam ( Vietnamese: Quốc gia Việt Nam) was a former state in Vietnam replacing the former Republic of Cochinchina (1946-1949 The First administration of Sihanouk from 1954&ndash1970 was an especially significant time in the history of Cambodia The Kingdom of Laos was a sovereign state from 1953 until December 1975 when Communists overthrew the government and The Việt Minh (abbreviated from Việt Nam Ðộc Lập Ðồng Minh Hội, English "League for the Independence of Vietnam" was a National liberation The French Far East Expeditionary Corps (Corps Expéditionnaire Français en Extrême-Orient CEFEO was a colonial expeditionary force of the French Union Army sent in Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque ( November 22, 1902 – November 28, 1947) was a French general during World War II Jean Etienne Valluy ( May 15, 1899 - January 4, 1970) was a French General (see also Http//fr Marcel Maurice Carpentier ( March 2 1895 - 14 September 1977) was a French military officer who served in World War I, Jean Joseph Marie Gabriel de Lattre de Tassigny ( 2 February 1889 &ndash 11 January 1952) was a French military hero of World Raoul Albin Louis Salan ( 10 June 1899 - 3 July 1984) was an officer in the French Army and the fourth French commanding Henri Eugène Navarre ( 31 July 1898 - 26 September 1983) was a French Army general The Vietnamese National Army or Vietnam National Army ( Vietnamese: Quân đội Quốc gia Việt Nam, "National Army of Vietnam" was the Nguyễn Văn Hinh was appointed the Vietnamese National Army Chief of State by Emperor Bảo Đại. For the city named after him see Ho Chi Minh City. Hồ Chí Minh (name This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially First French interventions See also France-Vietnam relations France-Vietnam relations started as early as the 17th century with the mission of the Jesuit Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) The French Union (Union française was a political entity created by the French Fourth Republic to replace the old French colonial system the " French Empire The French Far East Expeditionary Corps (Corps Expéditionnaire Français en Extrême-Orient CEFEO was a colonial expeditionary force of the French Union Army sent in This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Bảo Đại ( Hán tự: vi-nom [[wikt保 保]][[wikt大 大]] Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy 22 October 1913 &ndash 30 July 1997 The Vietnamese National Army or Vietnam National Army ( Vietnamese: Quân đội Quốc gia Việt Nam, "National Army of Vietnam" was the The Việt Minh (abbreviated from Việt Nam Ðộc Lập Ðồng Minh Hội, English "League for the Independence of Vietnam" was a National liberation For the city named after him see Ho Chi Minh City. Hồ Chí Minh (name Most of the fighting took place in Tonkin in Northern Vietnam, although the conflict engulfed the entire country and also extended into the neighboring French Indochina protectorates of Laos and Cambodia. Tonkin (Đông Kinh in Vietnamese) also spelled Tongkin, Tonquin or Tongking, is the northernmost part of Vietnam, south of In International law, a protectorate is a autonomous territory that is "protected" by a stronger state or entity hense the protector which engages to protect Laos (ˈlɑːoʊs or /ˈlaʊs/ officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a Landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East
Following the reoccupation of Indochina by the French following the end of World War II, the area having fallen to the Japanese, the Viet Minh launched a rebellion against the French authority governing the colonies of French Indochina. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The first few years of the war involved a low-level rural insurgency against French authority. However, after the Chinese communists reached the Northern border of Vietnam in 1949, the conflict became a conventional war between two armies equipped with modern weapons supplied by the United States and the Soviet Union. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 [3]
French Union forces included colonial troops from the whole former empire (Moroccan, Algerian, Tunisian, African, Laotian, Cambodian, Vietnamese and Vietnamese ethnic minorities) and professional troops (European of the French Foreign Legion). The use of metropolitan recruits was forbidden by the governments to prevent the war from becoming even more unpopular at home. It was called the "dirty war" (la sale guerre) by the French communists and leftist intellectuals (including Sartre) during the Henri Martin affair in 1950. Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 &ndash 15 April 1980 commonly known simply as Jean-Paul Sartre (ʒɑ̃ pol saʁtʁə was a French Henri Martin (1923- is a militant of the French Communist Party (PCF famous for having been in the heart of the sabotage scandal Henri Martin Affair during the [4][5]
While the strategy of pushing the Viet Minh to attack a well defended base in a remote part of the country at the end of their logistical trail was validated at the Battle of Na San), the lack of building materials (especially concrete), tanks (because of lack of road access and difficulty in the jungle terrain), and air cover precluded an effective defense. The Battle of Na San was fought between French Union forces and the Communist forces of the Viet Minh at Na San, Son La Province during The French were defeated with significant losses among their most mobile troops, particularly through ambush.
After the war, the Geneva Conference on July 21, 1954, made a provisional division of Vietnam at the 17th parallel, with control of the north given to the Viet Minh as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh, and the south becoming the State of Vietnam under Emperor Bảo Đại. The Geneva Conference ( May 8 – July 21, 1954) was a conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore Peace in Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially The Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone was established as a dividing line between North and South Vietnam as a result of the First Indochina War. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN or less commonly Vietnamese Democratic Republic (Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa was a Country on the northern half of Vietnam "RVN" redirects here RVN is also the former callsign of a TV station in Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia Below is a list of Vietnamese monarchs. Some declared themselves kings ( vua / vương) or emperors ( hoàng đế) Bảo Đại ( Hán tự: vi-nom [[wikt保 保]][[wikt大 大]] Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy 22 October 1913 &ndash 30 July 1997 A year later, Bảo Đại would be deposed by his prime minister, Ngô Đình Diệm, creating the Republic of Vietnam. Republic of Cochinchina ( 1 June 1946 – 27 May 1948) President Provisional Central Government of Vietnam "RVN" redirects here RVN is also the former callsign of a TV station in Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia Diem's refusal to enter into negotiations with North Vietnam about holding nationwide elections in 1956, as had been stipulated by the Geneva Conference, would eventually lead to war breaking out again in South Vietnam in 1959 - the Second Indochina War. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia
Contents |
Background
- Further information: Vietnam Expedition, French-Thai War, Second French Indochina Campaign, Empire of Vietnam, August Revolution, Vietnamese Famine of 1945, Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, and French Far East Expeditionary Corps
Vietnam was absorbed into French Indochina in stages between 1858 and 1887 with Western influence and education, nationalism grew until World War II provided a break in French control. The, also known as the Vietnam Expedition, was an attempt by the Empire of Japan, during the Second Sino-Japanese War to blockade China and prevent The Second French Indochina Campaign also known as the Japanese coup of March 1945, was a Japanese military operation in all Vietnam, then a French colony The Empire of Vietnam ( Vietnamese: Đế quốc Việt Nam, or (Việt Nam Đế quốc) was a short-lived Puppet state of Imperial Japan On August 19, 1945, the Việt Minh under Hồ Chí Minh began the August General Uprising Khởi Nghĩa which was soon renamed the August Revolution The Vietnamese Famine of 1945 ( Vietnamese: Nạn đói Ất Dậu - Famine of the Ất Dậu Year) was a Famine that occurred in northern The Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam Japan and France,--> was written by Hồ Chí Minh The French Far East Expeditionary Corps (Corps Expéditionnaire Français en Extrême-Orient CEFEO was a colonial expeditionary force of the French Union Army sent in First French interventions See also France-Vietnam relations France-Vietnam relations started as early as the 17th century with the mission of the Jesuit The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
In 1905, Vietnamese resistance centered on the intellectual Phan Boi Chau. Phan Bội Châu ( December 26, 1867 – October 29, 1940) was a pioneer of Vietnamese twentieth century Nationalism Chau looked to Japan, which had modernized and was one of the few Asian nations to resist colonization, (Thailand being another). For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj With Prince Cường Để, Châu started two organizations in Japan, the Duy Tân Hội (Modernistic Association) and Vietnam Cong Hien Hoi. Cường Để Due to French pressure, Japan deported Phan Bội Châu to China. Witnessing Sun Yat-sen's 1911 nationalist revolution, Chau was inspired to commence the Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội movement in Guangzhou. Sun Yat-sen ( November 12, 1866 &ndash March 12, 1925) was a Chinese Revolutionary and political leader often The Xinhai Revolution or Shinhai Revolution ( also known as the 1911 Revolution or the Chinese Revolution, began with the Wuchang Uprising Guangzhou ( Jyutping: Gwong²zau¹; Yale: Gwóngjàu) is the Capital and a Sub-provincial city From 1914 to 1917, he was imprisoned by Yuan Shi Kai's counterrevolutionary government. Yuan Shikai ( Courtesy Weiting 慰亭 Pseudonym: Rong'an 容庵 ( September 16, 1859 &ndash June 6, In 1925, he was captured by French agents in Shanghai and spirited to Vietnam. Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million Due to his popularity, Châu was spared from execution and placed under house arrest, until his death in 1940.
In September 1940, shortly after Phan Bội Châu's death, Japan launched the First French Indochina Campaign and invaded French Indochina, coinciding with their ally Germany's invasion of metropolitan France. The, also known as the Vietnam Expedition, was an attempt by the Empire of Japan, during the Second Sino-Japanese War to blockade China and prevent First French interventions See also France-Vietnam relations France-Vietnam relations started as early as the 17th century with the mission of the Jesuit Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Metropolitan France (France métropolitaine or la Métropole, or colloquially l'Hexagone) is the part of France located in Europe, including Keeping the French colonial administration, the Japanese ruled from behind the scenes in a parallel of Vichy France. Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944 As far as Vietnamese nationalists were concerned, this was a double-puppet government. Emperor Bảo Đại collaborated with the Japanese, just as he had with the French, ensuring his lifestyle could continue. Below is a list of Vietnamese monarchs. Some declared themselves kings ( vua / vương) or emperors ( hoàng đế) Bảo Đại ( Hán tự: vi-nom [[wikt保 保]][[wikt大 大]] Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy 22 October 1913 &ndash 30 July 1997
From October 1940 to May 1941, during the French-Thai War, the Vichy French in Indochina were involved with defending the colony from the forces of invading Thailand while the Japanese sat on the sidelines. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj The Thai forces generally did well on the ground. But Thai objectives in the war were limited. In January, Vichy naval forces decisively defeated Thai naval forces in the Battle of Koh Chang. The Battle of Koh Chang took place on January 17, 1941 during the French-Thai War and resulted in a decisive victory by the French over the The war ended in May with the French agreeing to minor territorial gains for Thailand.
Due to a combination of Japanese exploitation and poor weather, a famine broke out killing approximately 2 million. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The Vietnamese Famine of 1945 ( Vietnamese: Nạn đói Ất Dậu - Famine of the Ất Dậu Year) was a Famine that occurred in northern The Viet Minh arranged a relief effort and won over some people in the north.
In March 1945, Japan launched the Second French Indochina Campaign and ousted the Vichy French and formally installed Emperor Bảo Đại in the short-lived Empire of Vietnam. The Second French Indochina Campaign also known as the Japanese coup of March 1945, was a Japanese military operation in all Vietnam, then a French colony Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944 Below is a list of Vietnamese monarchs. Some declared themselves kings ( vua / vương) or emperors ( hoàng đế) Bảo Đại ( Hán tự: vi-nom [[wikt保 保]][[wikt大 大]] Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy 22 October 1913 &ndash 30 July 1997 The Empire of Vietnam ( Vietnamese: Đế quốc Việt Nam, or (Việt Nam Đế quốc) was a short-lived Puppet state of Imperial Japan
In August 1945, when the Japanese surrendered in Vietnam, they allowed the Viet Minh and other nationalist groups to take over public buildings without resistance and started the August Revolution. On August 19, 1945, the Việt Minh under Hồ Chí Minh began the August General Uprising Khởi Nghĩa which was soon renamed the August Revolution In order to further help the nationalists, the Japanese kept Vichy French officials and military officers imprisoned for a month after the surrender.
