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The First Bulgarian Empire (Bulgarian: Първo Българско царство, Părvo Bălgarsko Tsarstvo) was a medieval Bulgarian state founded in AD 632 in the lands near the Danube Delta and disintegrated in AD 1018 after its annexation to the Byzantine Empire. Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian The Danube Delta ( Romanian: Delta Dunării; Ukrainian: Дельта Дунаю Del'ta Dunaju) is the second largest delta At the height of its power it spread between Budapest and the Black Sea and from the Dnieper river in modern Ukraine to the Adriatic. Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey For the rocket see Dnepr rocket. For other uses see Dnieper (disambiguation. It was succeeded by the Second Bulgarian Empire, established in 1185. The Second Bulgarian Empire ( Bulgarian: Второ българско царство Vtorо Balgarskо Tsartsvo) was a Medieval Bulgarian state The official name of the country since its very foundation was Bulgaria. [1]
The Empire played a major role in European politics was one of the strongest military powers of its time. A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking In 717-718 the coalition of Byzantines and Bulgarians decisively defeated the Arabs in the siege of Constantinople thus saving Eastern Europe from the Muslim threat and later destroyed the Avar Khanate expanding its territory to the Pannonian Plain and the Tatra Mountains. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Second Arab Siege of Constantinople (717-718 was a combined land and sea effort by the Arabs to take the capital city of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion The Caucasian Avars are a modern people of Caucasus, mainly of Dagestan. The Pannonian Plain is a large Plain in Central Europe that remained when the Pliocene Pannonian Sea dried out Panorama tatierjpg|thumb|right|300px|Panorama of Tatras]]The Tatra Mountains, Tatras or Tatra ( Tatry in both Polish and Slovak) Bulgaria served as an effective shield against the constant invasions of nomadic peoples from the east in the so called second wave of the Great Migration. Nomadic people, (from the νομάδες nomádes, "those who let pasture herds" also known as nomads, are communities of people that The Migration Period, also called Barbarian Invasions, or sometimes Völkerwanderung ( German for "wandering of peoples" is the English name Pechenegs and Cumans were stopped in north-eastern Bulgaria and after a decisive victory over the Magyars in 896 they were forced to retreate to an permanently settle down in Pannonia. The Pechenegs or Patzinaks ( Turkish: Peçenekler, Hungarian: Besenyő, Greek: Patzinaki/Petsenegi or Πατζινάκοι/Πετσενέγοι/Πατζινακίται Cumans (Кумани Byzantine: Kuman or Cuman, Kunok Turkic: Kumanlar) were a nomadic Turkic people who inhabited a Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary.
To the south in course of the Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars the Bulgarians incorporated most of Slavic-populated region of Thrace and Macedonia. Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe Macedonia is a Geographical and historical region of the Balkan peninsula in southeastern Europe whose area was re-defined in the early 20th century After the annihilation of the Byzantine army in the battle of Anchialus in 917 the Byzantine Empire was on the edge of destruction. This article refers to the Battle of Anchialus fought in 917 For other battles with the same name see Battle of Anchialus (disambiguation The Battle
The Bulgars brought new construction and battle techniques to Europe. The Bulgars (also Bolgars or proto-Bulgarians) were a seminomadic people probably of Turkic descent originally from Central Asia, The first Bulgarian cities were made of large monolith stones unlike the Roman brick-build fortresses. With an area of 27 km² the capital Pliska was among the largest towns in Europe. For the ancient battle see Battle of Pliska Pliska (Плиска is the name of both the first capital of Danubian Bulgaria and a small The Inner town had a sewerage and floor heating long before cities such as Paris and London. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. After the adoption of Christianity in 864 Bulgaria became the cultural center of Slavic Europe. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Its leading cultural position was further consolidated with the invention of the Cyrillic alphabet in Preslav, which some credit to the Bulgarian scholar Clement of Ohrid. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by Preslav (Преслав was the capital of the First Bulgarian Empire from 893 to 972 and one of the most important cities of medieval Southeastern Europe. Saint Clement of Ohrid (Свети Климент Охридски sve'ti 'kliment 'oxridski (ca According to some historians the schools of Preslav and Ohrid were the second universities in Europe after the University of Constantinople. Preslav (Преслав was the capital of the First Bulgarian Empire from 893 to 972 and one of the most important cities of medieval Southeastern Europe. Ohrid (Охрид) is a city on the eastern shore of Lake Ohrid in the Republic of Macedonia. The University of Constantinople, sometimes known as the University of the palace hall of Magnaura in the Byzantine Empire was recognised as a University
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Background
During the time of the late Roman Empire, the lands of present-day Bulgaria had been organised in several provinces - Scythia Minor, Moesia (Upper and Lower), Thrace, Macedonia (First and Second), Dacia (south of the Danube), Dardania, Rhodope and Hemimont, and had a mixed population of Romanised Getae and Hellenised Thracians. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Scythia Minor, "Lesser Scythia" (Μικρά Σκυθία Mikrá Skythia) was in ancient times the region surrounded by the Danube at the north and Moesia (Μοισία Moisía; Мизия Miziya; Moesia Мезија Mezija) was an ancient region and Roman province situated in the Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe The Roman province of Macedonia was officially established in 146 BC, after the Roman general Quintus Caecilius Metellus defeated Andriscus of Macedon Dacia, in ancient geography was the land of the Dacians. It was named by the ancient Hellenes ( Greeks) " Getae " The Dardani ( Ancient Greek Δαρδάνιοι were a Thraco-Illyrian tribe The Getae ( Greek: Γέται singular Γέτης was the name given by the Greeks to several Thracian tribes that occupied the regions south of the "Thracians" also refers to modern inhabitants of Thrace, regardless of ethnicity During the Hunnic Invasions of Central and Eastern Europe, Turkic groups named Bulgars settled in the region. The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family The Bulgars (also Bolgars or proto-Bulgarians) were a seminomadic people probably of Turkic descent originally from Central Asia, Several consecutive waves of Slavic migration throughout the 6th and the early 7th century led to the almost complete slavicisation of the region, at least linguistically. Slavicisation is a term used to describe a cultural change in which something non-Slavic becomes Slavic.
