Filmmaking is the process of making a film, from an initial story idea or commission through scriptwriting, shooting, editing and finally distribution to an audience. Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. Typically it involves a large number of people and can take anywhere between a few months and several years to complete. Filmmaking takes place all over the world in a huge range of economic, social and political contexts, using a variety of technologies and techniques.

Contents 1 Stages of filmmaking 1.1 Development 1.2 Pre-production 1.3 Production 1.4 Post-production 1.5 Distribution and Exhibition 2 Independent Filmmaking 3 References 4 See also 4.1 Wikibooks 4.2 Wikiversity 5 External links

Stages of filmmaking

• Development. The script is written and drafted into a workable blueprint for a film. See also Pre-production Screenwriting A screenplay or script is a written plan authored by a Screenwriter, for a Film or Television
• Pre-production. See also Filmmaking Pre-production is the process of preparing all the elements involved in a Film, play, or other Performance. Preparations are made for the shoot, in which cast and crew are hired, locations are selected, and sets are built.
• Production. The raw elements for the finished film are recorded.
• Post-production. See also Filmmaking Post-production occurs in the making of motion pictures, television programs, Videos audio recordings The film is edited; music tracks (and songs) are composed, performed and recorded; sound effects are designed and recorded; and any other computer-graphic 'visual' effects are digitally added, and the film is fully completed.
• Sales and distribution. Distribution (or place) is one of the four elements of Marketing mix. The film is screened for potential buyers (distributors), is picked up by a distributor and reaches its theater and/or home media audience. A film distributor is an independent company a Subsidiary company or occasionally an individual which acts as the final agent between a film production company

Development

This is the stage where an idea is fleshed out into a viable script. The producer of the movie will find a story, which may come from books, plays, other films, true stories, original ideas, etc. A film producer is a person who creates the conditions for making movies. Once the theme, or underlying message, has been identified, a synopsis will be prepared. This is followed by a step outline, which breaks the story down into one-paragraph scenes, concentrating on the dramatic structure. A step outline is a detailed telling of a story intended to be turned into a Screenplay for a Motion picture. Next, a treatment is prepared. A film treatment (or treatment for short is a piece of prose typically the step between scene cards ( Index cards and the first draft of a Screenplay for This is a 25 to 30 page description of the story, its mood and characters, with little dialog and stage direction, often containing drawings to help visualize the key points. In Theatre, the stage (sometimes referred to as the deck in Stagecraft) is a designated space for the Performance of theatrical productions

The screenplay is then written over a period of several months, and may be rewritten several times to improve the dramatization, clarity, structure, characters, dialogue, and overall style. See also Pre-production Screenwriting A screenplay or script is a written plan authored by a Screenwriter, for a Film or Television However, producers often skip the previous steps and develop submitted screenplays which are assessed through a process called script coverage. Script coverage is a Filmmaking term for the analysis and grading of Screenplays often within the "script development" department of a Production company A film distributor should be contacted at an early stage to assess the likely market and potential financial success of the film. A film distributor is an independent company a Subsidiary company or occasionally an individual which acts as the final agent between a film production company Hollywood distributors will adopt a hard-headed business approach and consider factors such as the film genre, the target audience, the historical success of similar films, the actors who might appear in the film and the potential directors of the film. In Film theory, genre refers to the primary method of film categorization based on similarities in the narrative elements from which films are constructed All these factors imply a certain appeal of the film to a possible audience and hence the number of "bums on seats" during the theatrical release. Not all films make a profit from the theatrical release alone, therefore DVD sales and worldwide distribution rights need to be taken into account.

The movie pitch is then prepared and presented to potential financiers. A pitch is a concise verbal (and sometimes visual presentation of an idea for a Film, generally made by a Screenwriter or director to a producer or studio executive If the pitch is successful and the movie is given the "green light", then financial backing is offered, typically from a major film studio, film council or independent investors. A movie studio (aka film studio) is in the established sense of the term a company that distributes films. A deal is negotiated and contracts are signed.