Ho Chi Minh was able to persuade Emperor Bao Dai to abdicate on August 25, 1945. Abdication (from the Latin abdicatio, disowning renouncing from ab, away from and dicare, to declare to proclaim as not belonging to one Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Bao Dai was appointed "supreme adviser" to the new Vietminh led government in Hanoi, which asserted independence on September 2. Hanoi ( Vietnamese: Hà Nội Hán Tự: 河[[wikt 内|内]], estimated population 3398889 (2007, is the Capital of Vietnam Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Deliberately borrowing from the declaration of independence of the United States of America, Ho Chi Minh proclaimed on September 2nd: "We hold the truth that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, among them life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. " [6]
With the fall of the short lived Japanese colony of the Empire of Vietnam, the Provisional Government of the French Republic wanted to restore its colonial rule in French Indochina as the final step of the Liberation of France. The Empire of Vietnam ( Vietnamese: Đế quốc Việt Nam, or (Việt Nam Đế quốc) was a short-lived Puppet state of Imperial Japan The Provisional Government of the French Republic ( gouvernement provisoire de la République française or GPRF was an interim government which governed An armistice was signed between Japan and the United States on August 20. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine France signed the armistice with Japan onboard the USS Missouri on behalf of CEFEO Expeditionary Corps header General Leclerc, on September 2nd. Construction See also Iowa class battleship, Armament of the Iowa class battleship Missouri was one of the ''Iowa''-class " The French Far East Expeditionary Corps (Corps Expéditionnaire Français en Extrême-Orient CEFEO was a colonial expeditionary force of the French Union Army sent in Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque ( November 22, 1902 – November 28, 1947) was a French general during World War II
On September 13, a Franco-British task force landed in Java, capital of Sukarno's Dutch East Indies, and Saigon, capital of Cochinchina (southern part of French Indochina) both being occupied by the Japanese and ruled by Field Marshal Hisaichi Terauchi, Commander-in-Chief of Japan's Southern Expeditionary Army Group based in Saigon. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located For the computer game see Joint Task Force (computer game. A task force (TF is a temporary unit or formation established to work Java (Jawa is an Island of Indonesia and the site of its Capital city Jakarta. Sukarno ( June 6, 1901 – June 21, 1970) was the first President of Indonesia. See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below Imperial Japan occupied Indonesia during World War II from March 1942 until after the end of War in 1945 (also frequently translated as Field marshal) was the highest title in the prewar Imperial Japanese Military Count was a field marshal in the Imperial Japanese Army and Commander of the Southern Expeditionary Army Group during World War II. The was a Army group of the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. [7] Allied troops in Saigon were an airborne detachment, two British companies of the 20th Hindi Division and the French 5th Colonial Infantry Regiment, with British General Sir Douglas Gracey as supreme commander. The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. General Sir Douglas David Gracey KCB, KCIE, CBE, MC and bar (1894 - 1964 was a British Indian Army officer The latter proclaimed martial law on September 21. Martial law is the system of rules that takes effect when the military takes control of the normal administration of justice The following night the Franco-British troops took control of Saigon. [8]
Almost immediately afterward, the Chinese Government, as agreed to at the Potsdam Conference, occupied French Indochina as far south as the 16th parallel in order to supervise the disarming and repatriation of the Japanese Army. The Potsdam Conference was held at Cecilienhof, the home of Crown Prince Wilhelm Hohenzollern, in Potsdam, Germany, from July 16, The Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA) ( Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國陸軍 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国陸軍 Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku This effectively ended Ho Chi Minh's nominal government in Hanoi.
General Leclerc arrived in Saigon in October 9, with him was French Colonel Massu's March Group (Groupement de marche). Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks. Jacques Émile Massu ( 5 May, 1908 &ndash 26 October, 2002) was a French general who fought in World War II, First Leclerc's primary objectives were to restore public order in south Vietnam and to militarize Tonkin (north Vietnam). Secondary objectives were to wait for French backup in view to take back Chinese occupied Hanoi, then to negotiate with the Viet Minh officials. [9]
Timeline
The Indochinese conflict broke out in Haiphong after a conflict of interest in import duty at Haiphong port between the Viet Minh government and the French. The Việt Minh (abbreviated from Việt Nam Ðộc Lập Ðồng Minh Hội, English "League for the Independence of Vietnam" was a National liberation On November 23, 1946 the French fleet began a naval bombardment of the city that killed over 6,000 Vietnamese civilians in an afternoon according to one source[10] or over 2000 according to another. Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of [11] The Viet Minh quickly agreed to a cease-fire and left the cities. There was no intention among the Vietnamese to give up though, and General Vo Nguyen Giap soon brought up 30,000 men to attack the city. Although the French were outnumbered, their better weaponry and naval support made any Việt Minh's attack impossible. In December, hostilities broke out in Hanoi between the Viet Minh and the French and Ho Chi Minh was forced to evacuate the capital in favor of remote mountain areas. Guerrilla warfare ensued with the French in control of almost everything except very remote areas.
In 1947 General Võ Nguyên Giáp moved his command to Tân Trào. The French sent assault teams after his bases, but Giáp refused to meet them in battle. Wherever the French troops went, the Việt Minh disappeared. Late in the year the French launched Operation Lea to take out the Việt Minh communications center at Bac Kan. Operation Léa was French Union military operation between 7 October and 22 December, 1947 during the First Indochina War. They failed to capture Hồ Chí Minh and his key lieutenants as they had hoped, but they killed 9,000 Việt Minh soldiers during the campaign which was a major defeat for the Việt Minh insurgency.
In 1948 France began to look for some way to oppose the Việt Minh politically, with an alternative government in Saigon. They began negotiations with the former Vietnamese emperor Bảo Đại to lead an "autonomous" government within the French Union of nations, the State of Vietnam. Bảo Đại ( Hán tự: vi-nom [[wikt保 保]][[wikt大 大]] Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy 22 October 1913 &ndash 30 July 1997 The French Union (Union française was a political entity created by the French Fourth Republic to replace the old French colonial system the " French Empire The State of Vietnam ( Vietnamese: Quốc gia Việt Nam) was a former state in Vietnam replacing the former Republic of Cochinchina (1946-1949 Two years before, the French had refused Hồ's proposal of a similar status (albeit with some restrictions on French power and the latter's eventual withdrawal from Vietnam), however they were willing to give it to Bảo Ðại as he had always cooperated with French rule of Vietnam in the past and was in no position to seriously negotiate any conditions (Bảo Ðại had no military of his own, but soon he would have one). Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially
In 1949 France officially recognized the "independence" of the State of Vietnam within the French Union under Bảo Ðại. The State of Vietnam ( Vietnamese: Quốc gia Việt Nam) was a former state in Vietnam replacing the former Republic of Cochinchina (1946-1949 The French Union (Union française was a political entity created by the French Fourth Republic to replace the old French colonial system the " French Empire However, France still controlled all defense issues and all foreign relations as Vietnam was only an independent state within the French Union . The French Union (Union française was a political entity created by the French Fourth Republic to replace the old French colonial system the " French Empire The Việt Minh quickly denounced the government and stated that they wanted "real independence, not Bảo Ðại independence". Later on, as a concession to this new government and a way to increase their numbers, France agreed to the formation of the Vietnamese National Army to be commanded by Vietnamese officers. The Vietnamese National Army or Vietnam National Army ( Vietnamese: Quân đội Quốc gia Việt Nam, "National Army of Vietnam" was the These troops were used mostly to garrison quiet sectors so French forces would be available for combat. Private Cao Dai, Hoa Hao and the Binh Xuyen gangster armies were used in the same way. Cao Đài ( Vietnamese:) is a relatively new syncretist, Monotheistic Religion, officially established in Tây Ninh, Hòa Hảo is a religious tradition based on Buddhism, founded in 1939 by Huynh Phu So, a native of the Mekong River Delta region of southern Vietnam Binh Xuyen was a powerful Vietnamese Criminal organization active from 1945 to 1975 The Vietnamese Communists also got help in 1949 when Chairman Mao Zedong succeeded in taking control of China and defeating the Kuomintang, thus gaining a major ally and supply area just across the border. Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES In the same year, the French also recognized the independence (within the framework of the French Union) of the other two nations in Indochina, the Kingdoms of Laos and Cambodia. The French Union (Union française was a political entity created by the French Fourth Republic to replace the old French colonial system the " French Empire Indochina, or the Indochinese Peninsula, is a region in Southeast Asia. Laos (ˈlɑːoʊs or /ˈlaʊs/ officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a Landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East
The United States recognized the South Vietnamese state, but many nations, even in the west, viewed it as simply a French puppet regime and would not deal with it at all. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United States began to give military aid to France in the form of weaponry and military observers. By then with almost unlimited Chinese military supplies entering Vietnam, General Giáp re-organized his local irregular forces into five full conventional infantry divisions, the 304th, 308th, 312th, 316th and the 320th. The Infantry is the oldest and most numerous of the Combat Arms in the Armed forces, and consists The war began to intensify when Giáp went on the offensive, attacking isolated French bases along the Chinese border. In February 1950, Giáp seized the vulnerable 150-strong French garrison at Lai Khe in Tonkin just south of the border with China. Then, on May 25, he attacked the garrison of Cao Bang manned by 4,000 French-controlled Vietnamese troops, but his forces were repulsed. Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors. Cao Bằng is a town in northern Vietnam. It is the capital and largest settlement of Cao Bằng province. Giáp launched his second offense again against Cao Bang again as well as Dong Khe on September 15. The Battle of Dong Khe was a major battle of the First Indochina War. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Dong Khe fell on September 18, and Cao Bang finally fell on October 3. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's Lang Son, with its 4,000-strong French Foreign Legion garrison, was attacked immediately after. Lạng Sơn, a city in far northern Vietnam, is the capital of Lang Son Province. The retreating French on Route 4 were attacked all the way by ambushing Việt Minh forces, together with the relief force coming from That Khe. The Battle of Route Coloniale 4 was a battle of the First Indochina War. The French dropped a paratroop battalion south of Dong Khe to act as a diversion only to see it surrounded and destroyed. On October 17, Lang Son, after a week of attacks, finally fell. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost By the time the remains of the garrisons reached the safety of the Red River Delta, 4,800 French troops had been killed, captured or missing in action and 2,000 wounded out of a total garrison force of over 10,000. The Red River Delta ( Đồng Bằng Sông Hồng) is the flat plain formed by the Red River and its distributaries joining in the Thai Binh River in northern Also lost were 13 artillery pieces, 125 mortars, 450 trucks, 940 machine guns, 1,200 submachine guns and 8,000 rifles destroyed or captured during the fighting. China and the Soviet Union recognized Hồ Chí Minh as the legitimate ruler of Vietnam and sent him more and more supplies and material aid. 1950 also marked the first time that napalm was ever used in Vietnam (this type of weapon was supplied by the U. Napalm is the name given to any of a number of Flammable Liquids used in Warfare often jellied Gasoline. S. for the use of the French Aeronovale at the time).