The Bulgars
Little is known about the origins of the Bulgars that reached the Balkan peninsula in the 7th century (according to some sources even earlier) because during the ages the original Bulgars melted into the local population of what is nowadays Bulgaria. The Bulgars (also Bolgars or proto-Bulgarians) were a seminomadic people probably of Turkic descent originally from Central Asia,
The established theory is that the Bulgars are related to the Huns and originated in Central Asia but their ethnicity is not entirely clear. The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Clues for this can be found in the advanced calendar and system of government of the early Bulgars.
Nevertheless the so called "Hun theory" is still vehemently supported by some historians who base their thesis on a lot of existing documents and sources. The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy In Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans, a late copy of an ancient document, is written that the first ruler of the Bulgars was Avitohol and the second Irnik. The Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans (Именник на българските ханове is a short Manuscript containing the names of some early Bulgarian Avitohol ( ?153-453?) is the first name in the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans. Ernakh or Ernac ( Priscus: Ήρνάχ "Hernach" was the 3rd son of Attila. Irnik or Ernakh is the name of Attila's youngest son therefore some historians believe that Avitohol was no other than Attila the Hun. Ernakh or Ernac ( Priscus: Ήρνάχ "Hernach" was the 3rd son of Attila. Ernakh or Ernac ( Priscus: Ήρνάχ "Hernach" was the 3rd son of Attila. Avitohol ( ?153-453?) is the first name in the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans.
It is assumed that the Bulgars were governed by hereditary khans. The History of Bulgaria as a separate country began in 632 AD with the establishment of Old Great Bulgaria, which stretched from east of the Sea The Odrysian kingdom was a union of Thracian tribes that endured between the 5th century BC and the 3rd century BC. Kingdom of Balhara was a state situated in the upper course of Oxus River (present Old Great Bulgaria or Great Bulgaria (Стара Велика България Παλαιά Μεγάλη Βουλγαρία in Byzantine chronicles alternative The Second Bulgarian Empire ( Bulgarian: Второ българско царство Vtorо Balgarskо Tsartsvo) was a Medieval Bulgarian state After falling almost entirely under Ottoman rule in the end of the 14th century, the Bulgarian state ceased to exist as an independent entity and remained part of the Ottoman Empire for Bulgarian nationalism emerged in the early 19th century under the influence of western ideas such as Liberalism and Nationalism, which trickled into the country after the The Treaty of San Stefano of March 3, 1878 provided for a self-governing Bulgarian state which comprised the geographical regions of Moesia By the time the impact of Mikhail Gorbachev 's reform program in the Soviet Union was felt in Bulgaria in the late 1980s the Communists like their leader had grown too feeble Khan, alternately spelled lowercase as khan, qāān for their chief between 283 - 289 and was used as a state title by the Rouran confederation The only similar title found so far is kanasubigi and it was used by only four of the Bulgarian rulers, namely Krum, Omurtag, Malamir and Presian, which were respectively a grandfather, son, grandson and a nephew of Malamir, and after them the title disappears. Malamir (Маламир was the ruler of Bulgaria 831–836 Malamir was a son of Omurtag and a grandson of Krum. Presian (Пресиян was the ruler of Bulgaria 836&ndash852 Other similar but non-kingly titles were attested among Bulgarian noble class and these are kavkan (vicekhan), tarkan, and boritarkan. Starting from there (if there was a vicekhan (kavkhan) so there was a khan, too) the scholars assume the title khan for the early Bulgarian leader. Later iscriptions speak of archonts (a Greek title) and knyaze (a Slavic title). The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Kniaz’ or knyaz is a word found in some Slavic languages, denoting a Nobility rank There were several (probably more than 100) aristocratic families whose members, called boila (boyars) who bore military titles and formed a governing class. The religion of the Bulgars is also obscure but it is supposed that it was monotheistic, worshipping the Turkic Sky god Tangra. For the Celtic Frost album see Monotheist (album In Theology, monotheism (from Greek grc [[wiktμόνος μόνος]] Tengriism ( Tengerism, Tengrianism, Tengrianizm, Tengricilik) was the major belief of the Mongols and Turkic peoples before There is only one mentioning of Tangra in the 8 century inscription near the Madara Rider. The Madara Rider or Madara Horseman (Мадарски конник Madarski konnik) is an Early medieval large rock Relief carved All other sources simply talk about Bog, the Slavic and Aryan word for God. Aryan is an English word derived from the Sanskrit " Ārya " meaning "noble" or "honorable" More confusingly some Bulgar rulers, renowned for their persecution of Christians were depicted with Christian state symbols. There is a theory that Bulgars were Arians (an early Christian sect). Arianism is the theological teaching of Arius (c AD 250-336 who was ruled a heretic by the Christian church at the Council of Nicea. On the top of that, early Bulgar sacred places featured the plan of two concentric squares, typical to Zoroastrian temples. Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings [2]
The migration of Bulgars to the European continent started as early as the 2nd century AD when branches of Bulgars settled on the plains between the Caspian and the Black Sea. Kubrat or Kurt (Кубрат Χουβρατις was a Bulgar ruler credited with establishing the confederation of Old Great Bulgaria in 632 Between AD 351 and 389, some of these crossed the Caucasus and settled in Armenia. The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani They were eventually assimilated by the Armenians.