Pre-production

In pre-production, the movie is designed and planned. The production company is created and a production office established. Production company refers to a company responsible for the development and physical production of Performing arts, Film, Radio or a Television program A film Production Office is the administrative office responsible for managing a Film production. The production is storyboarded and visualized with the help of illustrators and concept artists. See also Pre-production Storyboards are graphic organizers such as a series of Illustrations or Images displayed in sequence for the purpose of For the vector -based drawing program by Adobe Systems, see Adobe Illustrator. Concept design is a product of work (or task of a concept designer A production budget will also be drawn up to cost the film. A film production budget determines how much money will be spent on the entire film project

The producer will hire a crew. The nature of the film, and the budget, determine the size and type of crew used during filmmaking. Many Hollywood blockbusters employ a cast and crew of thousands while a low-budget, independent film may be made by a skeleton crew of eight or nine. This article refers to the theatrical slang term for other uses see Blockbuster (disambiguation. An independent film, or indie film, is a film that is produced outside of the Hollywood Studio system, a series of oligopolistic practices by several Typical crew positions include:

• The director is primarily responsible for the acting in the movie and managing the creative elements. A film director, or filmmaker, is a person who directs the making of a Film.
• The assistant director (AD) manages the shooting schedule and logistics of the production, among other tasks. An assistant director (AD is a person who helps the director in the making of a Movie or Television show A shooting schedule is a Project plan of each day's shooting for a film production
• The casting director finds actors for the parts in the script. In the Performing arts, casting (or casting call) is a vital pre-production process for selecting a cast (a meaning of the word recorded since 1631 of Actors This normally requires an audition by the actor. Lead actors are carefully chosen and are often based on the actor's reputation or "star power. "
• The location manager finds and manages the film locations. The Location Department is an often forgotten yet integral department in the creation of a motion picture Most pictures are shot in the predictable environment of a studio sound stage but occasionally outdoor sequences will call for filming on location. A sound stage is a soundproof Hangar -like structure building or room used for the production of theatrical motion pictures and Television shows Location shooting is the practice of Filming in an actual setting rather than on a Sound stage or back lot.
• The production manager manages the production budget and production schedule. Theatrical production management is a sub-division of Stagecraft. A film production budget determines how much money will be spent on the entire film project This article is about production scheduling in the context of movie or theatrical production He or she also reports on behalf of the production office to the studio executives or financiers of the film. The studio executive is an employee of a Film studio or a Corporation doing business in the Entertainment industry.
• The director of photography (DP or DOP) or cinematographer creates the photography of the film. He or she cooperates with the director, director of audiography (DOA) and AD. The Director of Audiography (DOA or Sound Director (SD or Audio Director (AuD is the designer and manager responsible for the audio experience in a Filmmaking
• The art director manages the art department, which makes production sets
• The production designer creates the look and feel of the production sets and props, working with the art director to create these elements. The term art director is a blanket title for a variety of similar job functions in Advertising, Publishing, film and Television, the Internet A set is a place with an artificial nature that creates the illusion of a real or imagined place Production designer is a term used in the movie and Television industries to refer to the person responsible for the overall look of a filmed event such as films
• The costume designer creates the clothing for the characters in the film working closly with the actors, as well as other departments.
• The make up and hair designer works closely with the costume designer in addition to create a certain look for a character.
• The storyboard artist creates visual images to help the director and production designer communicate their ideas to the production team. Storyboard artist (sometimes referred as story artist) is a profession specialized in creating Storyboards for Advertising agencies and Film productions
• The production sound mixer manages the audio experience during the production stage of a film. A production sound mixer or location sound recordist is the member of a Film crew responsible for recording all sound and Sound effects on set He or she cooperates with the director, DOP, and AD.
• The sound designer creates new sounds and enhances the aural feel of the film with the help of foley artists. Sound design is a technical/conceptually creative field It covers all non-compositional elements of a film a play a music performance The Foley artist on a Film crew is the person who creates many of the natural everyday Sound effects in a film which are recorded during a session with a Recording
• The composer creates new music for the film. A composer (literally meaning 'one who puts together' is a person who creates Music, usually in the medium of notation, for Interpretation and Performance
• The choreographer creates and coordinates the movement and dance - typically for musicals. See also, Choreography (literally "dance-writing" from the Greek words "χορεία" (circular dance see chorea) and "γραφή" Some films also credit a fight choreographer. Stage combat is a specialized technique in Theatre designed to create the Illusion of physical Combat without causing harm to the performers

Production

In production the movie is created and shot. More crew will be recruited at this stage, such as the property master, script supervisor, assistant directors, stills photographer, picture editor, and sound editors. The property master is an Artistic and organizational employee in a Film, Television or Theatrical production who is responsible for purchasing A script supervisor or continuity is a member of a Film crew responsible for maintaining the film's internal continuity and for marking the production An assistant director (AD is a person who helps the director in the making of a Movie or Television show A photographer is a person who takes a Photograph using a Camera. Film editing is an art of storytelling practiced by connecting two or more shots together to form a sequence, and the subsequent connecting of sequences to form an A sound editor is a creative professional responsible for selecting and assembling Sound recordings in preparation for the final Sound mixing or Mastering These are just the most common roles in filmmaking; the production office will be free to create any unique blend of roles to suit a particular film. A film Production Office is the administrative office responsible for managing a Film production.