The military situation began to improve for France when their new commander, General Jean Marie de Lattre de Tassigny, built a fortified line from Hanoi to the Gulf of Tonkin, across the Red River Delta, to hold the Viet Minh in place and use his troops to smash them against this barricade, which became known as the "De Lattre Line". Jean Joseph Marie Gabriel de Lattre de Tassigny ( 2 February 1889 &ndash 11 January 1952) was a French military hero of World Hanoi ( Vietnamese: Hà Nội Hán Tự: 河[[wikt 内|内]], estimated population 3398889 (2007, is the Capital of Vietnam The Gulf of Tonkin, in Vietnamese: Vịnh Bắc Bộ or in Chinese: Beibu Wan is an arm of the South China Sea. There are also other rivers named Red River. The Red River, also known as the Hong - Red Song Cai, Song Ca This led to a period of success for the French.
On January 13 1951, Giap moved the 308th and 312th Divisions, made up of over 20,000 men, to attack Vinh Yen, 20 miles (32 km) northwest of Hanoi which was manned by the 6,000 strong 9th Foreign Legion Brigade. Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks Vinh Yen is the capital of Vinh Phuc Province, in the Red River Delta region of northern Vietnam. The Viet Minh entered a trap. Caught for the first time in the open, they were mowed down by concentrated French artillery and machine gun fire. By January 16, Giap was forced to withdraw having lost over 6,000 killed, 8,000 wounded and 500 captured. Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. The Battle of Vinh Yen had been a catastrophe. The Battle of Vĩnh Yên ( Vietnamese: Trận Vĩnh Yên) which occurred from 13 January to 17 January 1951, was a major engagement
On March 23, Giap tried again, launching an attack against Mao Khe, 20 miles (32 km) north of Haiphong. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. The Battle of Mao Khe (Mạo Khê occurring from 23 March to 28 March, 1951, was a significant engagement in the First Indochina War between The 316th Division, composed of 11,000 men, with the partly rebuilt 308th and 312th Divisions in reserve, went forward and were repulsed in bitter hand-to-hand fighting, backed up by French aircraft using napalm and rockets as well as gunfire from navy ships off the coast. Giap, having lost over 3,000 dead and wounded by March 28, withdrew. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate.
Giap launched yet another attack on May 29 with the 304th Division at Phu Ly, the 308th Division at Ninh Binh, and the main attack delivered by the 320th Division at Phat Diem south of Hanoi. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Phủ Lý is the capital town of Hà Nam Province of Vietnam. Ninh Bình is a town in the Red River Delta of northern Vietnam. The attacks fared no better and the three divisions lost heavily. Taking advantage of this, de Lattre mounted his counter offensive against the demoralized Việt Minh, driving them back into the jungle and eliminating the enemy pockets in the Red River Delta by June 18 costing the Viet Minh over 10,000 killed. Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries
On July 31, French General Chanson was assassinated during a kamikaze attentat at Sadec that was blamed on the Viet Minh, and it was argued that Cao Dai nationalist Trinh Minh The could have been involved in its planning. Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently ( is a word of Japanese origin which in English usually refers to the Suicide attacks by military aviators from the Empire of Japan against Propaganda of the deed (or propaganda by the deed, from the French propagande par le fait) is a Concept that promotes physical violence against Cao Đài ( Vietnamese:) is a relatively new syncretist, Monotheistic Religion, officially established in Tây Ninh, Trình Minh Thế ( 1922 - May 3 1955) was a Vietnamese nationalist and Military leader during the end of the First Indochina War
Every effort by Vo Nguyen Giap to break the line failed and every attack he made was answered by a French counter-attack that destroyed his forces. Viet Minh casualties rose alarmingly during this period, leading some to question the leadership of the Communist government, even within the party. However, any benefit this may have reaped for France was negated by the increasing opposition to the war in France. Although all of their forces in Indochina were volunteers, their officers were being killed faster than they could train new ones. Their only response was to ask for more millions of dollars from America.
On November 14, 1951, the French seized Hòa Binh, 25 miles (40 km) west of the De Lattre line, by a parachute drop and expanded their perimeter. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January The Battle of Hoa Binh was fought during the First Indochina War. But Việt Minh launched attacks on Hòa Binh forcing the French to withdraw back to their main positions on the De Lattre line by February 22, 1952. Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Each side lost nearly 5,000 men in this campaign and it showed that the war was far from over. In January, General de Lattre fell ill from cancer and had to return to France for treatment; he died there shortly thereafter and was replaced by General Raoul Salan as the overall commander of French forces in Indochina. Raoul Albin Louis Salan ( 10 June 1899 - 3 July 1984) was an officer in the French Army and the fourth French commanding Within that year, throughout the war theater, the Việt Minh cut French supply lines and began to seriously wear down the resolve of the French forces. There were continued raids, skirmishes and guerrilla attacks, but through most of the rest of the year each side withdrew to prepare itself for larger operations. On October 17 1952, Giáp launched attacks against the French garrisons along Nghia Lo, northwest of Hanoi, breaking them off when a French parachute battalion intervened. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Nghia Lo (Nghĩa Lộ is a town district (''thị xã'' of Yen Bai Province, in the northeastern region of Vietnam. Giáp by now had control over most of Tonkin beyond the De Lattre line. Raoul Salan, seeing the situation as critical, launched Operation Lorraine along the Clear river to force Giáp to relieve pressure from the Nghia Lo outposts. Operation Lorraine was a French military operation of the First Indochina War. On 29 October 1952, in the largest operation in Indochina to date, 30,000 French Union soldiers moved out from the De Lattre line to attack the Viet Minh supply dumps at Phu Yen. Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Phu Yen (in Vietnamese Phú Yên;; Hán Tự: 富[[wikt 安|安]] is a sea- province in the South Central Coast of Salan took Phu Tho on 5 November, and Phu Doan on 9 November by a parachute drop, and finally Phu Yen on 13 November. Phú Thọ Province ( Hán Tự: 富[[wikt 壽|壽]] is a province in northeastern Vietnam. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all A parachute is a device used to slow the motion of an object through an atmosphere by creating drag. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St Giap at first did not react to the French offensive. He planned to wait until their supply lines were over extended and then cut them off from the Red River Delta. Salan correctly guessed what the Viet Minh were up to and cancelled the operation on 14 November, beginning to withdraw to the de Lattre line. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca The only major fighting during the operation came during the withdrawal, when the Viet Minh ambushed the French column at Chan Muong on 17 November. Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers The road was cleared after a bayonet charge by the Indochinese March Battalion and the withdrawal could continue. Though the operation was partially successful, it proved that although the French could strike out at any target outside the De Lattre line, it failed to divert the Viet Minh offensive or serious damage its logistical network.
On April 9, 1953 Giáp after having failed repeatedly in direct attacks on the French changed strategy and began to pressure the French by invading Laos. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Laos (ˈlɑːoʊs or /ˈlaʊs/ officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a Landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma The only real change came in May when General Navarre replaced General Salan as supreme commander in Indochina. Henri Eugène Navarre ( 31 July 1898 - 26 September 1983) was a French Army general Raoul Albin Louis Salan ( 10 June 1899 - 3 July 1984) was an officer in the French Army and the fourth French commanding He reports to the government "…that there was no possibility of winning the war in Indo-China" saying that the best the French could hope for was a stalemate. Navarre, in response to the Việt Minh attacking Laos, concluded that "hedgehog" centers of defense were the best plan. Looking at a map of the area, Navarre chose the small town of Ðiện Biên Phủ, located about 10 miles (16 km) north of the Lao border and 175 miles (282 km) west of Hanoi as a target to block the Việt Minh from invading Laos. For the 1992 film see Dien Bien Phu (film. For the 1954 battle see Battle of Dien Bien Phu. Ðiện Biên Phủ had a number of advantages; it was on a Việt Minh supply route into Laos on the Nam Yum River, it had an old Japanese airstrip built in the late 1930s for supply and it was situated in the T'ai hills where the T'ai tribesmen, still loyal to the French, operated. "Thai peoples" redirects here For the subgroup of the Tai see Thai people The Tai or Tai-Kadai ethnicity refers collectively to the Ethnic Operation Castor was launched on November 20, 1953 with 1,800 men of the French 1st and 2nd Airborne Battalions dropping into the valley of Ðiện Biên Phủ and sweeping aside the local Việt Minh garrison. Opération Castor (Operation Beaver was a French airborne operation in the First Indochina War. Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The paratroopers managed control of a heart-shaped valley 12 miles (19 km) long and eight miles (13 km) wide surrounded by heavily wooded hills. Encountering little opposition, the French and T'ai units operating from Lai Châu to the north patrolled the hills. Lai Chau ( Vietnamese: Lai Châu; IPA: /laɪ tɕʌʊ/ is a province in northwestern Vietnam. The operation was a tactical success for the French. However Giáp, seeing the weakness of the French position, started moving most of his forces from the De Lattre line to Ðiện Biên Phủ. By mid-December, most of the French and T'ai patrols in the hills around the town were wiped out by Việt Minh ambushes. The fight for control of this position would be the longest and hardest battle for the French Far East Expeditionary Corps and would be remembered by the veterans as "57 Days of Hell". The French Far East Expeditionary Corps (Corps Expéditionnaire Français en Extrême-Orient CEFEO was a colonial expeditionary force of the French Union Army sent in
By 1954, despite official propaganda presenting the war as a "crusade against communism",[12][13] the war in Indochina was still growing unpopular with the French public. The political stagnation of the Fourth Republic meant that France was unable to extract itself from the conflict. The founding of the Fourth Republic (1944-47 See also Three Parties, Third Force (France European Unity The creation of the The United States initially sought to remain neutral, viewing the conflict as chiefly a decolonization war. Decolonization refers to the undoing of Colonialism, the establishment of governance or authority through the creation of settlements by another country or jurisdiction The Battle of Dien Bien Phu occurred in 1954 between Viet Minh forces under Vo Nguyen Giap supported by China and the Soviet Union and the French Union's French Far East Expeditionary Corps supported by Indochinese allies and the United States. The Battle of Dien Bien Phu (Bataille de Diên Biên Phu Chiến dịch Điện Biên Phủ was the climactic battle of the First Indochina War between French Union The Việt Minh (abbreviated from Việt Nam Ðộc Lập Ðồng Minh Hội, English "League for the Independence of Vietnam" was a National liberation China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The French Union (Union française was a political entity created by the French Fourth Republic to replace the old French colonial system the " French Empire The French Far East Expeditionary Corps (Corps Expéditionnaire Français en Extrême-Orient CEFEO was a colonial expeditionary force of the French Union Army sent in The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The battle was fought near the village of Dien Bien Phu in northern Vietnam and became the last major battle between the French and the Vietnamese in the First Indochina War. For the 1992 film see Dien Bien Phu (film. For the 1954 battle see Battle of Dien Bien Phu. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially The battle began on March 13 when the Việt Minh attacked preemptively surprising the French with heavy artillery. Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II. Their supply lines interrupted, the French position became untenable, particularly when the advent of the monsoon season made dropping supplies and reinforcements by parachute difficult. A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind which lasts for several months With defeat imminent, the French sought to hold on till the opening of the Geneva peace meeting on April 26. The Geneva Conference ( May 8 – July 21, 1954) was a conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore Peace in Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. The last French offensive took place on May 4, but it was ineffective. Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV The Viet Minh then began to hammer the outpost with newly supplied Katyusha rockets. Katyusha multiple rocket launchers (Катюша are a type of Rocket artillery originally built and fielded by the Soviet Union in the Second World War The final fall took two days, May 6 and 7th, during which the French fought on but were eventually overrun by a huge frontal assault. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. General Cogny based in Hanoi ordered General de Castries, who was commanding the outpost to cease fire at 5:30PM and to destroy all material (weapons, transmissions, etc. ) to deny their use to the enemy. A formal order was given to not use the white flag so that it would not be considered to be a surrender but a ceasefire. White flags have had different meanings throughout history and depending on the locale Much of the fighting ended on May 7th, however a ceasefire was not respected on Isabelle, the isolated southern position, and the battle lasted until May 8th 1:00AM. [14] At least 2,200 members of the 20,000-strong French forces died during the battle. Of the 100,000 or so Vietnamese involved, there were an estimated 8,000 killed and another 15,000 wounded. The prisoners taken at Dien Bien Phu were the greatest number the Viet Minh had ever captured: one-third of the total captured during the entire war. One month after Dien Bien Phu, the composite Groupe Mobile 100 (GM100) of the French Union forces evacuated the An Khe outpost and was ambushed by a larger Viet Minh force at the Battle of Mang Yang Pass from June 24 to July 17th. An Khe (An Khê is a town (''thị xã'' of Gia Lai Province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam The Battle of Mang Yang Pass (also known as Battle of An Khe) was the last official battle of the First Indochina War. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place The Viet Minh victory at Dien Bien Phu heavily influenced the outcome of the 1954 Geneva accords that took place on July 21. The Geneva Conference ( May 8 – July 21, 1954) was a conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore Peace in Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World In August began Operation Passage to Freedom consisting of the evacuation of catholic and loyalist Vietnamese civilians from communist North Vietnamese persecution. Operation Passage to Freedom was the term used by the United States Navy to describe its transportation of 310000 Vietnamese civilians soldiers and non-Vietnamese
Geneva Conference and Partition
- Further information: Geneva Conference (1954) and Partition of Vietnam
Negotiations between France and the Viet-minh started in Geneva in April 1954 at the Geneva Conference. The Geneva Conference ( May 8 – July 21, 1954) was a conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore Peace in During this time the French Union and the Viet Minh were fighting the most epic battle of the war at Dien Bien Phu. In France, Pierre Mendès-France, opponent of the war since 1950, had been invested on June 17, 1954, on a promise to put an end to the war, reaching a ceasefire in four months:
"Today it seems we can be reunited in a will for peace that may express the aspirations of our country. Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) A ceasefire (or truce) is a temporary stoppage of a War or any Armed conflict, where each side of the conflict agrees . . Since already several years, a compromise peace, a peace negotiated with the opponent seemed to me commanded by the facts, while it commanded, in return, to put back in order our finances, the recovery of our economy and its expansion. Because this war placed on our country an unbearable burden. And here appears today a new and formidable threat: if the Indochina conflict is not resolved — and settled very fast — it is the risk of war, of international war and maybe atomic, that we must foresee. It is because I wanted a better peace that I wanted it earlier, when we had more assets. But even now there is some renouncings or abandons that the situation does not comprise. France does not have to accept and will not accept settlement which would be incompatible with its more vital interests [applauding on certain seats of the Assembly on the left and at the extreme right]. The National Assembly is either a Legislature, or the Lower house of a Bicameral legislature in some countries France will remain present in Far-Orient. Neither our allies, nor our opponents must conserve the least doubt on the signification of our determination. A negotiation has been engaged in Geneva. . . I have longly studied the report. . . consulted the most qualified military and diplomatic experts. My conviction that a pacific settlement of the conflict is possible has been confirmed. A "cease-fire" must henceforth intervene quickly. The government which I will form will fix itself — and will fix to its opponents — a delay of 4 weeks to reach it. We are today on 17th of June. I will present myself before you before the 20th of July. . . If no satisfying solution has been reached at this date, you will be freed from the contract which would have tied us together, and my government will give its dismissal to Mr. the President of the Republic. "[15]
The Geneva Conference on July 21, 1954 recognized the 17th parallel as a "provisional military demarcation line" temporarily dividing the country into two zones, Communist North Vietnam and pro-Western South Vietnam. The Geneva Conference ( May 8 – July 21, 1954) was a conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore Peace in Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) A circle of latitude, on the Earth, is an imaginary East - West circle connecting all locations (not taking into account elevation that share a given The Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone was established as a dividing line between North and South Vietnam as a result of the First Indochina War. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN or less commonly Vietnamese Democratic Republic (Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa was a Country on the northern half of Vietnam The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings "RVN" redirects here RVN is also the former callsign of a TV station in Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia
The Geneva Accords promised elections in 1956 to determine a national government for a united Vietnam. However, the United States and the State of Vietnam refused to sign the document. The State of Vietnam ( Vietnamese: Quốc gia Việt Nam) was a former state in Vietnam replacing the former Republic of Cochinchina (1946-1949 From his home in France Emperor Bảo Đại appointed Ngô Ðình Diệm as Prime Minister of South Vietnam. Bảo Đại ( Hán tự: vi-nom [[wikt保 保]][[wikt大 大]] Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy 22 October 1913 &ndash 30 July 1997 Republic of Cochinchina ( 1 June 1946 – 27 May 1948) President Provisional Central Government of Vietnam With American support, in 1955 Diệm used a referendum to remove the former Emperor and declare himself the president of the Republic of Vietnam. Republic of Cochinchina ( 1 June 1946 – 27 May 1948) President Provisional Central Government of Vietnam "RVN" redirects here RVN is also the former callsign of a TV station in Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia
When the elections were prevented from happening by the Americans and the South, Việt Minh cadres who stayed behind in South Vietnam were activated and started to fight the government. North Vietnam also invaded and occupied portions of Laos to assist in supplying the guerilla fighting National Liberation Front in South Vietnam. The war gradually escalated into the Second Indochina War, more commonly known as the Vietnam War in the West and the American War in Vietnam. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings
Ho Chi Minh
Interestingly the US Communist Party was outlawed in 1954,[16] the very same year Wallace Buford and James McGovern Jr. became the first American casualties in Vietnam. For the city named after him see Ho Chi Minh City. Hồ Chí Minh (name The Communist Party of the United States of America ( CPUSA) is a Marxist-Leninist Political party in the United States. James B McGovern Jr (b 1922 (d May 6, 1954) was a World War II fighter ace and CIA pilot who died in Their C-119 transport aircraft was shot down by Viet Minh artillery while on mission to drop supplies to the garrison of Dien Bien Phu. [17] The war ended that year but its sequel started in French Algeria where the French Communist Party played an even stronger role by supplying the National Liberation Front (FLN) rebels with intelligence documents and financial aids. French rule of Algeria lasted from 1830 to 1962 under a variety of governmental systems The National Liberation Front ( Arabic: جبهة التحرير الوطني transliterated: Jabhat al-Taḩrīr al-Waţanī French: Front They were called "the suitcase carriers" (les porteurs de valises). The Jeanson Network (Réseau Jeanson was a group of French Communist militants led by Francis Jeanson who operated as a Fifth column helping
In 1923, Ho Chi Minh moved to Guangzhou, China. Guangzhou ( Jyutping: Gwong²zau¹; Yale: Gwóngjàu) is the Capital and a Sub-provincial city China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National From 1925-26 he organized the 'Youth Education Classes' and occasionally gave lectures at the Whampoa Military Academy on the revolutionary movement in Indochina. The Nationalist Party of China Army Officer Academy ( commonly known as the Whampoa Military Academy ( was a Military academy in the Republic of China He stayed there in Hong Kong as a representative of the Communist International. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders The Comintern ( Com munist Intern ational also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organisation founded in Moscow In June 1931, he was arrested and incarcerated by British police until his release in 1933. He then made his way back to the Soviet Union, where he spent several years recovering from tuberculosis. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 In 1938, he returned to China and served as an adviser with the Chinese Communist armed forces. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based
In 1941, Ho Chi Minh, a nationalist who saw communist revolution as the path to freedom, returned to Vietnam and formed the Việt Nam Độc Lập Đồng Minh Hội (Allied Association of Independent Vietnam), also called the Việt Minh. For the city named after him see Ho Chi Minh City. Hồ Chí Minh (name Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The Việt Minh (abbreviated from Việt Nam Ðộc Lập Ðồng Minh Hội, English "League for the Independence of Vietnam" was a National liberation He spent many years in Moscow and participated in the International Comintern. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of The Comintern ( Com munist Intern ational also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organisation founded in Moscow At the direction of Moscow, he combined the various Vietnamese communist groups into the Indochinese Communist Party in Hong Kong in 1930. The Communist Party of Vietnam ( Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam) is the currently ruling as well as the only legal Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Ho Chi Minh created the Viet Minh as an umbrella organization for all the nationalist resistance movements, de-emphasizing his communist social revolutionary background. For the fictional company set in the Resident Evil videogame series see Umbrella Corporation. Late in the war, the Japanese created a nominally independent government of Vietnam under the overall leadership of Bảo Đại. Around the same time, the Japanese arrested and imprisoned most of the French officials and military officers left in the country. After the French army and other officials were freed from Japanese prisons in Vietnam, they began reasserting their authority over parts of the country. At the same time, the French government began negotiations with both the Viet Minh and the Chinese for a return of the French army to Vietnam north of the 16th parallel. The Viet Minh were willing to accept French rule to end Chinese occupation. Ho Chi Minh and others had fears of the Chinese, based on China's historic domination and occupation of Vietnam. The French negotiated a deal with the Chinese where pre-war French concessions in Chinese ports such as Shanghai were traded for Chinese cooperation in Vietnam. The French landed a military force at Haiphong in early 1946. Negotiations then took place about the future for Vietnam as a state within the French Union. The French Union (Union française was a political entity created by the French Fourth Republic to replace the old French colonial system the " French Empire These talks eventually failed and the Việt Minh fled into the countryside to wage guerrilla war. In 1946, Vietnam gained its first constitution.