Swept by the Hunnish wave at the beginning of the 4th century AD, other numerous Bulgarian tribes broke loose from their settlements in central Asia to migrate to the fertile lands along the lower valleys of the Donets and the Don rivers and the Azov seashore. The river Seversky Donets (Северский Донец Сіверський Донець alternatively Donetz) flows into the Don River Russia The Don (Дон is one of the major rivers of Russia. It rises in the town of Novomoskovsk 60 Kilometres southeast from Tula, southeast The Sea of Azov (Азо́вское мо́ре - Azovskoye more; Азо́вське мо́ре - Azovs'ke more, Azaq deñizi is the world's shallowest sea linked Some of these remained for centuries in their new settlements, whereas others moved on with the Huns towards Central Europe, settling in Pannonia. Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Pannonia is an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy,
In the 6th and 7th century, the Bulgars formed an independent state, often called Great Bulgaria, between the lower course of the Danube to the west, the Black and the Azov Seas to the south, the Kuban river to the east, and the Donets river to the north. Old Great Bulgaria or Great Bulgaria (Стара Велика България Παλαιά Μεγάλη Βουλγαρία in Byzantine chronicles alternative The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey The Sea of Azov (Азо́вское мо́ре - Azovskoye more; Азо́вське мо́ре - Azovs'ke more, Azaq deñizi is the world's shallowest sea linked Kuban ( Кубáнь) is a geographic region of Southern Russia surrounding the Kuban River, on the Black Sea between the Don Steppe The capital of the state was Phanagoria, on the Azov. Phanagoria was the largest Greek colony on the Taman peninsula, spreading on two plateaux along the Asian shore of the Cimmerian Bosporus, 25 kilometers
The pressure from peoples further east (such as the Khazars) led to the dissolution of Great Bulgaria in the second half of the 7th century. "Kazar" redirects here for the Marvel Comics character see Ka-Zar; for the village in Azerbaijan see Xəzər. Old Great Bulgaria or Great Bulgaria (Стара Велика България Παλαιά Μεγάλη Βουλγαρία in Byzantine chronicles alternative One Bulgar tribe migrated to the confluence of the Volga and Kama Rivers in what is now Tatarstan, Russia (see Volga Bulgaria). Idel-Ural (Идел-Урал|İdel-Ural Идель-Урал is a historical region in Eastern Europe, in what is today Russia. Kama (река́ Ка́ма is a major river in Russia, the longest left tributary of the Volga and the largest one in discharge in fact it is larger than Republic of Tatarstan (Респу́блика Татарста́н Татарстан Республикасы|Tatarstan Respublikası is a federal subject of the Russian Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Volga Bulgaria or Volga-Kama Bolghar, is an historic state that existed between the 7th and 13th centuries around the confluence of They converted to Islam in the beginning in the 10th century and maintained an independent state until the 13th century. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Smaller Bulgar tribes seceded in Pannonia and in Italy, northwest of Naples, while other Bulgars sought refuge with the Lombards. Pannonia is an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the The Lombards ( Latin Langobardi, whence the alternative names Langobards and Longobards) were a Germanic people originally from Another group of Bulgars remained in the land north of the Black and the Azov Seas. They were, however, soon subdued by the Khazars. These Bulgars converted to Judaism in the 9th century, along with the Khazars, and were eventually assimilated. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut
Establishment of the Bulgarian state
There are two different dates for the year of establishment of present-day Bulgaria, based upon two different interpretations of history.
Yet another Bulgar tribe, led by Khan Asparuh, moved westward, occupying today's southern Bessarabia. Asparuh or Isperih ( Bulgarian: Аспарух, Asparuh or Исперих, Isperih) was ruler of a Bulgar tribe Bessarabia ( Basarabia in Romanian, Бесарабія in Ukrainian, Бессарабия in Russian, Бесарабия in Bulgarian After a successful war with Byzantium in AD 680, Asparuh's khanate conquered Moesia and Dobrudja [4],[5] and was recognised as an independent state under the subsequent treaty signed with the Byzantine Empire in AD 681. Events By Place Europe The Bulgars subjugate the country of current-day Bulgaria. Moesia (Μοισία Moisía; Мизия Miziya; Moesia Мезија Mezija) was an ancient region and Roman province situated in the Events By Place Byzantine Empire The Bulgars win the war with the Byzantine Empire; the latter signs a peace treaty which The same year is usually regarded as the year of the establishment of present-day Bulgaria.
Another theory is that Great Bulgaria, although it suffered a major territory loss from the Khazars, managed to defeat them in the early 670s. Old Great Bulgaria or Great Bulgaria (Стара Велика България Παλαιά Μεγάλη Βουλγαρία in Byzantine chronicles alternative "Kazar" redirects here for the Marvel Comics character see Ka-Zar; for the village in Azerbaijan see Xəzər. Khan Asparuh, the successor of Khan Kubrat, conquered Moesia and Dobrudja after the war with the Byzantine Empire in AD 680. Kubrat or Kurt (Кубрат Χουβρατις was a Bulgar ruler credited with establishing the confederation of Old Great Bulgaria in 632 Moesia (Μοισία Moisía; Мизия Miziya; Moesia Мезија Mezija) was an ancient region and Roman province situated in the This war ended with a peace treaty in 681. Therefore, according to some researchers, the year of establishment of present-day Bulgaria has to be considered 632, and not AD 681.
Establishing a firm foothold in the Balkans
After the decisive victory at Ongala in 680 the armies of the Bulgars and Slavs advanced to the south of the Balkan mountains, defeating again the Byzantines who were then forced to sign a humiliating peace treaty which acknowledged the establishment of a new state on the borders of the Empire. The Battle of Ongal took place in the summer of 680 in the Ongal area an unspecified location in South-Western Ukraine or North-Eastern Romania around They were also to pay an annual tribute to Bulgaria. In the same time the war with the Khazars to the east continued and in 700 Asparough perished in battle with them. "Kazar" redirects here for the Marvel Comics character see Ka-Zar; for the village in Azerbaijan see Xəzər. The Bulgars lost the territories to the east of the Dnester river but managed to hold the lands to the west. The Dniester (Дністер translit Dnister; Nistru is a river in Eastern Europe. The Bulgars and the Slavs signed a treaty according to which the head of the state became the Khan of the Bulgars who had also the obligation to defend the country against the Byzantine, while the Slavic leaders gained considerable autonomy and had to protect the northern borders along the Carpathian mountains against the Avars. The Caucasian Avars are a modern people of Caucasus, mainly of Dagestan. [6]
Asparough's successor, Tervel helped the deposed Byzantine Emperor Justinian II to regain his throne in 705. Tervel (Тервел also called Tarvel, or Terval, or Terbelis in some Byzantine sources was the ruler of the Bulgars at the beginning Justinian II (Ιουστινιανός Β΄ Ioustinianos II; 669&ndashDecember 711 known as Rinotmetos or Rhinotmetus (Ρινότμητος In return he was given the area Zagore in northern Thrace which was the first expansion of the country to the south of the Balkan mountains. Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe However, three years later Justinian tried to take it back by force but his army was defeated at Anchialus. The battle of Anchialus (Битката при Анхиало occurred in 708 near the town of Pomorie, Bulgaria. In 716 Tervel signed a trade agreement with Byzantium. During the siege of Constantinople in 717-718 he sent 50,000 troops to help the besieged city. The Second Arab Siege of Constantinople (717-718 was a combined land and sea effort by the Arabs to take the capital city of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople In the decisive battle the Bulgarians massacred around 30,000 Arabs[7] and Tervel was called The saviour of Europe by his contemporaries. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding
Internal instability and struggle for survival
In 753 died Khan Sevar who was the last scion of the Dulo clan. Sevar (Севар was a ruler of Bulgaria in the 8th century The Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans, which states that he belonged to the royal Dulo clan The Dulo Clan or the House of Dulo was the name of the ruling dynasty of the early Bulgars. With his death the Khanate fell into a long political crisis during which the young country was on the verge of destruction. For just 15 years ruled 7 Khans who were all murdered. There were two main fractions; some nobles wanted uncompromising war against the Byzantines while others searched for a peaceful settlement of the conflict. That instability was used by the Byzantine Emperor Constantine V (745-775) who launched nine major campaigns aiming at the elimination of Bulgaria. Constantine V (718&ndash September 14, 775) was Byzantine emperor from 741 to 775 Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Ε΄ Kōnstantinos In 763 he defeated the Bulgarian Khan Telets at Anchialus[8][9] but the Byzantines were unable to advance further north. Telets (Телец was the ruler of Bulgaria 762&ndash765 According to the Namelist of Bulgarian Rulers, Telets reigned for 3 years "instead of another" The battle of Anchialus (Битката при Анхиало occurred in 763, near the town of Pomorie on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast. In 775 Khan Telerig, by tricking Constantine to reveal those loyal to him in the Bulgarian Court, executed all the Byzantine spies in the capital Pliska. Telerig (Телериг was the ruler of Bulgaria 768&ndash777 For the ancient battle see Battle of Pliska Pliska (Плиска is the name of both the first capital of Danubian Bulgaria and a small [10] Under his successor Kardam, the war took a favourable turn after the great victory in the battle of Marcelae[11] in 792. Kardam (Кардам was the ruler of Bulgaria 777&ndashafter 796/before 803 The battle of Marcelae (Битката при Маркели took place in 792 near the town of Karnobat in south eastern Bulgaria. The Byzantines were thoroughly defeated and forced once again to pay tribute to the Khans. As a result of the victory, the crisis was finally overwhelmed and Bulgaria entered the new century stable, stronger and consolidated.
Territorial expansion
- See also: Krum of Bulgaria and battle of Pliska
Under the great Khan Krum (803-814), also known as Crummus and Keanus Magnus, Bulgaria expanded northwest and southwards, occupying the lands between middle Danube and Moldova, the whole territory of present-day Romania, Sofia in 809 and Adrianople (modern Odrin) in 813, and threatening Constantinople itself. The Battle of Pliska or Battle of Vărbitsa Pass (Битката при Върбишкия проход was a series of battles between troops gathered from all parts of the A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Sofia (София ˈsɔfija is the Capital and largest city of the Republic of Bulgaria, with a population of 1395568 in the Capital Municipality Edirne (anc Hadrianopolis; Greek Adrianople; Slavic/Bulgarian Одрин, see also its other names) is a city in Thrace, the westernmost Edirne (anc Hadrianopolis; Greek Adrianople; Slavic/Bulgarian Одрин, see also its other names) is a city in Thrace, the westernmost Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Between 804 and 806 the Bulgarian armies thoroughly eliminated the Avar Khanate and a border with the Frankish Empire was established along the middle Danube. Francia or Frankia, later also called the Frankish Empire (imperium Francorum Frankish Kingdom (Latin regnum Francorum, "Kingdom of the The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj In 811 a large Byzantine army was decisively defeated in the battle of the Varbitsa Pass. The Battle of Pliska or Battle of Vărbitsa Pass (Битката при Върбишкия проход was a series of battles between troops gathered from all parts of the [12] The Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus I was slain along with most of his troops. Krum immediately took the initiative and moved the war towards Thrace, defeating the Byzantines once more at Versinikia[13] in 813. Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe The Battle of Versinikia (Битката при Версиникия Μάχη της Βερσινικίας was fought in 813 between the Byzantine Empire and the After a treacherous Byzantine attempt to kill the Khan during negotiations, Krum pillaged the whole of Thrace, seized Odrin and resettled its 10,000 inhabitants in "Bulgaria across the Danube"[14]. In the Middle Ages the Bulgarian Empire controlled vast areas to the north of the river Danube from its establishment in 681 to its fall in 1396 He made enhanced preparation to capture Constantinople: 5,000 iron-plated waggons were built to carry the siege equipment[15], the Byzantines even pleaded for help from the Frankish Emperor Louis the Pious. Louis the Pious (778 &ndash 20 June 840) also called the Fair, and the Debonaire, was the King of Aquitaine from 781 and co-Emperor [16] Due to the sudden death of the great Khan, however, the campaign was never launched. Khan Krum implemented law reform intending to reduce the poverty and to strengthen the social ties in his vastly enlarged state.
During the reign of Khan Omurtag (814-831), the northwestern boundaries with the Frankish Empire were firmly settled along the middle Danube by the 827 and magnificent palace, pagan temples, ruler's residence, fortress, citadel, water-main and bath were built in Bulgarian capital Pliska, mainly of stone and brick.
.png/300px-Territorial_expansion_during_the_reign_of_Khan_Krum_(803-814).png)
During the short reign of Malamir (831-836) the important city of Plovdiv was incorporated into the country. Malamir (Маламир was the ruler of Bulgaria 831–836 Malamir was a son of Omurtag and a grandson of Krum. Under Khan Presian (836-852), the Bulgarians took most of Macedonia and the borders of the country reached the Adriatic and Aegean Seas. Presian (Пресиян was the ruler of Bulgaria 836&ndash852 Macedonia is a Geographical and historical region of the Balkan peninsula in southeastern Europe whose area was re-defined in the early 20th century Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. The Byzantine historians do not mention any resistance against the Bulgarian expansion in Macedonia which bring the conclusion that it was largely peaceful. [17]
Merger of Bulgars and Slavs
It is assumed that The Bulgars were greatly outnumbered by the Slav population among whom they had settled. Between the 7th and the 10th centuries, the Bulgars were gradually absorbed by the Slavs, adopting a Bulgaro-South Slav language and converting to Christianity (of the Byzantine rite) under Boris I in 864. The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages Boris I or sometimes Boris-Mihail (Michael (Борис I (Михаил also known as Bogoris (died 2 May 907 At that time the process of absorption of the remnants of the old Romanised Thracian population from south of the Danube had already been significant in the formation of this new ethnic group. The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj Modern Bulgarians are normally considered to be of Southern Slavic origin, even though the Slavs were only one of the peoples that took part in the formation of their ethnicity. The South Slavs are a southern branch of the Slavic peoples that live in the Balkans mainly throughout the former Yugoslavia (meaning "Land of Some recent studies suggest that the Bulgars were much more numerous than originally thought. This theory is getting more support amongst new Bulgarian historians.