A typical day's shooting begins with an assistant director following the shooting schedule for the day. An assistant director (AD is a person who helps the director in the making of a Movie or Television show A shooting schedule is a Project plan of each day's shooting for a film production The film set is constructed and the props made ready. Set construction is a process by which a set designer works in collaboration with the director of the production to create the set for a theatrical film or television The lighting is rigged and the camera and sound recording equipment are set up. At the same time, the actors are wardrobed in their costumes and attend the hair and make-up departments.

The actors rehearse their scripts and blocking with the director. See also Pre-production Screenwriting A screenplay or script is a written plan authored by a Screenwriter, for a Film or Television Blocking is a Theatre term which refers to the precise movement and positioning of Actors on a stage in order to facilitate the Performance of The picture and sound crews then rehearse with the actors. Finally, the action is shot in as many takes as the director wishes. A take is a single continuous recorded performance The term is used in film and music to denote and track the stages of production

Each take of a shot follows a slating procedure and is marked on a clapperboard, which helps the editor keep track of the takes in post-production. In Motion picture and Videotape production a clapperboard is a device used to assist in the synchronizing of picture and sound additionally the clapperboard is used The clapperboard records the scene, take, director, director of photography, date, and name of the film written on the front, and is displayed for the camera. The clapperboard also serves the necessary function of providing a marker to sync up the film and the sound take. Sound is recorded on a separate apparatus from the film and they must be synched up in post-production.

The director will then decide if the take was acceptable or not. The script supervisor and the sound and camera teams log the take on their respective report sheets. Every report sheet records important technical notes on each take.

When shooting is finished for the scene, the director declares a "wrap. " The crew will "strike," or dismantle, the set for that scene. The director approves the next day's shooting schedule and a daily progress report is sent to the production office. This includes the report sheets from continuity, sound, and camera teams. Call sheets are distributed to the cast and crew to tell them when and where to turn up the next shooting day. The daily call sheet is a Filmmaking term for a sheet of paper issued to the cast and crew of a film production created by an Assistant director, informing them

For productions using traditional photographic film, the unprocessed negative of the day's takes are sent to the film laboratory for processing overnight. This article is mainly concerned with Still photography film For Motion picture film please see Film stock. In photography a negative may refer to three different things although they are all related A film laboratory is a commercial service enterprise and technical facility for the Film industry where specialists develop print and conform film material for classical film Once processed, they return from the laboratory as dailies or rushes (film positives) and are viewed in the evening by the director, above the line crew, and, sometimes, the cast. Dailies, in Filmmaking, is the term used to describe the raw unedited Footage shot during the making of a Motion picture. For productions using digital technologies, shots are downloaded and organized on a computer for display as dailies.

When the entire film is in the can, or in the completion of the production phase, the production office normally arranges a wrap party to thank all the cast and crew for their efforts.

Post-production

Here the film is assembled by the film editor. Film editing is an art of storytelling practiced by connecting two or more shots together to form a sequence, and the subsequent connecting of sequences to form an The modern use of video in the filmmaking process has resulted in two workflow variants: one using entirely film, and the other using a mixture of film and video.

In the film workflow, the original camera film (negative) is developed and copied to a one-light workprint (positive) for editing with a mechanical editing machine. A one-light workprint is a cinematographic term used to describe a timed workprint made using a single setting of the three lights (red green An edge code is recorded onto film to locate the position of picture frames. Introduced in 1990 Keykode is an Eastman Kodak Company advancement on edge numbers, which are letters numbers and symbols placed at regular intervals along the edge of Since the development of non-linear editing systems such as Avid, Quantel or Final Cut Pro, the film workflow is used by very few productions. Avid Technology Inc ( is an American company specializing in video and audio production technology specifically digital non-linear editing (NLE Quantel is a company based in the United Kingdom and founded in 1973 that designs and manufactures Digital production equipment for the broadcast Final Cut Pro is a professional Non-linear editing software application developed by Apple Inc

In the video workflow, the original camera negative is developed and telecined to video for editing with computer editing software. Telecine (ˈtɛləˌsɪni/ /ˌtɛləˈsɪni/ ˌtɛləˈsɪnə also /ˌtɛləˈsiːn/ — "tel-e-Sin-ee" "tel-e-Sin-a" as 'cine' is the same root as in 'cinema' A timecode is recorded onto video tape to locate the position of picture frames. Production sound is also synced up to the video picture frames during this process.