The British had supported the French in fighting the Viet Minh, the armed religious Cao Dai and Hoa Hao sects, and the Binh Xuyen organized crime groups which were all individually seeking power in the country. Cao Đài ( Vietnamese:) is a relatively new syncretist, Monotheistic Religion, officially established in Tây Ninh, Hòa Hảo is a religious tradition based on Buddhism, founded in 1939 by Huynh Phu So, a native of the Mekong River Delta region of southern Vietnam Binh Xuyen was a powerful Vietnamese Criminal organization active from 1945 to 1975 In 1948, seeking a post-colonial solution, the French re-installed Bảo Ðại as head of state of Vietnam under the French Union. Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state The Viet Minh were ineffective in the first few years of the war and could do little more than harass the French in remote areas of Indochina. In 1949, the war changed with the triumph of the communists in China on Vietnam's northern border. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES China was able to give almost unlimited amounts of weapons and supplies to the Việt Minh which transformed itself into a conventional army. After World War II, the United States and the USSR entered into the Cold War. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The Korean War broke out in 1950 between communist North Korea (DPRK) supported by China and the Soviet Union, and South Korea (ROK) supported by the United States and its allies in the United Nations. The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The Cold War was now turning 'hot' in East Asia, and American government's fears of communist domination of the entire region would have deep implications for the American involvement in Vietnam. The US became strongly opposed to the government of Hồ Chí Minh, in part, because it was supported and supplied by China. Hồ's government gained recognition from China and the Soviet Union by January 1950 in response to Western support for the State of Vietnam that the French had proposed as an associate state within the French Union. The State of Vietnam ( Vietnamese: Quốc gia Việt Nam) was a former state in Vietnam replacing the former Republic of Cochinchina (1946-1949 In the French-controlled areas of Vietnam, in the same year, the government of Bảo Đại gained recognition by the United States and the United Kingdom. Diplomatic recognition in international law is a unilateral political act with domestic and international legal consequences whereby a state acknowledges an act
French domestic situation
The 1946 Constitution creating the Fourth Republic (1946-1958) made France a Parliamentary republic. The founding of the Fourth Republic (1944-47 See also Three Parties, Third Force (France European Unity The creation of the A parliamentary republic or parliamentary constitutional republic is a form of a Republic which operates under a Parliamentary system of government Because of the political context, it could find stability only by an alliance between the three dominant parties: the Christian Democratic Popular Republican Movement (MRP), the French Communist Party (PCF) (founded by Ho Chi Minh himself) and the socialist French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO). The Popular Republican Movement ( Mouvement Républicain Populaire or MRP) was a French Christian democratic party of the Fourth Republic The French Communist Party ( French: Parti communiste français or PCF) is a political party in France which advocates the principles of Known as tripartisme, this alliance lasted from 1947 until the May 1947 crisis, with the expulsion from Paul Ramadier's SFIO government of the PCF ministers, marking the official start of the Cold War in France. The Three-parties alliance ( Tripartisme in French was a coalition which governed in France from 1944 to 1947 composed of the Communists ( PCF) the Socialists ( Paul Ramadier ( 17 March 1888, La Rochelle - 14 October 1961) was a prominent French Socialist politician of Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the However, this had the effect of weakening the regime, with the two most important movements of this period, Communism and Gaullism, in opposition. Gaullism (Gaullisme is a French political ideology based on the thought and action of Charles de Gaulle.
Unlikely alliances had to be made between left and right-wing parties in order to have a government invested by the National Assembly, resulting in strong parliamentary unstability. The French National Assembly. The other is the Senate ( “Sénat”) A minority government or a minority cabinet is a Cabinet of a Parliamentary system formed when the governing Political party or Hence, France had fourteen prime ministers in succession between the creation of the Fourth Republic in 1947 and the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954. The Prime Minister of France ( Premier ministre français) in Fifth Republic is the functional Head of the government and Council of Ministers The Battle of Dien Bien Phu (Bataille de Diên Biên Phu Chiến dịch Điện Biên Phủ was the climactic battle of the First Indochina War between French Union The turnover of governments (there were 17 different governments during the war) left France unable to prosecute the war with any consistent policy according to veteran General René de Biré (Lieutenant at Dien Bien Phu). [18]
France was increasingly unable to afford the costly conflict of Indochina and, by 1954, the United States was paying 80% of France's war effort which was $3,000,000 per day in 1952. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [19][20]
A strong anti-war movement existed in France coming mostly from the then powerful French Communist Party (outpowering the socialists) and its young militant associations, major trade unions like the General Confederation of Labour as well as notable leftist intellectuals. The term anti-war usually refers to the opposition to a particular nation's decision to start or carry on an armed conflict unconditional of a maybe-existing just cause. Template talkInfobox Union for usage -->The General Confederation of Labour ( French: Confédération générale [5][21] The first occurrence was probably at the National Assembly on March 21, 1947 when the communists deputees refused to vote the military credits for Indochina. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The following year a pacifist event was organized by soviet organizations with the French communist atomic physicist Frederic Joliot-Curie as president. Jean Frédéric Joliot-Curie born Joliot ( March 19, 1900 &ndash August 14, 1958) was a French Physicist and It was the World Peace Council's predecessor known as the "1st Worldwide Congress of Peace Partisans" (1er Congrès Mondial des Partisans de la Paix) which took place from March 25 to March 28, 1948 in Paris. The World Peace Council (or World Council of Peace) was formed in 1949 in order to promote Peaceful coexistence and Nuclear disarmament. The World Peace Council (or World Council of Peace) was formed in 1949 in order to promote Peaceful coexistence and Nuclear disarmament. Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [22] Later in April 28, 1950, Joliot-Curie would be dismissed from the military and civilian Atomic Energy Commission. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Commissariat à l’énergie atomique (Atomic Energy Commission or CEA, is a French “public establishment of an industrial and commercial character” whose Young communist militants (UJRF) were also involved in sabotage actions like the famous Henri Martin Affair and the case of Raymonde Dien who was jailed one year for having blocked an ammunition train, with the help of other militants, in order to prevent the supply of French forces in Indochina in February 1950. The Henri Martin Affair was a political-military scandal that happened under the French Fourth Republic during the First Indochina War. [18][5] Similar actions against trains occurred in Roanne, Charleville, Marseille, Paris. Roanne ( Rouana in Arpitan) is a town and commune in central France in the Loire département Charleville-Mézières is a commune in northern France, capital of the Ardennes department in the Champagne-Ardenne region Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Even ammunition sabotage by PCF agents have been reported, such as grenades exploding in the hands of legionaries. [18] These actions became so important by 1950 that the French Assembly voted a law against sabotage from March 2 to 8th. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good At this session tension was so high between politicians that fighting ensued in the assembly following communist deputees speeches against the Indochinese policy. [22] This month saw the French navy mariner and communist militant Henri Martin arrested by the military police and jailed for five years for sabotage and propaganda operations in Toulon's arsenal. Henri Martin (1923- is a militant of the French Communist Party (PCF famous for having been in the heart of the sabotage scandal Henri Martin Affair during the Toulon ( Provençal Occitan: Tolon in classical norm or Touloun in Mistralian norm is a city in southern France and a large On May 5 the communist Ministers were dismissed from the government, marking the end of the Tripartism. Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John [22] A few months later on November 11, 1950, the French Communist Party leader Maurice Thorez went to Moscow. Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Maurice Thorez ( April 28, 1900 – July 11, 1964) was a French politician and longtime leader of the French Communist Party
Some military officers involved in the Revers Report scandal (Rapport Revers) like General Salan were very pessimistic about the way the war was managed. The Generals' Affair (also known as Revers Report, Rapport Revers) was a political-military scandal that happened under the French Fourth Republic during Raoul Albin Louis Salan ( 10 June 1899 - 3 July 1984) was an officer in the French Army and the fourth French commanding [23] Actually multiple political-military scandals happened during the war starting with the Generals' Affair (Affaire des Généraux) from September 1949 to November 1950. The Generals' Affair (also known as Revers Report, Rapport Revers) was a political-military scandal that happened under the French Fourth Republic during
As a result General Revers was dismissed in December 1949 and socialist Defense Ministry Jules Moch (SFIO) was brought on court by the National Assembly in November 28th 1950. Jules Salvador Moch (born in Paris on March 15, 1893 - died on August 1, 1985 in Cabris of Alpes-Maritimes Emerging medias played their role, and this scandal started the commercial success of the first French news magazine L'Express created in 1953. L'Express ( is France 's first weekly news Magazine. When founded in 1953 during the First Indochina War, it was modelled on the [24]
The third scandal was a financial-political scandal, concerning military corruption, money and arms trading involving both the French Union army and the Viet Minh, known as the Piastres Affair. The Piastres Affair also known as Piastres Scandal and Piastres Trade ( l'affaire des piastres, le scandale des piastres, or le trafic
In the French news the Indochina War was presented as a direct continuation of the Korean War where France had fought as a UN French battalion then incorporated in a U. The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security S. unit, which was later involved in the terrible Battle of Mang Yang Pass of June and July 1954. The Battle of Mang Yang Pass (also known as Battle of An Khe) was the last official battle of the First Indochina War. [12] In an interview taped in May 2004, General Bigeard (6th BPC) argues that "one of the deepest mistakes done by the French during the war was the propaganda telling you are fighting for Freedom, you are fighting against Communism",[13] hence the sacrifice of volunteers during the climactic battle of Dien Bien Phu. Marcel Bigeard (born 14 February, 1916) is a French military officer who fought in World War II, Indochina and Algeria In the latest days of the siege, 652 non-paratrooper soldiers from all army corps from cavalry to infantry to artillery dropped for the first and last time of their life to support their comrades. The Cold War excuse was later used by General Challe through his famous "Do you want Mers El Kébir & Algiers to become soviet bases as soon as tomorrow?", during the Generals' putsch (Algerian War) of 1961, with limited effect though. Maurice Challe ( 5 September 1905 - 18 January 1979) was a French general during the Algerian War, one of four generals Mers-el-Kébir (المرسى الكبير “the Great Harbor” is a port town in northwestern Algeria, located by the Mediterranean Sea near Oran Algiers (الجزائر Algerian Arabic: Dzayer ( (From kabyle pronunciation Kabyle: Ledzayer, Alger) is the Capital and largest The Algiers putsch (Putsch d'Alger or fr ''Coup d'État d'Alger'' also known as the Generals' putsch ( Putsch des Généraux) took place from the afternoon The Algerian War ( French: Guerre d'Algérie; 1954-1962 also known as Algerian War of Independence, led to Algeria 's independence from [25] The same propaganda existed in the United States with local newsreels using French news footages, probably supplied by the army's cinematographic service. Happening right in the Red Scare years, propaganda was necessary both to justify financial aid and at the same time to promote the American effort in the ongoing Korea War. Red Menace redirects here For the 2007 Wildstorm Productions comic book series see Red Menace (comics. [19][26] A few hours after the French Union defeat at Dien Bien Phu in May 1954, the U. S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles made an official speech depicting the "tragic event" and "its defense for fifty seven days and nights will remain in History as one of the most heroic of all time. Secretary of State is a commonly used title for a Government Official. John Foster Dulles ( February 25, 1888 &ndash May 24, 1959) served as U " Later on he denounced Chinese aid to the Viet Minh, explained that the United States couldn't act openly because of international pressure, and concluded with the call to "all concerned nations" concerning the necessity of "a collective defense" against "the communist aggression". [27]
War crimes & re-education camps
- Further information: War crimes and reeducation camp
- The Boudarel Affair. War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war" including but not limited to "murder the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied Reeducation camp (trại học tập cải tạo is the official name given to the Prison camps operated by the Government of Vietnam following Georges Boudarel was a French communist militant who used brainswashing and tortures against French Union POWs in Viet Minh reeducation camps. [28] The French national association of POWs brought Boudarel to court for a war crime charge. War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war" including but not limited to "murder the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied Most of the French Union prisoners died in the Viet Minh camps, many POWs from the Vietnamese National Army are missing. The Vietnamese National Army or Vietnam National Army ( Vietnamese: Quân đội Quốc gia Việt Nam, "National Army of Vietnam" was the
- Passage to Freedom was a Franco-American operation to evacuate refugees. Loyal Indochinese evacuated to metropolitan France were kept in camps. [29]
- In 1957, the French Chief of Staff with Raoul Salan would use the POWs experience with the Viet Minh reeducation camps to create two "Instruction Center for Pacification and Counter-Insurgency" (Centre d'Instruction à la Pacification et à la Contre-Guérilla aka CIPCG) and train thousands of officers during the Algerian War. The Algerian War ( French: Guerre d'Algérie; 1954-1962 also known as Algerian War of Independence, led to Algeria 's independence from
Other countries' involvement
- Further information: French Union
By 1946, France headed the French Union. The French Union (Union française was a political entity created by the French Fourth Republic to replace the old French colonial system the " French Empire As successive governments had forbidden the sending of metropolitan troops, the French Far East Expeditionary Corps (CEFEO) was created in March 1945. The French Far East Expeditionary Corps (Corps Expéditionnaire Français en Extrême-Orient CEFEO was a colonial expeditionary force of the French Union Army sent in The Union gathered combatants from almost all French territories made of colonies, protectorates and associated states (Madagascar, Senegal, Tunisia, etc. Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic) is an Island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. ) to fight in French Indochina, which was then occupied by the Japanese. About 325,000 of the 500,000 French troops were Indochinese, almost all of whom were used in conventional units. Conventional warfare is a form of Warfare conducted by using conventional military weapons and battlefield tactics between two or more states in open confrontation [30]
The A. O. F. (Afrique Occidentale Française) was a federation of African colonies. French West Africa ( Afrique occidentale française, AOF) was a Federation of eight French colonial territories in Africa: Senegalese and other African troops were sent to fight in Indochina. Some African alumni were trained in the Infantry Instruction Center no. 2 (Centre d'Instruction de l'Infanterie no. 2) located in southern Vietnam. Senegalese of the Colonial Artillery fought at the siege of Dien Bien Phu. As a French colony (later a full province), French Algeria sent local troops to Indochina including several RTA (Régiment de Tirailleurs Algériens) light infantry battalions. Traditionally light infantry (or skirmishers) were soldiers whose job was to provide a Skirmishing screen ahead of the main body of Infantry, harassing Morocco was a French protectorate and sent troops to support the French effort in Indochina. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Moroccan troops were part of light infantry RTMs (Régiment de Tirailleurs Marocains) for "Moroccan Sharpshooters Regiment". Tirailleur literally means a Sharpshooter in French from tir - target A marksman is a person that is skilled in Precision shooting, using projectile weapons such as with a Rifle but most commonly with a Sniper rifle,
As a French protectorate, Bizerte, Tunisia, was a major French base. Bizerte or Bizerta ( Arabic: بنزرت transliterated: Banzart Italian Biserta) is a capital city of Bizerte Governorate in Tunisia Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. Tunisian troops, mostly RTT (Régiment de Tirailleurs Tunisiens), were sent to Indochina. Part of French Indochina, then part of the French Union and later an associated state, Laos fought the communists along with French forces. Laos (ˈlɑːoʊs or /ˈlaʊs/ officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a Landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma The role played by Laotian troops in the conflict was depicted by veteran Pierre Schoendoerffer's famous 317th Platoon released in 1964. [31] The French Indochina state of Cambodia played a significant role during the Indochina War through its infantrymen and paratroopers.