Bulgaria under Boris I
- See also: Boris I
The reign of Boris I (852-889) began with numerous setbacks. Boris I or sometimes Boris-Mihail (Michael (Борис I (Михаил also known as Bogoris (died 2 May 907 For ten years the country fought against the Byzantine and Eastern Frankish Empires, Great Moravia, the Croats and the Serbs forming several unsuccessful alliances and changing sides. Great Moravia (see Name section was a Slavic state that existed in Central Europe from the 9th century to the early 10th century Croats (Hrvati are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, In August 863 there was a period of 40 days of earthquakes and there was a lean year which caused famine throughout the country. To cap it all there was an incursion of locusts.
Christianization
- See also: Christianization of Bulgaria
In 864 the Byzantines under Michael III invaded Bulgaria on suspicions that Khan Boris I prepared to accept Christianity in accordance with the Western rites. The Christianization of Bulgaria was the process of converting 9th-century medieval Bulgaria to Christianity. Michael III the Drunkard (Μιχαήλ Γ΄ ο Μέθυσος Mikhaēl III ho Methysos) ( January 19, 840 &ndash September 23–24 867 Upon the news of the invasion, Boris I started negotiations for peace. [18] The Byzantines returned some lands in Macedonia and their single demand was that he accept Christianity from Constantinople rather than Rome. Khan Boris agreed to that term and was baptised in September 865 assuming the name of his godfather, Byzantine Emperor Michael. In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted [19] The pagan title "Khan" was abolished and the title "Knyaz" assumed in its place. Khan, alternately spelled lowercase as khan, qāān for their chief between 283 - 289 and was used as a state title by the Rouran confederation Kniaz’ or knyaz is a word found in some Slavic languages, denoting a Nobility rank The reason for the conversion to Christianity, however, was not the Byzantine invasion. The Bulgarian ruler was indeed a man of vision and he foresaw that the introduction of a single religion would complete the consolidation of the emerging Bulgarian nation which was still divided on a religious basis. He also knew that his state was not fully respected by Christian Europe and its treaties could have been ignored by other signatories on religious basis. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth
Тhe Byzantines' goal was to achieve with peace what they were unable to after two centuries of warfare: to slowly absorb Bulgaria through the Christian religion and turn it into a satellite state, as naturally, the highest posts in the newly founded Bulgarian Church were to be held by Byzantines who preached in the Greek language. Boris was well aware of that fact and after Constantinople refused to grant autonomy of the Bulgarian Church in 866 he sent a delegation to Rome declaring his desire to accept Christianity in accordance with the Western rites along with 115 questions to Pope Nicolas I[20] [21]. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Pope The Bulgarian ruler desired to take advantage of the rivalry between the Churches of Rome and Constantinople as his main goal was the establishment of an independent Bulgarian Church in order to prevent both the Byzantines and the Catholics from exerting influence in his lands through religion. The Pope's detailed answers to Boris' questions were delivered by two bishops heading a mission whose purpose was to facilitate the conversion of the Bulgarian people. However, Nicolas I and his successor Pope Adrian II also refused to recognize an autonomous Bulgarian Church which cooled the relations between the two sides but Bulgaria's shift towards Rome made the Byzantines much more conciliatory. Adrian II (also known as Hadrian II) (792&ndash872 Pope from December 14 867 to December 14 872 was a member of a noble Roman family and became pope in In 870, at the Fourth Council of Constantinople, the Bulgarian Church was recognized as an Autonomous Eastern Orthodox Church under the supreme direction of the Patriarch of Constantinople. Autonomy ( Greek: Auto- Nomos - nomos meaning "law" one who gives oneself his/her own Law) is the right to Self-government The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world
Creation of the Slavic Writing System
Although the Bulgarian Knyaz succeeded in securing an autonomous Church, its higher clergy and theological books were still Greek which impeded the efforts to convert the populace to the new religion. Between 860 and 863 the Byzantine monks of Slavic origin[22] Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius created the Glagolitic alphabet, the first Slavic alphabet by order of the Byzantine Emperor, who aimed to convert Great Moravia to Orthodox Christianity. Saints Cyril and Methodius (Κύριλλος και Μεθόδιος Old Church Slavonic: Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи) were two Byzantine Greek brothers born Saints Cyril and Methodius (Κύριλλος και Μεθόδιος Old Church Slavonic: Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи) were two Byzantine Greek brothers born The Glagolitic alphabet or Glagolitsa is the oldest known Slavic Alphabet. Great Moravia (see Name section was a Slavic state that existed in Central Europe from the 9th century to the early 10th century However these attempts failed and in 886 their disciples Clement of Ohrid, Naum of Preslav and Angelarius, who were banished from Great Moravia, reached Bulgaria and were warmly welcomed by Boris I. Saint Clement of Ohrid (Свети Климент Охридски sve'ti 'kliment 'oxridski (ca Saint Naum of Preslav (Свети Наум Преславски sve'ti na The Bulgarian Knyaz commissioned the creation of two theological academies to be headed by the disciples where the future Bulgarian clergy was to be instructed in the local vernacular. Clement was sent to Ohrid[23] in southwestern Bulgaria where he taught 3,500 pupils between 886 and 893. Ohrid (Охрид) is a city on the eastern shore of Lake Ohrid in the Republic of Macedonia. Naum established the literary school in the capital Pliska, moved later to the new capital Preslav. For the ancient battle see Battle of Pliska Pliska (Плиска is the name of both the first capital of Danubian Bulgaria and a small Preslav (Преслав was the capital of the First Bulgarian Empire from 893 to 972 and one of the most important cities of medieval Southeastern Europe. In 893, Bulgaria adopted the Glagolitic alphabet and Old Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian) language as official language of the church and state and expelled the Byzantine clergy. The Glagolitic alphabet or Glagolitsa is the oldest known Slavic Alphabet. to make sure old Cyrillic letters are displayed properly (For example instead of just Ѣ write Ѣ In the early 10th century the Cyrillic alphabet was created at the Preslav Literary School. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by The Preslav Literary School (Pliska Literary School was the first literary school in the medieval Bulgarian Empire.