The first job of the film editor is to build a rough cut taken from sequences (or scenes) based on individual "takes" (shots). In Filmmaking, the Rough cut is the second of three stages of Offline editing. The purpose of the rough cut is to select and order the best shots. The next step is to create a fine cut by getting all the shots to flow smoothly in a seamless story. Trimming, the process of shortening scenes by a few minutes, seconds, or even frames, is done during this phase. A film frame, or just frame, is one of the many single photographic images in a motion picture. After the fine cut has been screened and approved by the director and producer, the picture is "locked," meaning no further changes are made. Next, the editor creates a negative cut list (using edge code) or an edit decision list (using timecode) either manually or automatically. An edit decision list or EDL is a way of representing a film or video edit. These edit lists identify the source and the picture frame of each shot in the fine cut.

Once the picture is locked, the film passes out of the hands of the editor to the sound department to build up the sound track. The voice recordings are synchronised and the final sound mix is created. Audio mixing is the process by which a multitude of sound sources are combined into one or more channels The sound mix combines sound effects, background sounds, ADR, dialogue, walla, and music. For the album by The Jam see Sound Affects. Sound effects or audio effects are artificially created or enhanced Sounds In filmmaking, dubbing or looping is the process of recording or replacing voices for a Motion picture. In American Radio, Film, and Television, walla is a sound effect imitating the murmur of a crowd in the background A film score is a broad term referring to the music in a film which is generally categorically separated from songs used within a film

The sound track and picture are combined together, resulting in a low quality answer print of the movie. There are now two possible workflows to create the high quality release print depending on the recording medium:

1. In the film workflow, the cut list that describes the film-based answer print is used to cut the original colour negative (OCN) and create a colour timed copy called the colour master positive or interpositive print. Color grading is the process of altering and enhancing the color of a motion picture or television image either electronically photo-chemically or digitally An interpositive, IP or master positive is an orange-based Motion picture Film with a positive image made from the Edited For all subsequent steps this effectively becomes the master copy. The next step is to create a one-light copy called the colour duplicate negative or internegative. A one-light workprint is a cinematographic term used to describe a timed workprint made using a single setting of the three lights (red green An internegative is Motion picture Film stock used to make Release prints for distribution to movie theatres. It is from this that many copies of the final theatrical release print are made. Copying from the internegative is much simpler than copying from the interpositive directly because it is a one-light process; it also reduces wear-and-tear on the interpositive print.
2. In the video workflow, the edit decision list that describes the video-based answer print is used to edit the original colour tape (OCT) and create a high quality colour master tape. For all subsequent steps this effectively becomes the master copy. The next step uses a film recorder to read the colour master tape and copy each video frame directly to film to create the final theatrical release print. A Film Recorder is a Graphical output device for transferring Digital images to Photographic film.

Finally the film is previewed, normally by the target audience, and any feedback may result in further shooting or edits to the film.

Distribution and Exhibition

This is the final stage, where the movie is released to cinemas or, occasionally, to DVD, VCD or VHS (though VHS tapes are less common now that more people own DVD players). DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is The movie is duplicated as required for distribution to theaters. Theatre (or theater, see spelling differences) is the branch of the Performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one Press kits, posters, and other advertising materials are published and the movie is advertised.

The movie will usually be launched with a launch party, press releases, interviews with the press, showings of the film at a press preview, and/or at film festivals. A film festival is the presentation or showcasing of Films in one or more Movie theaters or screening venues It is also common to create a website to accompany the movie. A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages The movie will play at selected cinemas and the DVD is typically released a few months later. DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is The distribution rights for the film and DVD are also usually sold for worldwide distribution. Any profits are divided between the distributor and the production company.