While Bao Dai's State of Vietnam (formerly Annam, Tonkin, Cochinchine) had the Vietnamese National Army supporting the French forces, some minorities were trained and organized as regular battalions (mostly infantry tirailleurs) that fought with French forces against the Viet Minh. The State of Vietnam ( Vietnamese: Quốc gia Việt Nam) was a former state in Vietnam replacing the former Republic of Cochinchina (1946-1949 The Vietnamese National Army or Vietnam National Army ( Vietnamese: Quân đội Quốc gia Việt Nam, "National Army of Vietnam" was the Tirailleur literally means a Sharpshooter in French from tir - target The Tai Battalion 2 (BT2, 2e Bataillon Thai) is famous for its desertion during the siege of Dien Bien Phu. "Thai peoples" redirects here For the subgroup of the Tai see Thai people The Tai or Tai-Kadai ethnicity refers collectively to the Ethnic Propaganda leaflets written in Tai and French sent by the Viet Minh were found in the deserted positions and trenches. Such deserters were called the Nam Yum rats by Bigeard during the siege, as they hid close to the Nam Yum river during the day and searched at night for supply drops. [32] Another allied minority was the Muong people (Mường). The Mường is the third largest of Vietnam ’s 53 minority groups with an estimated population of 1 The 1st Muong Battalion (1er Bataillon Muong) was awarded the Croix de Guerre des TOE after the victorious battle of Vinh Yen in 1951. The Croix de Guerre (sometimes lowercase in French Croix de guerre, meaning "Cross of War" is a military decoration of both France and The Battle of Vĩnh Yên ( Vietnamese: Trận Vĩnh Yên) which occurred from 13 January to 17 January 1951, was a major engagement [33] In the 1950s, the French established secret commando groups based on loyal montagnard ethnic minorities referred as "partisans" or "maquisards", called the Groupement de Commandos Mixtes Aéroportés (Composite Airborne Commando Group or GCMA), later renamed Groupement Mixte d'Intervention (GMI, or Mixed Intervention Group), directed by the SDECE counter-intelligence service. The Mountain (in French La Montagne) refers in the context of the history of the French Revolution to a political group whose members called A partisan is a member of an Irregular military force formed to oppose control of an area by a foreign power or by an army of occupation The Groupement de Commandos Mixtes Aéroportés (Mixed Airborne Commando Group commonly referred as just GCMA, was the "Action Service" of the SDECE The Groupement de Commandos Mixtes Aéroportés (Mixed Airborne Commando Group commonly referred as just GCMA, was the "Action Service" of the SDECE The Service de Documentation Extérieure et de Contre-Espionnage ( External Documentation and Counter-Espionage Service, SDECE) was France 's external The SDECE's "Service Action" GCMA used both commando and guerrilla techniques and operated in intelligence and secret missions from 1950 to 1955. [34][35] Declassified information about the GCMA include the name of its commander, famous Colonel Roger Trinquier, and a mission on April 30th 1954, when Jedburgh veteran Captain Sassi led the Mèo partisans of the GCMA Malo-Servan in Operation Condor during the siege of Dien Bien Phu. Roger Trinquier (20 March 1908 - 11 January 1986 was a French Army officer and theorist of Counter-insurgency warfare Jedburgh was an operation in World War II in which men from the British Special Operations Executive, the U Jean Sassi is a French Army colonel and intelligence service officer former " Jedburgh " ( BCRA The Groupement de Commandos Mixtes Aéroportés (Mixed Airborne Commando Group commonly referred as just GCMA, was the "Action Service" of the SDECE For other uses of Operation Condor please see Operation Condor (disambiguation Operation Condor (Opération Condor was the name of the French intelligence agency [36] In 1951, Adjutant-Chief Vandenberghe from the 6th Colonial Infantry Regiment (6e RIC) created the "Commando Vanden" (aka "Black Tigers", aka "North Vietnam Commando #24") based in Nam Dinh. The Groupement de Commandos Mixtes Aéroportés (Mixed Airborne Commando Group commonly referred as just GCMA, was the "Action Service" of the SDECE Nam Định is a city in the Red River Delta of northern Vietnam. Recruits were volunteers from the Thổ people, Nung people and Miao people. The Thổ Ethnic group (also Keo, Mon, Cuoi, Ho, Tay Poong) inhabits the mountainous regions of Northern Vietnam The Nùng are an ethnic minority in Vietnam. In China, the Nùng together with the Tày, are classified as Zhuang people. The Miao ( Vietnamese: Mèo or H'Mông Thai: แม้ว (Maew or ม้ง (Mong Burmese: mun lu-myo) are a linguistically and culturally This commando unit wore Viet Minh black uniforms to confuse the enemy and used techniques of the experienced Bo doi (Bộ đội, regular army) and Du Kich (guerrilla unit). Viet Minh prisoners were recruited in POW camps. The commando was awarded the Croix de Guerre des TOE with palm in July 1951, however Vandenberghe was betrayed by a Vet Minh recruit, commander Nguien Tinh Khoi (308th Division's 56th Regiment), who assassinated him (and his Vietnamese fiancee) with external help on the night of January 5th 1952. [37][38][39] Coolies and POWs known as PIM (Prisonniers Internés Militaires which is basically the same as POW) were civilians used by the army as logistical support personnel. Coolie (variously spelled Cooly Kuli Quli Koelie etcis A historical term for manual labourers from Asia particularly China and India, in the 19th During the battle of Dien Bien Phu, coolies were in charge of burying the corpses - the first days only, after they were abandoned hence a terrible smell according to veterans - and they had the dangerous job of gathering supply packets delivered in drop zones while the Viet Minh artillery was firing hard to destroy the crates. The Viet Minh also used thousands of coolies to carry the Chu-Luc (regional units) supplies and ammunition during assaults. The PIM were civilian males old enough to join Bao Dai's army. They were captured in enemy controlled villages, and those who refused to join the State of Vietnam's army were considered prisoners or used as coolies to support a given regiment. [40]
One point that neither the Americans nor ther French seemed to grasp, was the concept of sanctuary. As long as the revolutionaries who are fighting a guerilla war have a sanctuary, in which they can hide out, recoup after losses, and store supplies, it is almost impossible for any foreign enemy to ever destroy them.
_Lublin-51.jpg/190px-Samochod_(GAZ)_Lublin-51.jpg)
In the early 1950s, southern China was used as a sanctuary by Viet Minh guerrillas. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Several hit and run ambushes were successfully operated against French Union convoys along the neighboring Route Coloniale 4 (RC 4) which was a major supply way in Tonkin (northern Vietnam). The Battle of Route Coloniale 4 was a battle of the First Indochina War. One of the most famous attack of this kind was the battle of Cao Bang. China supplied the Viet Minh guerrillas with food (thousands of tons of rice), money, medics, arms (Sung Khong Zat cannons), ammunitions (SKZ rockets), artillery (24 guns were used at Dien Bien Phu) and other military equipment including a large part of material captured from Chiang Kai-shek's National Revolutionary Army during the Chinese Civil War. Chiang Kai-shek ( POJ: Chiúⁿ Kài-se̍k Jyutping: zoeng2gaai3sek6 GCB ( October 31, 1887 &ndash The National Revolutionary Army ( NRA) ( sometimes shortened to 國軍 or National Army) was the National Army Evidences of the Chinese secret aid were found in caves during Operation Hirondelle in July 1953. [41][42] 2,000 Chinese and Soviet Union military advisors trained the Viet Minh guerrilla to turn it into a full range army. [18] On top of this China sent two artillery battalions at the siege of Dien Bien Phu on May 6th 1954. One operated SKZ (Sung Khong Zat) 75 mm recoilless cannons while the other used 12 x 6 Katyusha rockets[43] China and the Soviet Union were the first nations to recognize North Vietnam. Katyusha multiple rocket launchers (Катюша are a type of Rocket artillery originally built and fielded by the Soviet Union in the Second World War The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991
The USSR was the other ally of the Viet Minh supplying GAZ trucks, truck engines, fuel, tires, arms (thousands of Skoda light machine guns), all kind of ammunitions, anti-aircraft guns (4 x 37 mm type) and cigarettes. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 GAZ (RTSGAZA or Gorkovsky Avtomobilny Zavod ( Russia, Nizhny Novgorod) translated as Gorky Automobile Plant (ГАЗ or Го́рьковский автомоби́льный For the car manufacturer see Škoda Auto Škoda Works ( Czech: Škodovy závody; today Škoda Holding a During Operation Hirondelle, the French Union paratroopers captured and destroyed tons of Soviet supply in the Ky Lua area. [44][45] According to General Giap, the Viet Minh used 400 GAZ-51 soviet-built trucks at the battle of Dien Bien Phu. GAZ-51 was the best known most popular and longest produced Soviet truck Using highly effective camouflage, the French Union reconnaissance planes were not able to notice them. On May 6, 1954 during the siege, Katyusha were successfully used against the outpost. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Katyusha multiple rocket launchers (Катюша are a type of Rocket artillery originally built and fielded by the Soviet Union in the Second World War Together with China, the Soviet Union sent 2,000 military advisors to train the Viet Minh guerrilla and turn it into a fully organized army. [18] The Soviet Union was with China the first nations to recognize Ho Chi Minh's North Vietnam.