The "Golden Age"
- See also: Simeon I of Bulgaria and battle of Anchialus
By the late 9th and the beginning of the 10th century, Bulgaria extended to Epirus and Thessaly in the south, Bosnia in the west and controlled the whole of present-day Romania and eastern Hungary to the north. Epirus (from Ionic Greek Ήπειρος - Ēpeiros, Doric Greek: Ἅπειρος - Apeiros, in Albanian Thessalia redirects here For the Butterfly Genus, see Thessalia (butterfly. Historically and geographically the Region known as Bosnia (natively Bosna; Cyrillic: Босна lies mainly in the Dinaric Alps, ranging A Serbian state came into existence as a dependency of the Bulgarian Empire and was later fully subordinated under the general and possibly Count of Sofia Marmais. Marmais ( Bulgarian: Мармаис d924 was a Bulgarian military commander noble and komita (duke of a western Bulgarian region ( Sredets Under Tsar Simeon I (Simeon the Great), who was educated in Constantinople, Bulgaria became again a serious threat to the Byzantine Empire and reached its greatest territorial extension[24]. Simeon (also Symeon) I the Great (Симеон I Велики transliterated Simeon I Veliki; simɛˈɔn ˈpɤrvi vɛˈliki ruled over Bulgaria Simeon hoped to take Constantinople and fought a series of wars with the Byzantines throughout his long reign (893-927). The border close to the end of his rule reached Peloponnese in the south. The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus ( Greek: Πελοπόννησος Pelopónnisos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large Peninsula Simeon styled himself "Emperor (Tsar) of the Bulgarians and Autocrat of the Greeks", a title which was recognized by the Pope, but not of course by the Byzantine Emperor nor the The Ecumenical Patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation. "Patriarch of Constantinople" redirects here For the institutional church itself see Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world He was recognized "Emperor (Tsar) of the Bulgarians" by the Byzantine Emperor and the Patriarch only at the end of his rule.
Between 894 and 896 he defeated the Byzantines and their allies the Magyars in the so called "Trade War" because the pretext of the war was the shifting of the Bulgarian market from Constantinople to Solun[25]. Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), Thessalonica, or Salonica is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of Macedonia In the decisive battle of Bulgarophygon the Byzantine army was routed[26] and the war ended with favourable for Bulgaria peace which was, however, ofter violated by Simeon[27]. The battle of Bulgarophygon was fought in the summer of 896 near the town of Babaeski in modern Turkey, between the Byzantine Empire and the In 904 he captured Solun which was previously looted by the Arabs and returned it to the Byzantines only after Bulgaria received all Slavic-populated areas in Macedonia and 20 fortress in Albania including the important town Drach[28]. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Macedonia is a Geographical and historical region of the Balkan peninsula in southeastern Europe whose area was re-defined in the early 20th century
After the unrest in the Byzantine Empire that followed the death of Emperor Alexander in 913 Simeon invaded Byzantine Thrace but was persuaded to stop in return for official recognition of his Imperial title and marriage of his daughter to the infant Emperor Constantine VII[29] [30]. Alexander (Αλέξανδρος Alexandros, c 870&ndash913 sometimes numbered Alexander III, ruled as Emperor of the Byzantine Empire in Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos or Porphyrogenitus, "the Purple-born" ( Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Ζ΄ Πορφυρογέννητος After a plot in the Byzantine court Empress Zoe rejected the marriage and his title and both sides prepared for a decisive battle. By 917 Simeon broke every attempts of his enemy to form an alliance with the Magyars, the Pechenegs and the Serbs and Byzantines were forced to fight alone. The Pechenegs or Patzinaks ( Turkish: Peçenekler, Hungarian: Besenyő, Greek: Patzinaki/Petsenegi or Πατζινάκοι/Πετσενέγοι/Πατζινακίται On 20 August the two armies clashed at Anchialus in one of the greatest battles in the Middle Ages[31]. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine This article refers to the Battle of Anchialus fought in 917 For other battles with the same name see Battle of Anchialus (disambiguation The Battle The Byzantines suffered an unprecedented defeat leaving 70,000 killed on the battlefield. The pursuing Bulgarian forces defeated the reminder of the enemy armies at Katasyrtai[32]. The battle of Katasyrtai occurred in the fall of 917, shortly after the striking Bulgarian triumph at Anchialus near the village of the same names close to the However, Constantinople was saved by a Serb attack from the west; the Serbs were thoroughly defeated but that gave precious time for the Byzantine admiral and later Emperor Romanos Lakepanos to prepare the defense of the city. Romanos I Lekapenos or Romanus I Lecapenus ( Greek: Ρωμανός Α΄ Λακαπήνος Rōmanos I Lakapēnos; Րոմանոս Ա Ղակապենոս In the following decade the Bulgarians gained control of the whole Balkan peninsula with the exception of Constantinople and Pelopones. The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus ( Greek: Πελοπόννησος Pelopónnisos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large Peninsula
Decline
After Simeon's death, however, Bulgarian power slowly declined. In a peace treaty in 927 the Byzantines officially recognized the Imperial title of his son Peter I and the Bulgarian Patriarchate. The Bulgarian Orthodox Church (Българска православна църква Bălgarska pravoslavna cărkva) is an Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Church The peace with Byzantium did not bring prosperity to Bulgaria. In the beginning of his rule the new Emperor had internal problems and unrest with his brothers and in 930s was forced to recognize the independence of Rascia[33]. Raška ( alternative spellings have included Raschka, Rascia and Rassa) was the central and most successful Medieval Serbian The main blow came from the north: between 934 and 965 the country suffered five Magyar invasions[34]. In 944 Bulgaria was attacked by the Pechenegs who looted the north eastern regions of the Empire. Under Peter I and Boris II the country was divided by the egalitarian religious heresy of the Bogomils[35]. Peter I (Петър I was emperor ( Tsar) of Bulgaria from May 27, 927 to 969 died January 30, 970. Boris II (Борис II was emperor ( Tsar) of Bulgaria from 969 to 977 (in Byzantine captivity from 971 Bogomilism (Богомилство is the Gnostic dualistic Sect, the Synthesis of Armenian Paulicianism and the Bulgarian Slavonic
In 968 the country was attacked by Kievan Rus, whose leader, Svyatoslav I, took Preslav[36] and established his capital at Preslavets[37]. Kievan Rus′ (Ки́евская Русь romanised: Kievskaya Rus', rusʲ also written as Kyivan Rus′ (Ки́ївська Русь or Kievan Sviatoslav I of Kiev ( Old East Slavic: С~тославъ (Свąтославъ Игорєвичь ( Sventoslavŭ Igorevichǐ) Russian: ru Святослав Preslav (Преслав was the capital of the First Bulgarian Empire from 893 to 972 and one of the most important cities of medieval Southeastern Europe. Pereyaslavets (Переяславец East Slavic from or Preslavets (Преславец Bulgarian form was a trade city located at the mouth of the Three years later, Byzantine Emperor John I Tzimiskes interfered into the struggle and defeated Svyatoslav at Dorostolon. John I Tzimiskes or Tzimisces, (Ιωάννης Α΄ Τζιμισκής Iōannēs I Tzimiskēs; Հովհաննես Ա Չմշկիկ Hovhannes Ayp Chmshgig The Battle of Dorostolon was fought in 971 between the Byzantine Empire and forces of Kievan Rus. After that, Boris II was deceived and solemnly dethroned at Constantinople[38] and eastern Bulgaria was proclaimed a Byzantine protectorate.