Independent Filmmaking

Main article: Independent film

Filmmaking also takes place outside of the studio system and is commonly called independent filmmaking. An independent film, or indie film, is a film that is produced outside of the Hollywood Studio system, a series of oligopolistic practices by several The studio system was a means of film production and distribution dominant in Hollywood from the early 1920s through the early 1950s An independent film, or indie film, is a film that is produced outside of the Hollywood Studio system, a series of oligopolistic practices by several Since the introduction of DV technology, the means of production have become more democratized. Digital Video (DV is a Digital video format created by Sony JVC Panasonic and other video camera procuers and launched in 1995 and in its smaller tape Form factor Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit a movie, create and edit the sound and music, and mix the final cut on a home computer. However, while the means of production may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to get their films noticed and sold for distribution. A film festival is the presentation or showcasing of Films in one or more Movie theaters or screening venues However, the Internet has allowed for relatively inexpensive distribution of independent films; many filmmakers post their films online for critique and recognition. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks Although there is little profitability in this, a filmmaker can still gain exposure via the web.

References

See also

• Film
• Independent films
• List of movie-related topics
• Post-production
• Pre-production
• Cinematography
• Film editing
• Film producer
• Screenplay
• Director of audiography

Wikibooks

• Movie Making Manual
• Movie Making Directory

Wikiversity

• Wikiversity Courses in Filmmaking

External links

• Filmmaking at the Open Directory Project

The Filmmaking Paper Trail:

Pre-production: Screenplay | Breaking down the script | Script breakdown sheet | Production strip | Production board | Day out of Days | One liner schedule | Shooting schedule | Film budgeting

Production: Daily call sheet | Daily editor log | Daily progress report | Film inventory report (daily raw stock log) | Sound report | Daily production report (DPR) | Cost report

An independent film, or indie film, is a film that is produced outside of the Hollywood Studio system, a series of oligopolistic practices by several This is a list of Film -related topics National cinemas | glossary | Lists See also Filmmaking Post-production occurs in the making of motion pictures, television programs, Videos audio recordings See also Filmmaking Pre-production is the process of preparing all the elements involved in a Film, play, or other Performance. See also Filmmaking Cinematography (from Greek: kinesis κινησις (movement and grapho γραφω (to record is the discipline Film editing is an art of storytelling practiced by connecting two or more shots together to form a sequence, and the subsequent connecting of sequences to form an A film producer is a person who creates the conditions for making movies. See also Pre-production Screenwriting A screenplay or script is a written plan authored by a Screenwriter, for a Film or Television The Director of Audiography (DOA or Sound Director (SD or Audio Director (AuD is the designer and manager responsible for the audio experience in a Filmmaking The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory See also Filmmaking Pre-production is the process of preparing all the elements involved in a Film, play, or other Performance. See also Pre-production Screenwriting A screenplay or script is a written plan authored by a Screenwriter, for a Film or Television The process of breaking down the script occurs after the producer reads through the Screenplay once A script breakdown is an intermediate step in the production of a play, Film, Comic book, or any other work that is originally planned using a script A traditional Production board is a cardboard or wooden chart holding colour-coded strips of paper each containing information about a scene in the script. A traditional production board or production strip board is a Filmmaking term for a cardboard or wooden chart holding colour-coded strips of paper each The Day Out of Days is a chart used by filmmakers to tally the number of paid days for each cast member A One Liner Schedule or One-Line Schedule is a Filmmaking term for a shorter version of the Shooting schedule. A shooting schedule is a Project plan of each day's shooting for a film production Budgeting is an important aspect of Film production. During Script development, filmmakers produce a rough budget to convince Film producers and Filmmaking is the process of making a Film, from an initial story idea or commission through scriptwriting shooting editing and finally distribution to an audience The daily call sheet is a Filmmaking term for a sheet of paper issued to the cast and crew of a film production created by an Assistant director, informing them A daily editor log is maintained by the script supervisor during the production of a Motion picture, or Television show. A daily progress report is a Filmmaking report that is produced at the end of each shooting day by the First Assistant Director (1AD and passed to the Production The Film Inventory Report or Daily Raw Stock Log is a Filmmaking term for a report produced by the Clapper loader each day A sound report is a Filmmaking term for a sheet of paper created by the Sound Mixer to record details of each Take recorded the DAT or DVD program A daily production report ( DPR) or production report (PR is a Filmmaking term for the form filled out each day of production for a movie or television show to summarize A cost report is a filmmaking term for a weekly report compiled by the Production Accountant detailing the costs to date costs this week and estimate of the costs to complete the film

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