Mutual Defense Assistance Act (1950-1954)
At the beginning of the war, the U. S. was neutral in the conflict because of opposition to imperialism and consequently to help colonial empires regain their power and influence, because the Viet Minh had recently been their allies, and because most of its attention was focused on Europe where Winston Churchill argued an Iron Curtain had fallen. Imperialism has two meanings one describing an action and the other describing an attitude Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 The " Iron Curtain " was the symbolic ideological and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II until the end
Then the U. S. government gradually began supporting the French in their war effort, primarily through Mutual Defense Assistance Act, as a means of stabilizing the French Fourth Republic in which the French Communist Party - created by Ho Chi Minh himself - was a significant political force. The Mutual Defense Assistance Act commonly known as the Battle Act was a 1949 law passed by the United States. The founding of the Fourth Republic (1944-47 See also Three Parties, Third Force (France European Unity The creation of the The French Communist Party ( French: Parti communiste français or PCF) is a political party in France which advocates the principles of A dramatic shift occurred in American policy after the victory of Mao Zedong's Communist Party of China in the Chinese Civil War. Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the By 1949, however, the United States became concerned about the spread of communism in Asia, particularly following the end of the Chinese Civil War, and began to strongly support the French as the two countries were bound by the Cold War Mutual Defense Programme. [46] After the Moch-Marshall meeting of September 23, 1950, in Washington, the United States started to support the French Union effort politically, logistically and financially. Jules Salvador Moch (born in Paris on March 15, 1893 - died on August 1, 1985 in Cabris of Alpes-Maritimes George Catlett Marshall Jr (December 31 1880 &ndash October 16 1959 was an American military leader Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of Events 1122 - Concordat of Worms. 1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Officially, US involvement did not include use of armed force. However, recently it has been discovered that undercover (CAT) -or not- US Air Force pilots flew to support the French during Operation Castor in November 1953. Civil Air Transport (CAT was a Chinese airline later owned by the CIA, that supported United States Covert operation throughout East and Opération Castor (Operation Beaver was a French airborne operation in the First Indochina War. Two US pilots were killed in action during the siege of Dien Bien Phu the following year. The Battle of Dien Bien Phu (Bataille de Diên Biên Phu Chiến dịch Điện Biên Phủ was the climactic battle of the First Indochina War between French Union These facts were declassified and made public more than 50 years after the events, in 2005 during the Légion d'honneur award ceremony by the French ambassador in Washington. [47]
In May 1950, after the capture of Hainan island by Chinese Communist forces, U. Hainan ( POJ: Hai-lam Pinyin:, Jyutping: hoi2 naam4 literal meaning "South of the Sea" is the smallest province of the People's S. President Harry S. Truman began covertly authorizing direct financial assistance to the French, and in June 27, 1950, after the outbreak of the Korean War, announced publicly that the U. Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the S. was doing so. It was feared in Washington that if Ho were to win the war, with his ties to the Soviet Union, he would establish a puppet state with Moscow with the Soviets ultimately controlling Vietnamese affairs. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D A puppet state is a State that is nominally independent but in reality under the control of another power Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of The prospect of a communist dominated Southeast Asia was enough to spur the U. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based S. to support France, so that the spread of Soviet-allied communism could be contained.
On June 30, 1950, the first U. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. S. supplies for Indochina were delivered. In September, Truman sent the Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) to Indochina to assist the French. Military Assistance Advisory Group ( MAAG) is a designation for American Military advisors sent to assist in the training of Conventional armed Later, in 1954, U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower explained the escalation risk with the Domino theory. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general Escalation is the phenomenon of something getting more intense step by step for example a quarrel or notably military presence and nuclear armament during the Cold War. The domino theory was a Foreign policy theory promoted by the government of the United States, that speculated that if one land in a region came under the influence During the Korean war, the conflict in Vietnam was also seen as part of a broader proxy war with China and the USSR in Asia.
US Navy assistance (1951-1954)
The USS Windham Bay delivered Grumman F8F Bearcat to Saigon in January 26th 1951. World War II Following commissioning Windham Bay conducted shakedown training in Puget Sound and then headed for San Diego on 6 June WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout [48]
On March 2nd, the US Navy transferred the USS LST 490 (Agenor) to the French navy in Indochina per the MAAG-led MAP. World War II Originally projected as LST-490 but redesignated ARL-3 and named Agenor on 13 January 1943 laid down on 24 January 1943 by Renamed RFS Vulcain (A-656), she was used in Operation Hirondelle in 1953. World War II Originally projected as LST-490 but redesignated ARL-3 and named Agenor on 13 January 1943 laid down on 24 January 1943 by The USS Sitkoh Bay carrier delivered Grumman F8F Bearcat aircraft to Saigon on March 26, 1951. Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January During September 1953, the USS Belleau Wood -renamed Bois Belleau- was lent to France and sent to French Indochina to replace the Arromanches. World War II After a brief shakedown cruise Belleau Wood reported to the Pacific Fleet, arriving at Pearl Harbor 26 July 1943 Design and construction This ship was intended to address the Royal Navy 's shortage of carriers being cheaper and quicker to construct She was used to support delta defenders in the Halong bay in May 1954. Ha Long Bay (Vịnh Hạ Long is a UNESCO World Heritage site located in Quảng Ninh province, Vietnam. In August, she joined the Franco-American evacuation operation Passage to Freedom.
The same month the United States delivered additional aircraft using the USS Windham Bay carrier. [49] She would return to Saigon in 1955. On April 18, 1954, during the siege of Dien Bien Phu, the USS Saipan delivered 25 Korean War AU-1 Corsair aircraft to be used by the French Aeronavale to support the bessieged garrison. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Commissioned Commissioned eleven months after the close of World War II, Saipan trained student pilots out of Pensacola Florida from September WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout
US Air Force assistance (1952-1954)
A total of 94 F4U-7s were built for the Aeronavale in 1952, with the last of the batch, the final Corsair built, rolled out in December 1952. The Aviation navale ( Naval aviation) of the French Navy includes 162 airplanes (138 of them combat-capable and 6800 men both civilians and military personnel The F4U-7s were actually purchased by the U. S. Navy and passed on to the Aeronavale through the U. S. Military Assistance Program (MAP). They were supplemented by 25 ex-U. S. MC AU-1s (previously used in the Korean War) and moved from Yokosuka, Japan to Tourane Air Base (Da Nang), Vietnam in April 1954. This article is about the city of Đà Nẵng For the Vietnam War era air base see Da Nang Air Base or Đà Nẵng International Airport. This article is about the city of Đà Nẵng For the Vietnam War era air base see Da Nang Air Base or Đà Nẵng International Airport. US Air Force assistance followed in November 1953 when the French commander in Indochina, General Navarre, asked General McCarty, commander of the Combat Cargo Division, for 12 Fairchild C-119 for Operation Castor at Dien Bien Phu. Henri Eugène Navarre ( 31 July 1898 - 26 September 1983) was a French Army general WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Opération Castor (Operation Beaver was a French airborne operation in the First Indochina War.
On March 3, 1954, twelve C-119s of the 483rd Troop Carrier Wing ("Packet Rats") based at Ashiya, Japan, were painted with France's insignia and loaned to France with 24 CIA pilots for short term use. Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) is a town located in Onga District, Fukuoka, Japan. As of 2003, the town has an estimated Population of 16125 and a density Maintenance was carried out by the US Air Force and airlift operations were commanded by McCarty. [47]
Central Intelligence Agency covert operations (1954)
Two CIA pilots (CAT) were killed in action during the siege of Dien Bien Phu in 1954. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all Civil Air Transport (CAT was a Chinese airline later owned by the CIA, that supported United States Covert operation throughout East and [47] Twenty four CIA pilots supplied the French Union garrison by airlifting paratroopers, ammunition, artillery pieces, tons of barbed wire, medics and other military material. With the reducing DZ areas, night operations and anti-aircraft artillery assaults, many of the "packets" fell into Viet Minh hands. In Parachuting, a drop zone or DZ is the area above and around a location where a parachutist jumps and expects to land
The 37 CIA pilots completed 682 airdrops under anti-aircraft fire between March 13 and May 6th. Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II. The ceasefire began the following day at 5:00 PM under Hanoi-based General Cogny's orders. [47] On February 25, 2005, the French ambassador to the United States, Jean-David Levitte, awarded the seven remaining CIA pilots with the Légion d'honneur. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Jean-David Levitte (born June 14 1946) [47]
Operation Passage to Freedom (1954)
In August 1954, in support to the French navy and the merchant navy, the U. Operation Passage to Freedom was the term used by the United States Navy to describe its transportation of 310000 Vietnamese civilians soldiers and non-Vietnamese S. Navy launched Operation Passage to Freedom and sent hundreds of ships, including USS Montague, in order to evacuate 293,000 non-communist -especially catholic- Vietnamese refugees prosecuted by the communist Viet Minh in North Vietnam following the July 20, 1954 armistice and partition of Vietnam. Operation Passage to Freedom was the term used by the United States Navy to describe its transportation of 310000 Vietnamese civilians soldiers and non-Vietnamese Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN or less commonly Vietnamese Democratic Republic (Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa was a Country on the northern half of Vietnam The Partition of Vietnam was the establishment of the 17th parallel as the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone in 1954 splitting Vietnam into halves after the [50][29] The last French Union troops left Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos in 1956.
Popular culture
Although a kind of taboo in France, "the dirty war" has been featured in various films, books and songs. Since its declasification in the 2000s television documentaries have been released using new perspectives about the U. S. covert involvement and open critics about the French propaganda used during wartime.