Struggle for independence
- See also: Samuil of Bulgaria and battle of Kleidion
After the Byzantine betrayal the lands to the west of the Iskar river remained free and the resistance against the Byzantines was headed by the Comitopuli brothers. The Battle of Kleidion (bg Битка при с Ключ Битка при Беласица Беласишка битка grc Μάχη του Κλειδίου also Clidium The Iskar (Искър Latin: Oescus) is with a length of 368 km, the longest river that runs solely in Bulgaria, and a tributary of the The Cometopuli dynasty ( Bulgarian: Династия на комитопулите Byzantine Greek: grc Κομητόπουλοι was the last royal dynasty in the By 976 the forth brother Samuil concentrated the whole power in his hands after the deaths of his eldest brothers. When the rightful heir to the throne, Roman, escaped from captivity in Constantinople, he was recognized for Emperor by Samuil in Vidin[39] and the later remained the chief commander of the Bulgarian army. Roman (Роман was emperor ( Tsar) of Bulgaria from 977 to 997 (in Byzantine captivity from 991 Vidin (Видин is a town on the southern bank of the Danube in northwestern Bulgaria. Brilliant general and good politician, he managed to turn the fortunes to the Bulgarians. The new Byzantine Emperor Basil II was decisively defeated in the battle of the Gates of Trajan in 986 and barely escaped[40][41]. The battle of the Gates of Trajan ( Bulgarian: Битката при Траянови Врата Μάχη στις Πύλες του Τραϊανού was a battle between Five years later he eliminated the Serbian state[42]. In 997 after the death of Roman who was the last from the Krum dynasty Samuil was proclaimed Emperor of Bulgaria[43]. However, after 1001 the war turned in favour of the Byzantines who captured the old capitals Pliska and Preslav in the same year and from 1004 launched annual campaigns against Bulgaria. They were eased by a war between Bulgaria and the newly established Kingdom of Hungary 1003. The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 In 1014 Emperor Basil II defeated the armies of Tsar Samuil in the Battle of Belasitsa and massacred thousands, acquiring the title "Bulgar-slayer" (Voulgaroktonos). Basil II, surnamed the Bulgar-slayer (Βασίλειος Β΄ Βουλγαροκτόνος Basileios II Boulgaroktonos, 958 &ndash December 15 1025 The Battle of Kleidion (bg Битка при с Ключ Битка при Беласица Беласишка битка grc Μάχη του Κλειδίου also Clidium He ordered 14,000 Bulgarian prisoners blinded and sent back to their country. At the sight of his returning armies Samuil suffered a heart attack and died. By 1018 the country had been mostly subjugated by the Byzantines.
Cultural development
Missionaries from Constantinople, Cyril and Methodius, devised the Glagolitic alphabet, which was adopted in the Bulgarian Empire around 886. Saints Cyril and Methodius (Κύριλλος και Μεθόδιος Old Church Slavonic: Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи) were two Byzantine Greek brothers born Saints Cyril and Methodius (Κύριλλος και Μεθόδιος Old Church Slavonic: Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи) were two Byzantine Greek brothers born The Glagolitic alphabet or Glagolitsa is the oldest known Slavic Alphabet. The alphabet and the Old Bulgarian language gave rise to a rich literary and cultural activity centered around the Preslav and Ohrid Schools, established by order of Boris I in 886. Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group The Preslav Literary School (Pliska Literary School was the first literary school in the medieval Bulgarian Empire. The Ohrid Literary School was one of the two major medieval Bulgarian cultural centres along with the Preslav Literary School ( Pliska Literary School) In the beginning of 10th century AD, a new alphabet — the Cyrillic alphabet - was developed on the basis of Greek and Glagolitic cursive at the Preslav Literary School. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by The Preslav Literary School (Pliska Literary School was the first literary school in the medieval Bulgarian Empire. According to an alternative theory, the alphabet was devised at the Ohrid Literary School by Saint Clement of Ohrid, a Bulgarian scholar and disciple of Cyril and Methodius. Saint Clement of Ohrid (Свети Климент Охридски sve'ti 'kliment 'oxridski (ca A pious monk and hermit St. Ivan of Rila (Ivan Rilski, 876-946), became the patron saint of Bulgaria. Saint Ivan Rilski ( Bulgarian: Свети Иван Рилски sveti Ivan Rilski) (876 – c After 893 Preslav became the truly new Bulgarian capital. Preslav (Преслав was the capital of the First Bulgarian Empire from 893 to 972 and one of the most important cities of medieval Southeastern Europe.
During his reign Simeon gathered many scholars in his court who translated enormous number of books from Greek and wrote many new works. Among the most prominent figures were Constantine of Preslav, John Exarch and Chernorizets Hrabar who is believed by some historians to have been Simeon himself. Constantine of Preslav (Константин Преславски was a medieval Bulgarian scholar writer and translator one of the most important men of letters working at John Exarch ( John the Exarch, also transcribed Joan Exarch, Joan Ekzarh; Йоан Екзарх was a medieval Bulgarian scholar writer and Chernorizets Hrabar (Чръноризьць Храбръ Черноризец Храбър was a monk scholar and writer in medieval Bulgaria who worked at the Preslav The was intensive construction of churches and monasteries throughout the Empire including the Great Basilica in Pliska which was one of the biggest structures of the time with its length of 99 m and the splendid Golden Church in Preslav. The Bulgarian capital was also famous for its ceramics which adorned the public and religious buildings. Beautiful icons and church altars were made of special ceramic tiles. There were numerous goldsmith and silversmith workshops who produced fine jewellery.
Footnotes
- ^ П. Хр. Петров, Към въпроса за образуването на първата българска държава, Славянска филология, V, София, 1963, стр. 89—112
- ^ Brentjes B. On the Prototype of the Proto-Bulgarian Temples at Pliska, Preslav and Madara
- ^ Andras Rona-Tas. Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages. Central European University Press, 1999. Page 217.
- ^ Theophanes, ibid. , р. 358
- ^ Theophanes, ibid. , p. 359
- ^ Theophanes, ibid. , p. 359
- ^ Theophanes, ibid. , p. 397
- ^ Nicephorus, ibid. , p. 69
- ^ Theophanes, ibid. , p. 433
- ^ Theophanes, ibid. , р. 447-448
- ^ Theophanes, ibid. , p. 467
- ^ Theophanes, ibid. , р. 492
- ^ Scriptor incertus, ibid. , p. 337-339
- ^ Scriptor incer. , ibid. , p. 346-347
- ^ Scriptor incert. , ibid. , p. 347-348
- ^ Annales Laurissenses minores, s. an. 814
- ^ Const. Porphyr. , De admin. imp. , ed. Bon. , p. 154—155
- ^ Georgius Monachus Continuatus, p. 824
- ^ Georgius Monachus Continuatus, loa cit. , Logomete
- ^ Johannes VIII Papa. Epistolae, p. 159
- ^ Anastasius Bibliothecarius, pp. 1373—4
- ^ Barford, P. M. (2001). The Early Slavs. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press
- ^ Vita S. démentis
- ^ Енциклопедия България, Академично издателство "Марин Дринов", 1988
- ^ a b Delev, Bǎlgarskata dǎržava pri car Simeon.
- ^ Златарски, История на Първото българско царство, с. 316.
- ^ Златарски, История на Първото българско царство, с. 321.
- ^ Бакалов, История на България, "Симеон І Велики"
- ^ Runciman, A history of the First Bulgarian Empire, p. 157
- ^ Fine, The Early Medieval Balkans, pp. 144–148
- ^ Dimitrov, Bulgaria: illustrated history.
- ^ De Boor, Сarl Gothard (1888). Vita Euthymii. Berlin: Reimer, p. 214
- ^ Constantine Porphyrogennetus. Op. cit. , pp. 158—9
- ^ Theophanes Continuatus, pp. 462—3,480
- ^ Nicolaus Papa. Response, p. 1015
- ^ Cedrenus: II, p. 383
- ^ Chronique dite de Nestor, pp. 53—4
- ^ Leo Diaconus, pp. 158-9
- ^ Prokić, p. 28
- ^ Skylitzes, pp. 436-438
- ^ Гильфердинг, А (1868). Письма об истории сербов и болгар (in Russian), p. 209.
- ^ Шишић, p. 331
- ^ Розен, p. 43
References
- Zlatarski, Vasil N. (1918). Vasil Nikolov Zlatarski was a Bulgarian Historian -medievist Archaeologist, and Epigraphist He is a representative of historical objectivism Medieval History of the Bulgarian State, Vol I: History of the First Bulgarian Empire, Part I: Age of Hunn-Bulgar Domination (679-852) (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Science and Arts Publishers, 2nd Edition (Petar Petrov, Ed. ), Zahari Stoyanov Publishers, 4th Edition, 2006. ISBN 9547366284. (История на българската държава през средните векове. Том I. , История на Първото българско царство. Част I. Епоха на хуно-българското надмощие (679—852), София 1918)
- Zlatarski, Vasil N. (1927). Vasil Nikolov Zlatarski was a Bulgarian Historian -medievist Archaeologist, and Epigraphist He is a representative of historical objectivism Medieval History of the Bulgarian State, Vol I: History of the First Bulgarian Empire, Part II: From Slavianization to the Fall of the First Bulgarian Empire (852-1018) (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2002. (История на българската държава през средните векове. Том I. История на Първото българско царство. Част II. От славянизацията на държавата до падането на Първото царство (852—1018)], София 1927)
- Бакалов, Георги; Милен Куманов (2003). Електронна издание – История на България (in Bulgarian). София: Труд, Сирма. ISBN 9844830679.
- Цанев, Стефан (2006). Български хроники (in Bulgarian). София, Пловдив: Труд, Жанет 45. ISBN 954-528-610-5.
- Делев, Петър; Валери Кацунов, Пламен Митев, Евгения Калинова, Искра Баева, Боян Добрев (2006). История и цивилизация за 11. клас (in Bulgarian). Труд, Сирма.
- (2005) Българите и България (in Bulgarian). Министерство на външните работи на България, Труд, Сирма.
- Fine, Jr. , John V. A. (1991). The Early Medieval Balkans. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Ann Arbor is a city in the US state of Michigan and the county seat of Washtenaw County. The University of Michigan Ann Arbor ( U of M, U-M, UM or simply Michigan) is a top-ranked Coeducational public research ISBN 978-0472081493.
- Runciman, Steven (1930). Sir James Cochran Stevenson Runciman CH ( 7 July, 1903 &ndash 1 November, 2000) better known as Sir Steven Runciman, was A History of the First Bulgarian Empire (in English). G. Bell & Sons, London.
See also
- Bulgars
- Slavs
- Thracians
- Kingdom of Balhara
- Old Great Bulgaria
- Bulgarian Orthodox Church
- House of Comitopuli
- Medieval Bulgarian Army
- Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars
- Bulgarian-Hungarian Wars
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