Famous Communist propagandist Roman Karmen was in charge of the media exploitation of the battle of Dien Bien Phu. Roman Lazarevich Karmen (Роман Лазаревич Кармен ( 16 November 1906 Odessa – 28 April 1978 Moscow) In his documentary Vietnam (Вьетнам, 1955) he staged the famous scene with the raising of the Viet Minh flag over de Castries' bunker which is similar to the one he staged over the Nazi Reichstag roof during World War II (Берлин, 1945) and the "S" shaped POW column marching after the battle, where he used the same optical technique he experimented before when he staged the German prisoners after the Siege of Leningrad (Ленинград в борьбе, 1942) and the Battle of Moscow (Разгром немецких войск под Москвой, 1942). The Reichstag building in Berlin was constructed to house the Reichstag, the first Parliament of the German Empire. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Siege of Leningrad, also known as The Leningrad Blockade ( Russian: блокада Ленинграда ( transliteration: blokada Leningrada The Battle of Moscow (Битва под Москвой Romanized: Bitva pod Moskvoy, Schlacht um Moskau is the name given by the Soviet historians to the two [51][52]
The first movie about the war Shock Patrol (Patrouille de Choc) aka Patrol Without Hope (Patrouille Sans Espoir) by Claude Bernard-Aubert came out in 1956. The French censorship has cut some violent scenes and made the director change the end of his movie which was seen as "too much pessismistic". [53] The second film The 317th Platoon (La 317ème Section) was released in 1964, it was directed by Indochina War (and siege of Dien Bien Phu) veteran Pierre Schoendoerffer. Pierre Schoendoerffer (Pierre Schœndœrffer born May 5, 1928 in Chamalières, Puy-de-Dôme) is a French Film director Schoendoerffer has since become a mediatic specialist about the Indochina War and has focused his production on realistic war movies. He was cameraman for the army ("Cinematographic Service of the Armies", SCA) during his duty time, moreover as he had covered the Vietnam War he released the The Anderson Platoon, which won the Academy Award for Documentary Feature. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia The Anderson Platoon (original French title La Section Anderson) is an acclaimed documentary feature by Pierre Schoendoerffer The Academy Award for Documentary Feature is among the most prestigious awards for Documentary films Controversies The popular Hollywood Vietnam war movies Apocalypse Now Redux, and most obviously Platoon, are inspired by Schoendoerffer's work on the First Indochina War. A platoon is a military unit typically composed of two to four sections or Squads and containing about 30 to 50 soldiers An interesting detail about Apocalypse Now is all its First Indochina War related scenes (including the line "the White leaves but the Yellow stays" which is borrowed from the The 317th Platoon) and explicit references were removed from the edited version that was premiered in Cannes, France in 1979. Cannes (kan in Occitan Canas) is a city in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
See also
- Japanese Invasion of French Indochina
- French-Thai War
- Second Japanese Campaign in French Indochina
- Indochina Wars
- Second Indochina War
- Third Indochina War
- Cambodian-Vietnamese War
Notes
- ^ Windrow, Martin (1998). The, also known as the Vietnam Expedition, was an attempt by the Empire of Japan, during the Second Sino-Japanese War to blockade China and prevent The Second French Indochina Campaign also known as the Japanese coup of March 1945, was a Japanese military operation in all Vietnam, then a French colony The Indochina Wars ( Vietnamese: Chiến tranh Đông Dương) refers to Wars of national liberation and attempts of the Vietnamese communists to assert regional The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia The Sino–Vietnamese War, also known as the Third Indochina War, was a brief but bloody border war fought in 1979 between the People's Republic of China (PRC The French Indochina War 1946-1954 (Men-At-Arms, 322). London: Osprey Publishing, p. 11. ISBN 1855327899.
- ^ Windrow p. 23
- ^ Fall, Bernard, Street Without Joy, p. Bernard B Fall ( November 19, 1926 - February 21, 1967) was a prominent War correspondent, Historian, political scientist 17.
- ^ Those named Martin, Their history is ours - The Great History, (1946-1954) The Indochina War (French). documentary. Channel 5 (France). Retrieved on 2007-05-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ a b c Ruscio, Alain. "Guerre d'Indochine: Libérez Henri Martin", l'Humanité, 2003-08-02. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Retrieved on 2007-05-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held (French)
- ^ Stanley Karnow, Vietnam: A History, (New York: Penguin Books Ltd. , 1997), 146
- ^ Allies Reinforce Java and Saigon, British Paramount News rushes, 1945
- ^ Philipe Leclerc de Hauteloque (1902-1947), La légende d'un héro, Christine Levisse-Touzé, Tallandier/Paris Musées, 2002
- ^ Philipe Leclerc de Hauteloque (1902-1947), La légende d'un héro, Christine Levisse-Touzé, Tallandier/Paris Musées, 2002
- ^ Barnet, Richard J. (1968). Intervention and Revolution: The United States in the Third World. World Publishing, 185. ISBN 0529020149.
- ^ Prados, John (August 2007, Volume 20, Number 1). The Smaller Dragon Strikes. MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History, 50. ISSN 1040-5992.
- ^ a b La Guerre En Indochine (video). newsreel (1950-10-26). Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Retrieved on 2007-05-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ a b Bigeard et Dien Bien Phu (video). TV news. Channel 2 (France) (2004-05-03). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João Retrieved on 2007-05-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ DienBienPhu.org the official web site of the battle
- ^ June 17, 1954 discourse of Mendès-France on the website of the French National Assembly
- ^ Five columns on the cover's dossiers: Communism in the United States (May 4th 1965) French public channel ORTF
- ^ William M. The French National Assembly. The other is the Senate ( “Sénat”) Leary, CAT at Dien Bien Phu, Aerospace Historian 31 (Fall / September 1984)
- ^ a b c d e Hercombe, Peter (2004). Dien Bien Phu, Chronicles of a Forgotten Battle. documentary. Transparences Productions/Channel 2 (France).
- ^ a b France's war against Communists rages on (video). newsreel. News Magazine of the Screen/Warner Bros. (May 1952). Retrieved on 2007-05-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ A Bernard Fall Retrospective, presentation of Bernard B. Fall, Vietnam Witness 1953-56, New York, Praeger, 1966, by the Ludwig von Mises Institute
- ^ Nhu Tang, Truong. Bernard B Fall ( November 19, 1926 - February 21, 1967) was a prominent War correspondent, Historian, political scientist The Ludwig von Mises Institute ( LvMI) based in Auburn Alabama, is a Libertarian academic organization engaged in research and scholarship in the fields "A Vietcong Memoir: An Inside Account of the Vietnam War and Its Aftermath", Vintage, 1986-03-12. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving Retrieved on 2007-06-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden (English)
- ^ a b c France History, IV Republic (1946-1958) (French). Quid Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 2007-05-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ Patrick Pesnot, Rendez-vous Avec X - Dien Bien Phu, France Inter, December 4th 2004 (Rendez-vous With X broadcasted on public station France Inter)
- ^ "We wanted a newspaper to tell what we wanted" interview by Denis Jeambar & Roland Mihail
- ^ General Challe's appeal (April 22th 1961)
- ^ The war in Indo-China goes on (video). newsreel. News Magazine of the Screen/Warner Bros. (December 1953). Retrieved on 2007-05-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ [http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2082a_john-foster-dulles-on-the-fall-of-d_events John Foster Dulles on the fall of Dien Bien Phu
- ^ Boudarel affair in the ANAPI official website
- ^ a b USS Skagit and Operation Passage To Freedom. self-published. Retrieved on 2007-05-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ Alf Andrew Heggoy and Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in Algeria, Bloomington, Indiana, Indiana University Press, 1972, p. 175
- ^ The 317th Platoons script
- ^ Original audio recordings of General de Castries (Dien Bien Phu) and General Cogny (Hanoi) transmissions on May 7, 1954, during the battle of Dien Bien Phu (from the European Navigator based in Luxembourg)
- ^ French Defense Ministry archives, ECPAD
- ^ Service Spéciaux - GCMA Indochine 1950/54, Commandant Raymond Muelle & Eric Deroo, Crépin-Leblond editions, 1992, ISBN 2703001002
- ^ Guerre secrète en Indochine - Les maquis autochtones face au Viêt-Minh (1950-1955), Lieutenant-Colonel Michel David, Lavauzelle editions, 2002, ISBN 2702506364
- ^ Dien Bien Phu - Le Rapport Secret, Patrick Jeudy, TF1 Video, 2005
- ^ French Defense Ministry archives
- ^ French Defense Ministry archives
- ^ French Defense Ministry archives
- ^ Dr. Jacques Cheneau in "In Vietnam, 1954. Eight episode"
- ^ French Defense Ministry archives
- ^ French Defense Ministry archives
- ^ Chinese General Hoang Minh Thao and Colonel Hoang Minh Phuong quoted by Pierre Journoud researcher at the Defense History Studies (CHED), Paris University Pantheon-Sorbonne, in Paris Hanoi Beijing published in Communisme magazine and the Pierre Renouvin Institute of Paris, July 20th 2004.
- ^ French Defense Ministry archives
- ^ French Defense Ministry archives
- ^ Replacing France: The Origins of American Intervention in Vietnam (PDF). book. University Press of Kentucky (2007-07). Retrieved on 2007-06-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul.
- ^ a b c d e French-American relations. Embassy of France in the U. S. (2005-02-24). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Retrieved on 2007-05-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ French Defense Ministry archives
- ^ http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=corpus&code=C0524208764# Indochina War: The "good offices" of the Americans (National Audiovisual Institute)
- ^ U.S. Defense service
- ^ Pierre Schoendoerffer interview with Jean Guisnel in Some edited pictures
- ^ Roman Karmen, un cinéaste au service de la révolution, Dominique Chapuis & Patrick Barbéris, Kuiv Productions / Arte France, 2001
- ^ The Cinematheque of Toulouse
References
- Summers, JR. , Harry G. Historical Atlas of the Vietnam War. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1995. ISBN 0-395-72223-3
- Wiest, Andrew (editor). Rolling Thunder in a Gentle Land. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2006. ISBN 978-1-84693-020-6
- Windrow, Martin. The French Indochina War 1946-1954 (Men-At-Arms, 322). London: Osprey Publishing, 1998. ISBN 1-85532-789-9
External links
- Pentagon Papers, Chapter 2
- Vietnam: The Impossible War
- Fall, Bernard B. Bernard B Fall ( November 19, 1926 - February 21, 1967) was a prominent War correspondent, Historian, political scientist Street Without Joy: The French Debacle In Indochina
- ANAPI's official website (National Association of Former Pows in Indochina)
- Hanoi upon the army's return in vitory (bicycles demystified) Viet Nam Portal
- (French) Operation reports & 90,000 pictures about the First War of Indochina (Defense Mediatheque) (ECPAD)
Media links
- (English) Universal Newsreels (January 17th, 1947)
- (English) The News Magazine of the Screen (May 1952)
- (English) The News Magazine of the Screen (December 1953)
- (English) The News Magazine of the Screen (May 1954)
- (English) Coronet Instructional Films - Communism (1952)
- (French) Les Actualités Françaises (October 26th, 1950) (The War in Indo-China)
- (French) Les Actualités Françaises (November 5th, 1953) (Operation Mouette in the delta)
- (French) Jeeps in Indochina (January 1946-July 1954)
- (French) French Foreign Legion in Indochina (March 1950-September 1954)
- (French) French Algeria, Morroco and Tunisia sharpshooters (October 1950 May 1951)
- (French) Carriers in Indochina (January 1951-August 1954)
- (French) Commandos & Special Forces (February 1951-February 1954)
- (French) Portraits of combatants in Indochina (March 1951-October 1954)
- (French) Cavalry Armoured Corps (April 1951-July 1954)
- (French) Vietnamese National Army (May 1951-June 1954)
- (French) Outposts in Cambodia (October 1951-October 1953)
- (French) Operation Hirondelle (July 1953)
- (French) Operation Castor and building of the Dien Bien Phu outpost (November 1953-February 1954)
- (French) Airforce in Dien Bien Phu (January-May 1954)
- (French) The battle of Dien Bien Phu (March-May 1954)
- (French) Operation Passage to Freedom (July 1954-March 1955)
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